nerves_runtime

nerves_runtime is a core component of Nerves. It contains applications and libraries that are expected to be useful on all Nerves devices.

Here are its features:

• Generic system and filesystem initialization (suitable for use with shoehorn)
• Introspection of Nerves system, firmware, and deployment metadata
• Device reboot and shutdown
• A small Linux kernel uevent application for capturing hardware change events and more. See nerves_uevent.
• Device serial numbers
• Linux log integration with Elixir. See nerves_logging

The following sections describe the features in more detail. For more information, see the hex docs.

System Initialization

nerves_runtime provides an OTP application (nerves_runtime) that can initialize the system when it is started. For this to be useful, nerves_runtime must be started before other OTP applications, since most will assume that the system is already initialized before they start. To set up nerves_runtime to work with shoehorn, you will need to do the following:

1. Add shoehorn to your mix.exs dependency list
2. Add a :shoehorn configuration to config.exs and :nerves_runtime to the beginning of the init: list:

config :shoehorn,
  init: [:nerves_runtime, :other_app1, :other_app2]

Filesystem Initialization

Nerves systems generally ship with one or more application filesystem partitions. These are used for persisting data that is expected to live between firmware updates. The root filesystem cannot be used since it is mounted as read-only by default.

nerves_runtime takes an unforgiving approach to managing the application partition: if it can't be mounted as read-write, it gets re-formatted. While filesystem corruption should be a rare event, even with unexpected loss of power, Nerves devices may not always be accessible for manual recovery. This default behavior provides a basic recoverability guarantee.

To verify that this recovery works, Nerves systems usually leave the application filesystems uninitialized so that the format operation happens on the first boot. This means that the first boot takes slightly longer than subsequent boots.

A common implementation of "reset to factory defaults" is to purposely erase (corrupt) the application partition and reboot. See Nerves.Runtime.FwupOps.factory_reset/1.

nerves_runtime uses firmware metadata to determine how to mount and initialize the application partition. The following variables are important:

• [partition].nerves_fw_application_part0_devpath - the path to the application partition (e.g. /dev/mmcblk0p3)
• [partition].nerves_fw_application_part0_fstype - the type of filesystem (e.g. ext4)
• [partition].nerves_fw_application_part0_target - where the partition should be mounted (e.g. /root or /mnt/appdata)

Nerves System and Firmware Metadata

All official Nerves systems maintain a list of key-value pairs for tracking various information about the system. This information is not intended to be written frequently. To get this information, you can call one of the following:

• Nerves.Runtime.KV.get_all_active/0 - return all key-value pairs associated with the active firmware.
• Nerves.Runtime.KV.get_all/0 - return all key-value pairs, including those from the inactive firmware, if any.
• Nerves.Runtime.KV.get_active/1 - look up the value of a key associated with the active firmware.
• Nerves.Runtime.KV.get/1 - look up the value of a key, including those from the inactive firmware, if any.

Global Nerves metadata includes the following:

Key	Build Environment Variable	Example Value	Description
nerves_fw_active	N/A	"a"	This key holds the prefix that identifies the active firmware metadata. In this example, all keys starting with "a." hold information about the running firmware.
nerves_fw_devpath	NERVES_FW_DEVPATH	"/dev/mmcblk0"	This is the primary storage device for the firmware.
nerves_serial_number	N/A	"12345abc"	This is a text serial number. See Serial numbers for details.
nerves_fw_validated	N/A	0	Set to "1" to indicate that the currently running firmware is valid. (Only supported on some platforms)
nerves_fw_autovalidate	N/A	1	Set to "1" to indicate that firmware updates are valid without any additional checks. (Only supported on some platforms)
upgrade_available	N/A	0	If using the U-Boot bootloader AND U-Boot's bootcount feature, then the upgrade_available variable is used instead of nerves_fw_validated (it has the opposite meaning)
bootcount	N/A	1	If using the U-Boot bootloader AND U-Boot's bootcount feature, then this is the number of times an unvalidated firmware has been booted.
bootlimit	N/A	1	If using the U-Boot bootloader AND U-Boot's bootcount feature, then this is the max number of tries for unvalidated firmware.

Firmware-specific Nerves metadata includes the following:

Key	Example Value	Description
nerves_fw_application_part0_devpath	"/dev/mmcblk0p3"	The block device that contains the application partition
nerves_fw_application_part0_fstype	"ext4"	The application partition's filesystem type
nerves_fw_application_part0_target	"/root"	Where to mount the application partition
nerves_fw_architecture	"arm"	The processor architecture (Not currently used)
nerves_fw_author	"John Doe"	The person or company that created this firmware
nerves_fw_description	"Stuff"	A description of the project
nerves_fw_platform	"rpi3"	A name to identify the board that this runs on. It can be checked in the fwup.conf before performing an upgrade.
nerves_fw_product	"My Product"	A product name that may show up in a firmware selection list, for example
nerves_fw_version	"1.0.0"	The project's version
nerves_fw_vcs_identifier	"bdeead38..."	A git SHA or other identifier (optional)
nerves_fw_misc	"anything..."	Any application info that doesn't fit in another field (optional)

Note that the keys are stored in the environment block prefixed by the firmware slot for which they pertain. For example, a.nerves_fw_description is the description for the firmware in the "A" slot.

Several of the keys can be set in the mix.exs file of your main Nerves project. This is the preferred way to set them because it requires the least amount of effort.

Assuming that your fwup.conf respects the fwup variable names listed in the table, the keys can also be overridden by setting environment variables at build time. Depending on your project, you may prefer to set them using a customized fwup.conf configuration file instead.

The fwup -m value shows the key that you'll see if you run fwup -m -i project.fw to extract the firmware metadata from the .fw file.

Key in Nerves.Runtime	Key in mix.exs	Build Environment Variable	Key in fwup -m
nerves_fw_application_part0_devpath	N/A	NERVES_FW_APPLICATION_PART0_DEVPATH	N/A
nerves_fw_application_part0_fstype	N/A	NERVES_FW_APPLICATION_PART0_FSTYPE	N/A
nerves_fw_application_part0_target	N/A	NERVES_FW_APPLICATION_PART0_TARGET	N/A
nerves_fw_architecture	N/A	NERVES_FW_ARCHITECTURE	meta-architecture
nerves_fw_author	:author	NERVES_FW_AUTHOR	meta-author
nerves_fw_description	:description	NERVES_FW_DESCRIPTION	meta-description
nerves_fw_platform	N/A	NERVES_FW_PLATFORM	meta-platform
nerves_fw_product	:name	NERVES_FW_PRODUCT	meta-product
nerves_fw_version	:version	NERVES_FW_VERSION	meta-version
nerves_fw_vcs_identifier	N/A	NERVES_FW_VCS_IDENTIFIER	meta-vcs-identifier
nerves_fw_misc	N/A	NERVES_FW_MISC	meta-misc

Device Reboot and Shutdown

Rebooting, powering-off, and halting a device work by signaling to erlinit an intention to shutdown and then exiting the Erlang VM by calling :init.stop/0. The Nerves.Runtime.reboot/0 and related utilities are helper methods for this. Once they return, the Erlang VM will likely only be available momentarily before shutdown. If the OTP applications cannot be stopped within a timeout as specified in the erlinit.config, erlinit will ungracefully terminate the Erlang VM.

Reverting firmware

If you'd like to go back to the previous version of firmware running on a device, you can do that if the Nerves system supports it. At the IEx prompt, run:

iex> Nerves.Runtime.revert

Running this command manually is useful in development. Production use requires more work to protect against faulty upgrades.

Newer Nerves systems support preventing a revert. This is useful when you've loaded a version of firmware that is not meant to be used after it has been upgraded. This could be a factory test or an initial firmware that bootstraps encrypted firmware storage. See Nerves.Runtime.FwupOps.prevent_revert/0.

Assisted firmware validation and automatic revert

Nerves firmware updates protect against update corruption and power loss midway into the update procedure. However, what happens if the firmware update contains bad code that hangs the device or breaks something important like networking? Some Nerves systems support tentative runs of new firmware and if something goes wrong, they'll revert back.

At a high level, this involves some additional code from the developer that knows what constitutes "working". This could be "is it possible to connect to the firmware update server within 5 minutes of boot?"

Here's the process:

1. New firmware is installed in the normal manner. The Nerves.Runtime.KV variable, nerves_fw_validated is set to 0. (The systems fwup.conf does this)
2. The system reboots like normal.
3. The device starts a five minute reboot timer (your code needs to do this if you want to catch hangs or super-slow boots)
4. The application attempts to make a connection to the firmware update server.
5. On a good connection, the application sets nerves_fw_validated to 1 by calling Nerves.Runtime.validate_firmware/0 and cancels the reboot timer.
6. On error, the reboot timer failing, or a hardware watchdog timeout, the system reboots. The bootloader reverts to the previous firmware.

Some Nerves systems support a KV variable called nerves_fw_autovalidate. The intention of this variable was to make that system support scenarios that require validate and ones that don't. If the system supports this variable then you should make sure that it is set to 0 (either via a custom fwup.conf or via the provisioning hooks for writing serial numbers to MicroSD cards). Support for the nerves_fw_autovalidate variable will likely go away in the future as steps are made to make automatic revert on bad firmware a default feature of Nerves rather than an add-on.

U-Boot assisted automatic revert

U-Boot provides a bootcount feature that can be used to try out new firmware and revert it if it fails. At a high level, it works similar to logic just described except that it can attempt a new firmware more than once if desired. This can help if validating a firmware image depends on factors out of your control and you want a few tries to happen before giving up.

To use this, you need to enable the following U-Boot configuration items:

CONFIG_BOOTCOUNT_LIMIT=y
CONFIG_BOOTCOUNT_ENV=y

See the U-Boot documentation for more information. The gist is to have your bootcmd handle normal booting and then add an altbootcmd to revert the firmware. The firmware update should set the upgrade_available U-Boot environment variable to "1" to indicate that boot counting should start. Nerves.Runtime.validate_firmware/0 knows about upgrade_available, so when you call it to indicate that the firmware is ok, it will set upgrade_available back to "0" and reset "bootcount".

Best effort automatic revert

Unfortunately, the bootloader for platforms like the Raspberry Pi makes it difficult to implement the above mechanism. The following strategy cannot protect against kernel and early boot issues, but it can still provide value:

1. Upgrade firmware the normal way. Record that the next boot will be the first one in the application data partition.
2. On the reboot, if this is the first one, record that the boot happened and revert the firmware with reboot: false. If this is not the first boot, carry on.
3. When you're happy with the new firmware, revert the firmware again with reboot: false. I.e., revert the revert. It is critical that revert is only called once.

To make this handle hangs, you'll want to enable a hardware watchdog.

Serial numbers

Finding the serial number of a device is both hardware specific and influenced by you and your organization's choices for assigning them (or not). Programs should call Nerves.Runtime.serial_number/0 to get the serial number.

Nerves systems all come with some default way of getting a serial number for a device. This strategy will likely work for a while, but may not meet your needs when it comes to production. Nerves uses boardid to read serial numbers and it can be customized via its /etc/boardid.config file. See boardid for the mechanisms available. If none of boardid's mechanisms work for you, please consider filing an issue or making a PR, since our history has been that organizations tend to use similar mechanisms and it's likely someone else will use it too.

As a word of caution, many Nerves users write serial numbers in the U-Boot environment block under the key nerves_serial_number. This is supported and documentation exists for it in many places. While it's very convenient, it has drawbacks - like it's easily modified. It's definitely not the only mechanism. The boardid.config file supports trying multiple ways of getting a serial number to handle hardware changing over the course of development.

See embedded-elixir for how to assign serial numbers to devices using the U-Boot environment block way.

Fwup runtime integration

In addition to using fwup to create and apply firmware updates, Nerves uses it to get status on currently running firmware and apply housekeeping tasks. NervesRuntime expects a file names ops.fw to be located in the /usr/share/fwup directory in the root filesystem. All official Nerves systems supply this file as do most unofficial ones.

The following table describes fwup tasks in ops.fw. More information and access to these tasks is in Nerves.Runtime.FwupOps.

Task	Description
factory-reset	Clear out all application data and any non-default configuration. On the next boot, the device should look like it was just initialized.
prevent-revert	Make it impossible to revert to the previous partition in the future. This should erase the non-running firmware slot.
revert	Switch to the previous firmware slot on the next boot.
status	Print the active firmware slot (lowercase a-z) and optionally the one for the next boot. Examples: a, b, a->b.
validate	Mark the currently running firmware slot as good so that it's booted in the future.

Using nerves_runtime in tests

Applications that depend on nerves_runtime for accessing provisioning information from the Nerves.Runtime.KV can mock the contents with the included Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend.InMemory module through the Application config:

config :nerves_runtime,
  kv_backend: {Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend.InMemory, contents: %{"key" => "value"}}

You can also create your own module based on the Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend behavior and set it to be used in the Application config. In most situations, the provided Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend.InMemory should be sufficient, though this would be helpful in cases where you might need to generate the initial state at runtime instead:

defmodule MyApp.KVBackend.Mock do
  @behaviour Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend

  @impl Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend
  def load(_opts) do
    # initial state
    %{
      "howdy" => "partner",
      "dynamic" => some_runtime_calc_function()
    }
  end

  @impl Nerves.Runtime.KVBackend
  def save(_map, _opts), do: :ok
end

# Then in config.exs
config :nerves_runtime, :kv_backend, MyApp.KVBackend.Mock