2. Core programming principle.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Types of variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Integer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'integer'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'integer'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'integer'"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"integer\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- 2L\n",
    "typeof(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Double"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'double'"
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      "text/latex": [
       "'double'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'double'"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"double\""
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "y <- 2.5\n",
    "typeof(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Complex"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'complex'"
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      "text/latex": [
       "'complex'"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "'complex'"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"complex\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z <- 3 + 2i\n",
    "typeof(z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Character"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'character'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"character\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a <- \"h\"\n",
    "typeof(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Logical"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'logical'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'logical'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'logical'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"logical\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "q <- T\n",
    "typeof(q)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Using Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Store operation results"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "15"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "15"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "15"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 15"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "0.625"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "0.625"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "0.625"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 0.625"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "A <- 10\n",
    "B <- 5\n",
    "\n",
    "C <- A + B\n",
    "C\n",
    "\n",
    "#variable 1\n",
    "var1 <- 2.5\n",
    "#variable 2\n",
    "var2 <- 4\n",
    "\n",
    "result <- var1 / var2\n",
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Store function results"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "2"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'Hello Bob'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'Hello Bob'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'Hello Bob'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"Hello Bob\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "answer <- sqrt(var2)\n",
    "answer\n",
    "\n",
    "greeting <- \"Hello\"\n",
    "name <- \"Bob\"\n",
    "message <- paste(greeting, name);\n",
    "message"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Logical Variables and Operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Logical assertions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
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      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "#Logical:\n",
    "#TRUE T\n",
    "#FALSE F\n",
    "\n",
    "4 < 5\n",
    "10 > 100\n",
    "4 == 5\n",
    "# ==\n",
    "# !=\n",
    "# <\n",
    "# >\n",
    "# <=\n",
    "# >=\n",
    "# !\n",
    "# |\n",
    "# &\n",
    "# isTRUE(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Logical variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
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     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'logical'"
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       "'logical'"
      ],
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       "'logical'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"logical\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result <- 4 < 5\n",
    "result\n",
    "typeof(result)\n",
    "\n",
    "result2 <- !(5 > 1)\n",
    "result2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Logical operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "FALSE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] FALSE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result | result2\n",
    "result & result2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Logical functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "TRUE"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] TRUE"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "isTRUE(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The \"WHILE\" loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 1\n",
      "[1] 2\n",
      "[1] 3\n",
      "[1] 4\n",
      "[1] 5\n",
      "[1] 6\n",
      "[1] 7\n",
      "[1] 8\n",
      "[1] 9\n",
      "[1] 10\n",
      "[1] 11\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "counter <- 1\n",
    "while(counter < 12){\n",
    "  print(counter)\n",
    "  counter <- counter + 1\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The \"FOR\" loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n",
      "[1] \"Hello R\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for(i in 1:5){\n",
    "  print(\"Hello R\")\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The \"IF\" statement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "0.771191317989924"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "0.771191317989924"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "0.771191317989924"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 0.7711913"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'Between -1 and 1'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'Between -1 and 1'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'Between -1 and 1'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"Between -1 and 1\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x <- rnorm(1)\n",
    "if(x > 1){\n",
    "  answer <- \"Greater than 1\"\n",
    "} else if(x >= -1){\n",
    "  answer <- \"Between -1 and 1\"\n",
    "} else{\n",
    "  answer <- \"Less than -1\"\n",
    "}\n",
    "x\n",
    "answer"
   ]
  }
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