napi.h

#ifndef SRC_NAPI_H_
#define SRC_NAPI_H_

#include "node_api.h"
#include <functional>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

// VS2015 RTM has bugs with constexpr, so require min of VS2015 Update 3 (known good version)
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_FULL_VER >= 190024210
#define NAPI_HAS_CONSTEXPR 1
#endif

// VS2013 does not support char16_t literal strings, so we'll work around it using wchar_t strings
// and casting them. This is safe as long as the character sizes are the same.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1800
static_assert(sizeof(char16_t) == sizeof(wchar_t), "Size mismatch between char16_t and wchar_t");
#define NAPI_WIDE_TEXT(x) reinterpret_cast<char16_t*>(L ## x)
#else
#define NAPI_WIDE_TEXT(x) u ## x
#endif

// If C++ exceptions are not explicitly enabled or disabled, enable them
// if exceptions were enabled in the compiler settings.
#if !defined(NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS) && !defined(NAPI_DISABLE_CPP_EXCEPTIONS)
  #if defined(_CPPUNWIND) || defined (__EXCEPTIONS)
    #define NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS
  #else
    #error Exception support not detected. \
      Define either NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS or NAPI_DISABLE_CPP_EXCEPTIONS.
  #endif
#endif

#ifdef _NOEXCEPT
  #define NAPI_NOEXCEPT _NOEXCEPT
#else
  #define NAPI_NOEXCEPT noexcept
#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// N-API C++ Wrapper Classes
///
/// These classes wrap the "N-API" ABI-stable C APIs for Node.js, providing a
/// C++ object model and C++ exception-handling semantics with low overhead.
/// The wrappers are all header-only so that they do not affect the ABI.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
namespace Napi {

  // Forward declarations
  class Env;
  class Value;
  class Boolean;
  class Number;
// currently experimental guard with version of NAPI_VERSION that it is
// released in once it is no longer experimental
#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2147483646)
  class BigInt;
#endif  // NAPI_EXPERIMENTAL
  class String;
  class Object;
  class Array;
  class Function;
  template <typename T> class Buffer;
  class Error;
  class PropertyDescriptor;
  class CallbackInfo;
  template <typename T> class Reference;
  class TypedArray;
  template <typename T> class TypedArrayOf;

  typedef TypedArrayOf<int8_t> Int8Array;     ///< Typed-array of signed 8-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<uint8_t> Uint8Array;   ///< Typed-array of unsigned 8-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<int16_t> Int16Array;   ///< Typed-array of signed 16-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<uint16_t> Uint16Array; ///< Typed-array of unsigned 16-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<int32_t> Int32Array;   ///< Typed-array of signed 32-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<uint32_t> Uint32Array; ///< Typed-array of unsigned 32-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<float> Float32Array;   ///< Typed-array of 32-bit floating-point values
  typedef TypedArrayOf<double> Float64Array;  ///< Typed-array of 64-bit floating-point values
// currently experimental guard with version of NAPI_VERSION that it is
// released in once it is no longer experimental
#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2147483646)
  typedef TypedArrayOf<int64_t> BigInt64Array;   ///< Typed array of signed 64-bit integers
  typedef TypedArrayOf<uint64_t> BigUint64Array; ///< Typed array of unsigned 64-bit integers
#endif  // NAPI_EXPERIMENTAL

  /// Defines the signature of a N-API C++ module's registration callback (init) function.
  typedef Object (*ModuleRegisterCallback)(Env env, Object exports);

  class MemoryManagement;

  /// Environment for N-API values and operations.
  ///
  /// All N-API values and operations must be associated with an environment. An environment
  /// instance is always provided to callback functions; that environment must then be used for any
  /// creation of N-API values or other N-API operations within the callback. (Many methods infer
  /// the environment from the `this` instance that the method is called on.)
  ///
  /// In the future, multiple environments per process may be supported, although current
  /// implementations only support one environment per process.
  ///
  /// In the V8 JavaScript engine, a N-API environment approximately corresponds to an Isolate.
  class Env {
  public:
    Env(napi_env env);

    operator napi_env() const;

    Object Global() const;
    Value Undefined() const;
    Value Null() const;

    bool IsExceptionPending() const;
    Error GetAndClearPendingException();

  private:
    napi_env _env;
  };

  /// A JavaScript value of unknown type.
  ///
  /// For type-specific operations, convert to one of the Value subclasses using a `To*` or `As()`
  /// method. The `To*` methods do type coercion; the `As()` method does not.
  ///
  ///     Napi::Value value = ...
  ///     if (!value.IsString()) throw Napi::TypeError::New(env, "Invalid arg...");
  ///     Napi::String str = value.As<Napi::String>(); // Cast to a string value
  ///
  ///     Napi::Value anotherValue = ...
  ///     bool isTruthy = anotherValue.ToBoolean(); // Coerce to a boolean value
  class Value {
  public:
    Value();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Value instance.
    Value(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    /// Creates a JS value from a C++ primitive.
    ///
    /// `value` may be any of:
    /// - bool
    /// - Any integer type
    /// - Any floating point type
    /// - const char* (encoded using UTF-8, null-terminated)
    /// - const char16_t* (encoded using UTF-16-LE, null-terminated)
    /// - std::string (encoded using UTF-8)
    /// - std::u16string
    /// - napi::Value
    /// - napi_value
    template <typename T>
    static Value From(napi_env env, const T& value);

    /// Converts to a N-API value primitive.
    ///
    /// If the instance is _empty_, this returns `nullptr`.
    operator napi_value() const;

    /// Tests if this value strictly equals another value.
    bool operator ==(const Value& other) const;

    /// Tests if this value does not strictly equal another value.
    bool operator !=(const Value& other) const;

    /// Tests if this value strictly equals another value.
    bool StrictEquals(const Value& other) const;

    /// Gets the environment the value is associated with.
    Napi::Env Env() const;

    /// Checks if the value is empty (uninitialized).
    ///
    /// An empty value is invalid, and most attempts to perform an operation on an empty value
    /// will result in an exception. Note an empty value is distinct from JavaScript `null` or
    /// `undefined`, which are valid values.
    ///
    /// When C++ exceptions are disabled at compile time, a method with a `Value` return type may
    /// return an empty value to indicate a pending exception. So when not using C++ exceptions,
    /// callers should check whether the value is empty before attempting to use it.
    bool IsEmpty() const;

    napi_valuetype Type() const; ///< Gets the type of the value.

    bool IsUndefined() const;   ///< Tests if a value is an undefined JavaScript value.
    bool IsNull() const;        ///< Tests if a value is a null JavaScript value.
    bool IsBoolean() const;     ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript boolean.
    bool IsNumber() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript number.
// currently experimental guard with version of NAPI_VERSION that it is
// released in once it is no longer experimental
#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2147483646)
    bool IsBigInt() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript bigint.
#endif  // NAPI_EXPERIMENTAL
    bool IsString() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript string.
    bool IsSymbol() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript symbol.
    bool IsArray() const;       ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript array.
    bool IsArrayBuffer() const; ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript array buffer.
    bool IsTypedArray() const;  ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript typed array.
    bool IsObject() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript object.
    bool IsFunction() const;    ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript function.
    bool IsPromise() const;     ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript promise.
    bool IsDataView() const;    ///< Tests if a value is a JavaScript data view.
    bool IsBuffer() const;      ///< Tests if a value is a Node buffer.
    bool IsExternal() const;    ///< Tests if a value is a pointer to external data.

    /// Casts to another type of `Napi::Value`, when the actual type is known or assumed.
    ///
    /// This conversion does NOT coerce the type. Calling any methods inappropriate for the actual
    /// value type will throw `Napi::Error`.
    template <typename T> T As() const;

    Boolean ToBoolean() const; ///< Coerces a value to a JavaScript boolean.
    Number ToNumber() const;   ///< Coerces a value to a JavaScript number.
    String ToString() const;   ///< Coerces a value to a JavaScript string.
    Object ToObject() const;   ///< Coerces a value to a JavaScript object.

  protected:
    /// !cond INTERNAL
    napi_env _env;
    napi_value _value;
    /// !endcond
  };

  /// A JavaScript boolean value.
  class Boolean : public Value {
  public:
    static Boolean New(
      napi_env env, ///< N-API environment
      bool value    ///< Boolean value
    );

    Boolean();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Boolean instance.
    Boolean(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    operator bool() const; ///< Converts a Boolean value to a boolean primitive.
    bool Value() const;    ///< Converts a Boolean value to a boolean primitive.
  };

  /// A JavaScript number value.
  class Number : public Value {
  public:
    static Number New(
      napi_env env, ///< N-API environment
      double value  ///< Number value
    );

    Number();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Number instance.
    Number(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    operator int32_t() const;  ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit signed integer value.
    operator uint32_t() const; ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit unsigned integer value.
    operator int64_t() const;  ///< Converts a Number value to a 64-bit signed integer value.
    operator float() const;    ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit floating-point value.
    operator double() const;   ///< Converts a Number value to a 64-bit floating-point value.

    int32_t Int32Value() const;   ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit signed integer value.
    uint32_t Uint32Value() const; ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit unsigned integer value.
    int64_t Int64Value() const;   ///< Converts a Number value to a 64-bit signed integer value.
    float FloatValue() const;     ///< Converts a Number value to a 32-bit floating-point value.
    double DoubleValue() const;   ///< Converts a Number value to a 64-bit floating-point value.
  };

// currently experimental guard with version of NAPI_VERSION that it is
// released in once it is no longer experimental
#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2147483646)
  /// A JavaScript bigint value.
  class BigInt : public Value {
  public:
    static BigInt New(
      napi_env env, ///< N-API environment
      int64_t value ///< Number value
    );
    static BigInt New(
      napi_env env,  ///< N-API environment
      uint64_t value ///< Number value
    );

    /// Creates a new BigInt object using a specified sign bit and a
    /// specified list of digits/words.
    /// The resulting number is calculated as:
    /// (-1)^sign_bit * (words[0] * (2^64)^0 + words[1] * (2^64)^1 + ...)
    static BigInt New(
      napi_env env,          ///< N-API environment
      int sign_bit,          ///< Sign bit. 1 if negative.
      size_t word_count,     ///< Number of words in array
      const uint64_t* words  ///< Array of words
    );

    BigInt();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ BigInt instance.
    BigInt(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    int64_t Int64Value(bool* lossless) const;   ///< Converts a BigInt value to a 64-bit signed integer value.
    uint64_t Uint64Value(bool* lossless) const; ///< Converts a BigInt value to a 64-bit unsigned integer value.

    size_t WordCount() const; ///< The number of 64-bit words needed to store the result of ToWords().

    /// Writes the contents of this BigInt to a specified memory location.
    /// `sign_bit` must be provided and will be set to 1 if this BigInt is negative.
    /// `*word_count` has to be initialized to the length of the `words` array.
    /// Upon return, it will be set to the actual number of words that would
    /// be needed to store this BigInt (i.e. the return value of `WordCount()`).
    void ToWords(int* sign_bit, size_t* word_count, uint64_t* words);
  };
#endif  // NAPI_EXPERIMENTAL

  /// A JavaScript string or symbol value (that can be used as a property name).
  class Name : public Value {
  public:
    Name();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Name instance.
    Name(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.
  };

  /// A JavaScript string value.
  class String : public Name {
  public:
    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-8 encoded C++ string.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,            ///< N-API environment
      const std::string& value ///< UTF-8 encoded C++ string
    );

    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-16 encoded C++ string.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,               ///< N-API environment
      const std::u16string& value ///< UTF-16 encoded C++ string
    );

    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-8 encoded C string.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,     ///< N-API environment
      const char* value ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated C string
    );

    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-16 encoded C string.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,         ///< N-API environment
      const char16_t* value ///< UTF-16 encoded null-terminated C string
    );

    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-8 encoded C string with specified length.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,      ///< N-API environment
      const char* value, ///< UTF-8 encoded C string (not necessarily null-terminated)
      size_t length      ///< length of the string in bytes
    );

    /// Creates a new String value from a UTF-16 encoded C string with specified length.
    static String New(
      napi_env env,          ///< N-API environment
      const char16_t* value, ///< UTF-16 encoded C string (not necessarily null-terminated)
      size_t length          ///< Length of the string in 2-byte code units
    );

    /// Creates a new String based on the original object's type.
    ///
    /// `value` may be any of:
    /// - const char* (encoded using UTF-8, null-terminated)
    /// - const char16_t* (encoded using UTF-16-LE, null-terminated)
    /// - std::string (encoded using UTF-8)
    /// - std::u16string
    template <typename T>
    static String From(napi_env env, const T& value);

    String();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ String instance.
    String(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    operator std::string() const;      ///< Converts a String value to a UTF-8 encoded C++ string.
    operator std::u16string() const;   ///< Converts a String value to a UTF-16 encoded C++ string.
    std::string Utf8Value() const;     ///< Converts a String value to a UTF-8 encoded C++ string.
    std::u16string Utf16Value() const; ///< Converts a String value to a UTF-16 encoded C++ string.
  };

  /// A JavaScript symbol value.
  class Symbol : public Name {
  public:
    /// Creates a new Symbol value with an optional description.
    static Symbol New(
      napi_env env,                     ///< N-API environment
      const char* description = nullptr ///< Optional UTF-8 encoded null-terminated C string
                                        ///  describing the symbol
    );

    /// Creates a new Symbol value with a description.
    static Symbol New(
      napi_env env,                  ///< N-API environment
      const std::string& description ///< UTF-8 encoded C++ string describing the symbol
    );

    /// Creates a new Symbol value with a description.
    static Symbol New(
      napi_env env,      ///< N-API environment
      String description ///< String value describing the symbol
    );

    /// Creates a new Symbol value with a description.
    static Symbol New(
      napi_env env,          ///< N-API environment
      napi_value description ///< String value describing the symbol
    );

    /// Get a public Symbol (e.g. Symbol.iterator).
    static Symbol WellKnown(napi_env, const std::string& name);

    Symbol();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Symbol instance.
    Symbol(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.
  };

  /// A JavaScript object value.
  class Object : public Value {
  public:
    /// Enables property and element assignments using indexing syntax.
    ///
    /// Example:
    ///
    ///     Napi::Value propertyValue = object1['A'];
    ///     object2['A'] = propertyValue;
    ///     Napi::Value elementValue = array[0];
    ///     array[1] = elementValue;
    template <typename Key>
    class PropertyLValue {
    public:
      /// Converts an L-value to a value.
      operator Value() const;

      /// Assigns a value to the property. The type of value can be
      /// anything supported by `Object::Set`.
      template <typename ValueType>
      PropertyLValue& operator =(ValueType value);

    private:
      PropertyLValue() = delete;
      PropertyLValue(Object object, Key key);
      napi_env _env;
      napi_value _object;
      Key _key;

      friend class Napi::Object;
    };

    /// Creates a new Object value.
    static Object New(
      napi_env env ///< N-API environment
    );

    Object();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ Object instance.
    Object(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    /// Gets or sets a named property.
    PropertyLValue<std::string> operator [](
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    );

    /// Gets or sets a named property.
    PropertyLValue<std::string> operator [](
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    );

    /// Gets or sets an indexed property or array element.
    PropertyLValue<uint32_t> operator [](
      uint32_t index /// Property / element index
    );

    /// Gets a named property.
    Value operator [](
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    ) const;

    /// Gets a named property.
    Value operator [](
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    ) const;

    /// Gets an indexed property or array element.
    Value operator [](
      uint32_t index ///< Property / element index
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a property is present.
    bool Has(
      napi_value key ///< Property key primitive
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a property is present.
    bool Has(
      Value key ///< Property key
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a named property is present.
    bool Has(
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a named property is present.
    bool Has(
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a own property is present.
    bool HasOwnProperty(
      napi_value key ///< Property key primitive
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a own property is present.
    bool HasOwnProperty(
      Value key ///< Property key
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a own property is present.
    bool HasOwnProperty(
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    ) const;

    /// Checks whether a own property is present.
    bool HasOwnProperty(
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    ) const;

    /// Gets a property.
    Value Get(
      napi_value key ///< Property key primitive
    ) const;

    /// Gets a property.
    Value Get(
      Value key ///< Property key
    ) const;

    /// Gets a named property.
    Value Get(
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    ) const;

    /// Gets a named property.
    Value Get(
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    ) const;

    /// Sets a property.
    template <typename ValueType>
    void Set(
      napi_value key,  ///< Property key primitive
      const ValueType& value ///< Property value primitive
    );

    /// Sets a property.
    template <typename ValueType>
    void Set(
      Value key,  ///< Property key
      const ValueType& value ///< Property value
    );

    /// Sets a named property.
    template <typename ValueType>
    void Set(
      const char* utf8name, ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
      const ValueType& value
    );

    /// Sets a named property.
    template <typename ValueType>
    void Set(
      const std::string& utf8name, ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
      const ValueType& value             ///< Property value primitive
    );

    /// Delete property.
    bool Delete(
      napi_value key ///< Property key primitive
    );

    /// Delete property.
    bool Delete(
      Value key ///< Property key
    );

    /// Delete property.
    bool Delete(
      const char* utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded null-terminated property name
    );

    /// Delete property.
    bool Delete(
      const std::string& utf8name ///< UTF-8 encoded property name
    );

    /// Checks whether an indexed property is present.
    bool Has(
      uint32_t index ///< Property / element index
    ) const;

    /// Gets an indexed property or array element.
    Value Get(
      uint32_t index ///< Property / element index
    ) const;

    /// Sets an indexed property or array element.
    template <typename ValueType>
    void Set(
      uint32_t index,  ///< Property / element index
      const ValueType& value ///< Property value primitive
    );

    /// Deletes an indexed property or array element.
    bool Delete(
      uint32_t index ///< Property / element index
    );

    Array GetPropertyNames() const; ///< Get all property names

    /// Defines a property on the object.
    void DefineProperty(
      const PropertyDescriptor& property ///< Descriptor for the property to be defined
    );

    /// Defines properties on the object.
    void DefineProperties(
      const std::initializer_list<PropertyDescriptor>& properties
        ///< List of descriptors for the properties to be defined
    );

    /// Defines properties on the object.
    void DefineProperties(
      const std::vector<PropertyDescriptor>& properties
        ///< Vector of descriptors for the properties to be defined
    );

    /// Checks if an object is an instance created by a constructor function.
    ///
    /// This is equivalent to the JavaScript `instanceof` operator.
    bool InstanceOf(
      const Function& constructor ///< Constructor function
    ) const;
  };

  template <typename T>
  class External : public Value {
  public:
    static External New(napi_env env, T* data);

    // Finalizer must implement `void operator()(Env env, T* data)`.
    template <typename Finalizer>
    static External New(napi_env env,
                        T* data,
                        Finalizer finalizeCallback);
    // Finalizer must implement `void operator()(Env env, T* data, Hint* hint)`.
    template <typename Finalizer, typename Hint>
    static External New(napi_env env,
                        T* data,
                        Finalizer finalizeCallback,
                        Hint* finalizeHint);

    External();
    External(napi_env env, napi_value value);

    T* Data() const;
  };

  class Array : public Object {
  public:
    static Array New(napi_env env);
    static Array New(napi_env env, size_t length);

    Array();
    Array(napi_env env, napi_value value);

    uint32_t Length() const;
  };

  /// A JavaScript array buffer value.
  class ArrayBuffer : public Object {
  public:
    /// Creates a new ArrayBuffer instance over a new automatically-allocated buffer.
    static ArrayBuffer New(
      napi_env env,     ///< N-API environment
      size_t byteLength ///< Length of the buffer to be allocated, in bytes
    );

    /// Creates a new ArrayBuffer instance, using an external buffer with specified byte length.
    static ArrayBuffer New(
      napi_env env,       ///< N-API environment
      void* externalData, ///< Pointer to the external buffer to be used by the array
      size_t byteLength   ///< Length of the external buffer to be used by the array, in bytes
    );

    /// Creates a new ArrayBuffer instance, using an external buffer with specified byte length.
    template <typename Finalizer>
    static ArrayBuffer New(
      napi_env env,              ///< N-API environment
      void* externalData,        ///< Pointer to the external buffer to be used by the array
      size_t byteLength,         ///< Length of the external buffer to be used by the array,
                                 ///  in bytes
      Finalizer finalizeCallback ///< Function to be called when the array buffer is destroyed;
                                 ///  must implement `void operator()(Env env, void* externalData)`
    );

    /// Creates a new ArrayBuffer instance, using an external buffer with specified byte length.
    template <typename Finalizer, typename Hint>
    static ArrayBuffer New(
      napi_env env,               ///< N-API environment
      void* externalData,         ///< Pointer to the external buffer to be used by the array
      size_t byteLength,          ///< Length of the external buffer to be used by the array,
                                  ///  in bytes
      Finalizer finalizeCallback, ///< Function to be called when the array buffer is destroyed;
                                  ///  must implement `void operator()(Env env, void* externalData, Hint* hint)`
      Hint* finalizeHint          ///< Hint (second parameter) to be passed to the finalize callback
    );

    ArrayBuffer();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ ArrayBuffer instance.
    ArrayBuffer(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    void* Data();        ///< Gets a pointer to the data buffer.
    size_t ByteLength(); ///< Gets the length of the array buffer in bytes.

  private:
    mutable void* _data;
    mutable size_t _length;

    ArrayBuffer(napi_env env, napi_value value, void* data, size_t length);
    void EnsureInfo() const;
  };

  /// A JavaScript typed-array value with unknown array type.
  ///
  /// For type-specific operations, cast to a `TypedArrayOf<T>` instance using the `As()`
  /// method:
  ///
  ///     Napi::TypedArray array = ...
  ///     if (t.TypedArrayType() == napi_int32_array) {
  ///         Napi::Int32Array int32Array = t.As<Napi::Int32Array>();
  ///     }
  class TypedArray : public Object {
  public:
    TypedArray();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ TypedArray instance.
    TypedArray(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    napi_typedarray_type TypedArrayType() const; ///< Gets the type of this typed-array.
    Napi::ArrayBuffer ArrayBuffer() const;       ///< Gets the backing array buffer.

    uint8_t ElementSize() const;  ///< Gets the size in bytes of one element in the array.
    size_t ElementLength() const; ///< Gets the number of elements in the array.
    size_t ByteOffset() const;    ///< Gets the offset into the buffer where the array starts.
    size_t ByteLength() const;    ///< Gets the length of the array in bytes.

  protected:
    /// !cond INTERNAL
    napi_typedarray_type _type;
    size_t _length;

    TypedArray(napi_env env, napi_value value, napi_typedarray_type type, size_t length);

    static const napi_typedarray_type unknown_array_type = static_cast<napi_typedarray_type>(-1);

    template <typename T>
    static
#if defined(NAPI_HAS_CONSTEXPR)
    constexpr
#endif
    napi_typedarray_type TypedArrayTypeForPrimitiveType() {
      return std::is_same<T, int8_t>::value ? napi_int8_array
        : std::is_same<T, uint8_t>::value ? napi_uint8_array
        : std::is_same<T, int16_t>::value ? napi_int16_array
        : std::is_same<T, uint16_t>::value ? napi_uint16_array
        : std::is_same<T, int32_t>::value ? napi_int32_array
        : std::is_same<T, uint32_t>::value ? napi_uint32_array
        : std::is_same<T, float>::value ? napi_float32_array
        : std::is_same<T, double>::value ? napi_float64_array
// currently experimental guard with version of NAPI_VERSION that it is
// released in once it is no longer experimental
#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2147483646)
        : std::is_same<T, int64_t>::value ? napi_bigint64_array
        : std::is_same<T, uint64_t>::value ? napi_biguint64_array
#endif  // NAPI_EXPERIMENTAL
        : unknown_array_type;
    }
    /// !endcond
  };

  /// A JavaScript typed-array value with known array type.
  ///
  /// Note while it is possible to create and access Uint8 "clamped" arrays using this class,
  /// the _clamping_ behavior is only applied in JavaScript.
  template <typename T>
  class TypedArrayOf : public TypedArray {
  public:
    /// Creates a new TypedArray instance over a new automatically-allocated array buffer.
    ///
    /// The array type parameter can normally be omitted (because it is inferred from the template
    /// parameter T), except when creating a "clamped" array:
    ///
    ///     Uint8Array::New(env, length, napi_uint8_clamped_array)
    static TypedArrayOf New(
      napi_env env,         ///< N-API environment
      size_t elementLength, ///< Length of the created array, as a number of elements
#if defined(NAPI_HAS_CONSTEXPR)
      napi_typedarray_type type = TypedArray::TypedArrayTypeForPrimitiveType<T>()
#else
      napi_typedarray_type type
#endif
        ///< Type of array, if different from the default array type for the template parameter T.
    );

    /// Creates a new TypedArray instance over a provided array buffer.
    ///
    /// The array type parameter can normally be omitted (because it is inferred from the template
    /// parameter T), except when creating a "clamped" array:
    ///
    ///     Uint8Array::New(env, length, buffer, 0, napi_uint8_clamped_array)
    static TypedArrayOf New(
      napi_env env,                  ///< N-API environment
      size_t elementLength,          ///< Length of the created array, as a number of elements
      Napi::ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer, ///< Backing array buffer instance to use
      size_t bufferOffset,           ///< Offset into the array buffer where the typed-array starts
#if defined(NAPI_HAS_CONSTEXPR)
      napi_typedarray_type type = TypedArray::TypedArrayTypeForPrimitiveType<T>()
#else
      napi_typedarray_type type
#endif
        ///< Type of array, if different from the default array type for the template parameter T.
    );

    TypedArrayOf();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ TypedArrayOf instance.
    TypedArrayOf(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    T& operator [](size_t index);             ///< Gets or sets an element in the array.
    const T& operator [](size_t index) const; ///< Gets an element in the array.

    /// Gets a pointer to the array's backing buffer.
    ///
    /// This is not necessarily the same as the `ArrayBuffer::Data()` pointer, because the
    /// typed-array may have a non-zero `ByteOffset()` into the `ArrayBuffer`.
    T* Data();

    /// Gets a pointer to the array's backing buffer.
    ///
    /// This is not necessarily the same as the `ArrayBuffer::Data()` pointer, because the
    /// typed-array may have a non-zero `ByteOffset()` into the `ArrayBuffer`.
    const T* Data() const;

  private:
    T* _data;

    TypedArrayOf(napi_env env,
                 napi_value value,
                 napi_typedarray_type type,
                 size_t length,
                 T* data);
  };

  /// The DataView provides a low-level interface for reading/writing multiple
  /// number types in an ArrayBuffer irrespective of the platform's endianness.
  class DataView : public Object {
  public:
    static DataView New(napi_env env,
                        Napi::ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer);
    static DataView New(napi_env env,
                        Napi::ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer,
                        size_t byteOffset);
    static DataView New(napi_env env,
                        Napi::ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer,
                        size_t byteOffset,
                        size_t byteLength);

    DataView();                               ///< Creates a new _empty_ DataView instance.
    DataView(napi_env env, napi_value value); ///< Wraps a N-API value primitive.

    Napi::ArrayBuffer ArrayBuffer() const;    ///< Gets the backing array buffer.
    size_t ByteOffset() const;    ///< Gets the offset into the buffer where the array starts.
    size_t ByteLength() const;    ///< Gets the length of the array in bytes.

    void* Data() const;

    float GetFloat32(size_t byteOffset) const;
    double GetFloat64(size_t byteOffset) const;
    int8_t GetInt8(size_t byteOffset) const;
    int16_t GetInt16(size_t byteOffset) const;
    int32_t GetInt32(size_t byteOffset) const;
    uint8_t GetUint8(size_t byteOffset) const;
    uint16_t GetUint16(size_t byteOffset) const;
    uint32_t GetUint32(size_t byteOffset) const;

    void SetFloat32(size_t byteOffset, float value) const;
    void SetFloat64(size_t byteOffset, double value) const;
    void SetInt8(size_t byteOffset, int8_t value) const;
    void SetInt16(size_t byteOffset, int16_t value) const;
    void SetInt32(size_t byteOffset, int32_t value) const;
    void SetUint8(size_t byteOffset, uint8_t value) const;
    void SetUint16(size_t byteOffset, uint16_t value) const;
    void SetUint32(size_t byteOffset, uint32_t value) const;

  private:
    template <typename T>
    T ReadData(size_t byteOffset) const;

    template <typename T>
    void WriteData(size_t byteOffset, T value) const;

    void* _data;
    size_t _length;
  };

  class Function : public Object {
  public:
    /// Callable must implement operator() accepting a const CallbackInfo&
    /// and return either void or Value.
    template <typename Callable>
    static Function New(napi_env env,
                        Callable cb,
                        const char* utf8name = nullptr,
                        void* data = nullptr);
    /// Callable must implement operator() accepting a const CallbackInfo&
    /// and return either void or Value.
    template <typename Callable>
    static Function New(napi_env env,
                        Callable cb,
                        const std::string& utf8name,
                        void* data = nullptr);

    Function();
    Function(napi_env env, napi_value value);

    Value operator ()(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;

    Value Call(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Value Call(const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
    Value Call(size_t argc, const napi_value* args) const;
    Value Call(napi_value recv, const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Value Call(napi_value recv, const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
    Value Call(napi_value recv, size_t argc, const napi_value* args) const;

    Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                       const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args,
                       napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;
    Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                       const std::vector<napi_value>& args,
                       napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;
    Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                       size_t argc,
                       const napi_value* args,
                       napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;

    Object New(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Object New(const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
    Object New(size_t argc, const napi_value* args) const;
  };

  class Promise : public Object {
  public:
    class Deferred {
    public:
      static Deferred New(napi_env env);
      Deferred(napi_env env);

      Napi::Promise Promise() const;
      Napi::Env Env() const;

      void Resolve(napi_value value) const;
      void Reject(napi_value value) const;

    private:
      napi_env _env;
      napi_deferred _deferred;
      napi_value _promise;
    };

    Promise(napi_env env, napi_value value);
  };

  template <typename T>
  class Buffer : public Uint8Array {
  public:
    static Buffer<T> New(napi_env env, size_t length);
    static Buffer<T> New(napi_env env, T* data, size_t length);

    // Finalizer must implement `void operator()(Env env, T* data)`.
    template <typename Finalizer>
    static Buffer<T> New(napi_env env, T* data,
                         size_t length,
                         Finalizer finalizeCallback);
    // Finalizer must implement `void operator()(Env env, T* data, Hint* hint)`.
    template <typename Finalizer, typename Hint>
    static Buffer<T> New(napi_env env, T* data,
                         size_t length,
                         Finalizer finalizeCallback,
                         Hint* finalizeHint);

    static Buffer<T> Copy(napi_env env, const T* data, size_t length);

    Buffer();
    Buffer(napi_env env, napi_value value);
    size_t Length() const;
    T* Data() const;

  private:
    mutable size_t _length;
    mutable T* _data;

    Buffer(napi_env env, napi_value value, size_t length, T* data);
    void EnsureInfo() const;
  };

  /// Holds a counted reference to a value; initially a weak reference unless otherwise specified,
  /// may be changed to/from a strong reference by adjusting the refcount.
  ///
  /// The referenced value is not immediately destroyed when the reference count is zero; it is
  /// merely then eligible for garbage-collection if there are no other references to the value.
  template <typename T>
  class Reference {
  public:
    static Reference<T> New(const T& value, uint32_t initialRefcount = 0);

    Reference();
    Reference(napi_env env, napi_ref ref);
    ~Reference();

    // A reference can be moved but cannot be copied.
    Reference(Reference<T>&& other);
    Reference<T>& operator =(Reference<T>&& other);
    Reference<T>& operator =(Reference<T>&) = delete;

    operator napi_ref() const;
    bool operator ==(const Reference<T> &other) const;
    bool operator !=(const Reference<T> &other) const;

    Napi::Env Env() const;
    bool IsEmpty() const;

    // Note when getting the value of a Reference it is usually correct to do so
    // within a HandleScope so that the value handle gets cleaned up efficiently.
    T Value() const;

    uint32_t Ref();
    uint32_t Unref();
    void Reset();
    void Reset(const T& value, uint32_t refcount = 0);

    // Call this on a reference that is declared as static data, to prevent its destructor
    // from running at program shutdown time, which would attempt to reset the reference when
    // the environment is no longer valid.
    void SuppressDestruct();

  protected:
    Reference(const Reference<T>&);

    /// !cond INTERNAL
    napi_env _env;
    napi_ref _ref;
    /// !endcond

  private:
    bool _suppressDestruct;
  };

  class ObjectReference: public Reference<Object> {
  public:
    ObjectReference();
    ObjectReference(napi_env env, napi_ref ref);

    // A reference can be moved but cannot be copied.
    ObjectReference(Reference<Object>&& other);
    ObjectReference& operator =(Reference<Object>&& other);
    ObjectReference(ObjectReference&& other);
    ObjectReference& operator =(ObjectReference&& other);
    ObjectReference& operator =(ObjectReference&) = delete;

    Napi::Value Get(const char* utf8name) const;
    Napi::Value Get(const std::string& utf8name) const;
    void Set(const char* utf8name, napi_value value);
    void Set(const char* utf8name, Napi::Value value);
    void Set(const char* utf8name, const char* utf8value);
    void Set(const char* utf8name, bool boolValue);
    void Set(const char* utf8name, double numberValue);
    void Set(const std::string& utf8name, napi_value value);
    void Set(const std::string& utf8name, Napi::Value value);
    void Set(const std::string& utf8name, std::string& utf8value);
    void Set(const std::string& utf8name, bool boolValue);
    void Set(const std::string& utf8name, double numberValue);

    Napi::Value Get(uint32_t index) const;
    void Set(uint32_t index, const napi_value value);
    void Set(uint32_t index, const Napi::Value value);
    void Set(uint32_t index, const char* utf8value);
    void Set(uint32_t index, const std::string& utf8value);
    void Set(uint32_t index, bool boolValue);
    void Set(uint32_t index, double numberValue);

  protected:
    ObjectReference(const ObjectReference&);
  };

  class FunctionReference: public Reference<Function> {
  public:
    FunctionReference();
    FunctionReference(napi_env env, napi_ref ref);

    // A reference can be moved but cannot be copied.
    FunctionReference(Reference<Function>&& other);
    FunctionReference& operator =(Reference<Function>&& other);
    FunctionReference(FunctionReference&& other);
    FunctionReference& operator =(FunctionReference&& other);
    FunctionReference(const FunctionReference&) = delete;
    FunctionReference& operator =(FunctionReference&) = delete;

    Napi::Value operator ()(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;

    Napi::Value Call(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Napi::Value Call(const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
    Napi::Value Call(napi_value recv, const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Napi::Value Call(napi_value recv, const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
    Napi::Value Call(napi_value recv, size_t argc, const napi_value* args) const;

    Napi::Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                             const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args,
                             napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;
    Napi::Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                             const std::vector<napi_value>& args,
                             napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;
    Napi::Value MakeCallback(napi_value recv,
                             size_t argc,
                             const napi_value* args,
                             napi_async_context context = nullptr) const;

    Object New(const std::initializer_list<napi_value>& args) const;
    Object New(const std::vector<napi_value>& args) const;
  };

  // Shortcuts to creating a new reference with inferred type and refcount = 0.
  template <typename T> Reference<T> Weak(T value);
  ObjectReference Weak(Object value);
  FunctionReference Weak(Function value);

  // Shortcuts to creating a new reference with inferred type and refcount = 1.
  template <typename T> Reference<T> Persistent(T value);
  ObjectReference Persistent(Object value);
  FunctionReference Persistent(Function value);

  /// A persistent reference to a JavaScript error object. Use of this class depends somewhat
  /// on whether C++ exceptions are enabled at compile time.
  ///
  /// ### Handling Errors With C++ Exceptions
  ///
  /// If C++ exceptions are enabled, then the `Error` class extends `std::exception` and enables
  /// integrated error-handling for C++ exceptions and JavaScript exceptions.
  ///
  /// If a N-API call fails without executing any JavaScript code (for example due to an invalid
  /// argument), then the N-API wrapper automatically converts and throws the error as a C++
  /// exception of type `Napi::Error`. Or if a JavaScript function called by C++ code via N-API
  /// throws a JavaScript exception, then the N-API wrapper automatically converts and throws it as
  /// a C++ exception of type `Napi::Error`.
  ///
  /// If a C++ exception of type `Napi::Error` escapes from a N-API C++ callback, then the N-API
  /// wrapper automatically converts and throws it as a JavaScript exception. Therefore, catching
  /// a C++ exception of type `Napi::Error` prevents a JavaScript exception from being thrown.
  ///
  /// #### Example 1A - Throwing a C++ exception:
  ///
  ///     Napi::Env env = ...
  ///     throw Napi::Error::New(env, "Example exception");
  ///
  /// Following C++ statements will not be executed. The exception will bubble up as a C++
  /// exception of type `Napi::Error`, until it is either caught while still in C++, or else
  /// automatically propataged as a JavaScript exception when the callback returns to JavaScript.
  ///
  /// #### Example 2A - Propagating a N-API C++ exception:
  ///
  ///     Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
  ///     Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
  ///
  /// Following C++ statements will not be executed. The exception will bubble up as a C++
  /// exception of type `Napi::Error`, until it is either caught while still in C++, or else
  /// automatically propagated as a JavaScript exception when the callback returns to JavaScript.
  ///
  /// #### Example 3A - Handling a N-API C++ exception:
  ///
  ///     Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
  ///     Napi::Value result;
  ///     try {
  ///        result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
  ///     } catch (const Napi::Error& e) {
  ///       cerr << "Caught JavaScript exception: " + e.what();
  ///     }
  ///
  /// Since the exception was caught here, it will not be propagated as a JavaScript exception.
  ///
  /// ### Handling Errors Without C++ Exceptions
  ///
  /// If C++ exceptions are disabled (by defining `NAPI_DISABLE_CPP_EXCEPTIONS`) then this class
  /// does not extend `std::exception`, and APIs in the `Napi` namespace do not throw C++
  /// exceptions when they fail. Instead, they raise _pending_ JavaScript exceptions and
  /// return _empty_ `Value`s. Calling code should check `Value::IsEmpty()` before attempting
  /// to use a returned value, and may use methods on the `Env` class to check for, get, and
  /// clear a pending JavaScript exception. If the pending exception is not cleared, it will
  /// be thrown when the native callback returns to JavaScript.
  ///
  /// #### Example 1B - Throwing a JS exception
  ///
  ///     Napi::Env env = ...
  ///     Napi::Error::New(env, "Example exception").ThrowAsJavaScriptException();
  ///     return;
  ///
  /// After throwing a JS exception, the code should generally return immediately from the native
  /// callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
  ///
  /// #### Example 2B - Propagating a N-API JS exception:
  ///
  ///     Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
  ///     Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
  ///     if (result.IsEmpty()) return;
  ///
  /// An empty value result from a N-API call indicates an error occurred, and a JavaScript
  /// exception is pending. To let the exception propagate, the code should generally return
  /// immediately from the native callback, after performing any necessary cleanup.
  ///
  /// #### Example 3B - Handling a N-API JS exception:
  ///
  ///     Napi::Function jsFunctionThatThrows = someObj.As<Napi::Function>();
  ///     Napi::Value result = jsFunctionThatThrows({ arg1, arg2 });
  ///     if (result.IsEmpty()) {
  ///       Napi::Error e = env.GetAndClearPendingException();
  ///       cerr << "Caught JavaScript exception: " + e.Message();
  ///     }
  ///
  /// Since the exception was cleared here, it will not be propagated as a JavaScript exception
  /// after the native callback returns.
  class Error : public ObjectReference
#ifdef NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS
    , public std::exception
#endif // NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS
    {
  public:
    static Error New(napi_env env);
    static Error New(napi_env env, const char* message);
    static Error New(napi_env env, const std::string& message);

    static NAPI_NO_RETURN void Fatal(const char* location, const char* message);

    Error();
    Error(napi_env env, napi_value value);

    // An error can be moved or copied.
    Error(Error&& other);
    Error& operator =(Error&& other);
    Error(const Error&);
    Error& operator =(Error&);

    const std::string& Message() const NAPI_NOEXCEPT;
    void ThrowAsJavaScriptException() const;

#ifdef NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS
    const char* what() const NAPI_NOEXCEPT override;
#endif // NAPI_CPP_EXCEPTIONS

  protected:
    /// !cond INTERNAL
    typedef napi_status (*create_error_fn)(napi_env envb, napi_value code, napi_value msg, napi_value* result);

    template <typename TError>
    static TError New(napi_env env,
                      const char* message,
                      size_t length,
                      create_error_fn create_error);
    /// !endcond

  private:
    mutable std::string _message;
  };

  class TypeError : public Error {
  public:
    static TypeError New(napi_env env, const char* message);
    static TypeError New(napi_env env, const std::string& message);

    TypeError();
    TypeError(napi_env env, napi_value value);
  };

  class RangeError : public Error {
  public:
    static RangeError New(napi_env env, const char* message);
    static RangeError New(napi_env env, const std::string& message);

    RangeError();
    RangeError(napi_env env, napi_value value);
  };

  class CallbackInfo {
  public:
    CallbackInfo(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    ~CallbackInfo();

    // Disallow copying to prevent multiple free of _dynamicArgs
    CallbackInfo(CallbackInfo const &) = delete;
    void operator=(CallbackInfo const &) = delete;

    Napi::Env Env() const;
    Value NewTarget() const;
    bool IsConstructCall() const;
    size_t Length() const;
    const Value operator [](size_t index) const;
    Value This() const;
    void* Data() const;
    void SetData(void* data);

  private:
    const size_t _staticArgCount = 6;
    napi_env _env;
    napi_callback_info _info;
    napi_value _this;
    size_t _argc;
    napi_value* _argv;
    napi_value _staticArgs[6];
    napi_value* _dynamicArgs;
    void* _data;
  };

  class PropertyDescriptor {
  public:
#ifndef NODE_ADDON_API_DISABLE_DEPRECATED
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(const char* utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(napi_value name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Name name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(const char* utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(napi_value name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Name name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(const char* utf8name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(napi_value name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(Name name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
#endif // !NODE_ADDON_API_DISABLE_DEPRECATED

    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const char* utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       Name name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const char* utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Getter, typename Setter>
    static PropertyDescriptor Accessor(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       Name name,
                                       Getter getter,
                                       Setter setter,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const char* utf8name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       const std::string& utf8name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    template <typename Callable>
    static PropertyDescriptor Function(Napi::Env env,
                                       Napi::Object object,
                                       Name name,
                                       Callable cb,
                                       napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                       void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor Value(const char* utf8name,
                                    napi_value value,
                                    napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor Value(const std::string& utf8name,
                                    napi_value value,
                                    napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor Value(napi_value name,
                                    napi_value value,
                                    napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor Value(Name name,
                                    Napi::Value value,
                                    napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);

    PropertyDescriptor(napi_property_descriptor desc);

    operator napi_property_descriptor&();
    operator const napi_property_descriptor&() const;

  private:
    napi_property_descriptor _desc;
  };

  /// Property descriptor for use with `ObjectWrap::DefineClass()`.
  ///
  /// This is different from the standalone `PropertyDescriptor` because it is specific to each
  /// `ObjectWrap<T>` subclass. This prevents using descriptors from a different class when
  /// defining a new class (preventing the callbacks from having incorrect `this` pointers).
  template <typename T>
  class ClassPropertyDescriptor {
  public:
    ClassPropertyDescriptor(napi_property_descriptor desc) : _desc(desc) {}

    operator napi_property_descriptor&() { return _desc; }
    operator const napi_property_descriptor&() const { return _desc; }

  private:
    napi_property_descriptor _desc;
  };

  /// Base class to be extended by C++ classes exposed to JavaScript; each C++ class instance gets
  /// "wrapped" by a JavaScript object that is managed by this class.
  ///
  /// At initialization time, the `DefineClass()` method must be used to
  /// hook up the accessor and method callbacks. It takes a list of
  /// property descriptors, which can be constructed via the various
  /// static methods on the base class.
  ///
  /// #### Example:
  ///
  ///     class Example: public Napi::ObjectWrap<Example> {
  ///       public:
  ///         static void Initialize(Napi::Env& env, Napi::Object& target) {
  ///           Napi::Function constructor = DefineClass(env, "Example", {
  ///             InstanceAccessor("value", &Example::GetSomething, &Example::SetSomething),
  ///             InstanceMethod("doSomething", &Example::DoSomething),
  ///           });
  ///           target.Set("Example", constructor);
  ///         }
  ///
  ///         Example(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info); // Constructor
  ///         Napi::Value GetSomething(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info);
  ///         void SetSomething(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info, const Napi::Value& value);
  ///         Napi::Value DoSomething(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info);
  ///     }
  template <typename T>
  class ObjectWrap : public Reference<Object> {
  public:
    ObjectWrap(const CallbackInfo& callbackInfo);

    static T* Unwrap(Object wrapper);

    // Methods exposed to JavaScript must conform to one of these callback signatures.
    typedef void (*StaticVoidMethodCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef Napi::Value (*StaticMethodCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef Napi::Value (*StaticGetterCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef void (*StaticSetterCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info, const Napi::Value& value);
    typedef void (T::*InstanceVoidMethodCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef Napi::Value (T::*InstanceMethodCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef Napi::Value (T::*InstanceGetterCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info);
    typedef void (T::*InstanceSetterCallback)(const CallbackInfo& info, const Napi::Value& value);

    typedef ClassPropertyDescriptor<T> PropertyDescriptor;

    static Function DefineClass(Napi::Env env,
                                const char* utf8name,
                                const std::initializer_list<PropertyDescriptor>& properties,
                                void* data = nullptr);
    static Function DefineClass(Napi::Env env,
                                const char* utf8name,
                                const std::vector<PropertyDescriptor>& properties,
                                void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticMethod(const char* utf8name,
                                           StaticVoidMethodCallback method,
                                           napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                           void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticMethod(const char* utf8name,
                                           StaticMethodCallback method,
                                           napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                           void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticMethod(Symbol name,
                                           StaticVoidMethodCallback method,
                                           napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                           void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticMethod(Symbol name,
                                           StaticMethodCallback method,
                                           napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                           void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticAccessor(const char* utf8name,
                                             StaticGetterCallback getter,
                                             StaticSetterCallback setter,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticAccessor(Symbol name,
                                             StaticGetterCallback getter,
                                             StaticSetterCallback setter,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceMethod(const char* utf8name,
                                             InstanceVoidMethodCallback method,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceMethod(const char* utf8name,
                                             InstanceMethodCallback method,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceMethod(Symbol name,
                                             InstanceVoidMethodCallback method,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceMethod(Symbol name,
                                             InstanceMethodCallback method,
                                             napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                             void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceAccessor(const char* utf8name,
                                               InstanceGetterCallback getter,
                                               InstanceSetterCallback setter,
                                               napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                               void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceAccessor(Symbol name,
                                               InstanceGetterCallback getter,
                                               InstanceSetterCallback setter,
                                               napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default,
                                               void* data = nullptr);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticValue(const char* utf8name,
                                          Napi::Value value,
                                          napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor StaticValue(Symbol name,
                                          Napi::Value value,
                                          napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceValue(const char* utf8name,
                                            Napi::Value value,
                                            napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);
    static PropertyDescriptor InstanceValue(Symbol name,
                                            Napi::Value value,
                                            napi_property_attributes attributes = napi_default);

  private:
    static napi_value ConstructorCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value StaticVoidMethodCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value StaticMethodCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value StaticGetterCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value StaticSetterCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value InstanceVoidMethodCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value InstanceMethodCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value InstanceGetterCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static napi_value InstanceSetterCallbackWrapper(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info);
    static void FinalizeCallback(napi_env env, void* data, void* hint);
    static Function DefineClass(Napi::Env env,
                                const char* utf8name,
                                const size_t props_count,
                                const napi_property_descriptor* props,
                                void* data = nullptr);

    template <typename TCallback>
    struct MethodCallbackData {
      TCallback callback;
      void* data;
    };
    typedef MethodCallbackData<StaticVoidMethodCallback> StaticVoidMethodCallbackData;
    typedef MethodCallbackData<StaticMethodCallback> StaticMethodCallbackData;
    typedef MethodCallbackData<InstanceVoidMethodCallback> InstanceVoidMethodCallbackData;
    typedef MethodCallbackData<InstanceMethodCallback> InstanceMethodCallbackData;

    template <typename TGetterCallback, typename TSetterCallback>
    struct AccessorCallbackData {
      TGetterCallback getterCallback;
      TSetterCallback setterCallback;
      void* data;
    };
    typedef AccessorCallbackData<StaticGetterCallback, StaticSetterCallback>
      StaticAccessorCallbackData;
    typedef AccessorCallbackData<InstanceGetterCallback, InstanceSetterCallback>
      InstanceAccessorCallbackData;
  };

  class HandleScope {
  public:
    HandleScope(napi_env env, napi_handle_scope scope);
    explicit HandleScope(Napi::Env env);
    ~HandleScope();

    operator napi_handle_scope() const;

    Napi::Env Env() const;

  private:
    napi_env _env;
    napi_handle_scope _scope;
  };

  class EscapableHandleScope {
  public:
    EscapableHandleScope(napi_env env, napi_escapable_handle_scope scope);
    explicit EscapableHandleScope(Napi::Env env);
    ~EscapableHandleScope();

    operator napi_escapable_handle_scope() const;

    Napi::Env Env() const;
    Value Escape(napi_value escapee);

  private:
    napi_env _env;
    napi_escapable_handle_scope _scope;
  };

#if (NAPI_VERSION > 2)
  class CallbackScope {
  public:
    CallbackScope(napi_env env, napi_callback_scope scope);
    CallbackScope(napi_env env, napi_async_context context);
    virtual ~CallbackScope();

    operator napi_callback_scope() const;

    Napi::Env Env() const;

  private:
    napi_env _env;
    napi_callback_scope _scope;
  };
#endif

  class AsyncContext {
  public:
    explicit AsyncContext(napi_env env, const char* resource_name);
    explicit AsyncContext(napi_env env, const char* resource_name, const Object& resource);
    virtual ~AsyncContext();

    AsyncContext(AsyncContext&& other);
    AsyncContext& operator =(AsyncContext&& other);
    AsyncContext(const AsyncContext&) = delete;
    AsyncContext& operator =(AsyncContext&) = delete;

    operator napi_async_context() const;

  private:
    napi_env _env;
    napi_async_context _context;
  };

  class AsyncWorker {
  public:
    virtual ~AsyncWorker();

    // An async worker can be moved but cannot be copied.
    AsyncWorker(AsyncWorker&& other);
    AsyncWorker& operator =(AsyncWorker&& other);
    AsyncWorker(const AsyncWorker&) = delete;
    AsyncWorker& operator =(AsyncWorker&) = delete;

    operator napi_async_work() const;

    Napi::Env Env() const;

    void Queue();
    void Cancel();

    ObjectReference& Receiver();
    FunctionReference& Callback();

  protected:
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Function& callback);
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Function& callback,
                         const char* resource_name);
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Function& callback,
                         const char* resource_name,
                         const Object& resource);
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Object& receiver,
                         const Function& callback);
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Object& receiver,
                         const Function& callback,
                         const char* resource_name);
    explicit AsyncWorker(const Object& receiver,
                         const Function& callback,
                         const char* resource_name,
                         const Object& resource);

    virtual void Execute() = 0;
    virtual void OnOK();
    virtual void OnError(const Error& e);

    void SetError(const std::string& error);

  private:
    static void OnExecute(napi_env env, void* this_pointer);
    static void OnWorkComplete(napi_env env,
                               napi_status status,
                               void* this_pointer);

    napi_env _env;
    napi_async_work _work;
    ObjectReference _receiver;
    FunctionReference _callback;
    std::string _error;
  };

  // Memory management.
  class MemoryManagement {
    public:
      static int64_t AdjustExternalMemory(Env env, int64_t change_in_bytes);
  };

  // Version management
  class VersionManagement {
    public:
      static uint32_t GetNapiVersion(Env env);
      static const napi_node_version* GetNodeVersion(Env env);
  };

} // namespace Napi

// Inline implementations of all the above class methods are included here.
#include "napi-inl.h"

#endif // SRC_NAPI_H_