bibliography.bib

@article{healpix:paper,
   author = {{G{\'o}rski}, K.~M. and {Hivon}, E. and {Banday}, A.~J. and 
	{Wandelt}, B.~D. and {Hansen}, F.~K. and {Reinecke}, M. and 
	{Bartelmann}, M.},
    title = {HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
   eprint = {astro-ph/0409513},
 keywords = {Cosmology: Cosmic Microwave Background, Cosmology: Observations, Methods: Statistical},
     year = 2005,
    month = 4,
   volume = 622,
    pages = {759-771},
      doi = {10.1086/427976},
   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...622..759G},
  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

@article{icecube:instrumentation,
	author         = "Aartsen, M. G. and others",
	title          = "{The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and
	Online Systems}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube",
	journal        = "JINST",
	volume         = "12",
	year           = "2017",
	number         = "03",
	pages          = "P03012",
	doi            = "10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/P03012",
	eprint         = "1612.05093",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.IM",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1612.05093;%%"
}

@article{icecube:gen2,
	author         = "van Santen, J.",
	title          = "{IceCube-Gen2: the next-generation neutrino observatory
	for the South Pole}",
	booktitle      = "{The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel
	Telescopes: Contributions to the 35th International Cosmic
	Ray Conference (ICRC 2017)}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube Gen2",
	journal        = "PoS",
	volume         = "ICRC2017",
	year           = "2018",
	pages          = "991",
	doi            = "10.22323/1.301.0991",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = POSCI,ICRC2017,991;%%"
}

@phdthesis{famous:niggemann,
	author       = {Niggemann, T.},
	othercontributors = {Hebbeker, Thomas and Pooth, Oliver},
	title        = {{T}he silicon photomultiplier telescope {FAMOUS} for the
	detection of fluorescence light},
	school       = {RWTH Aachen University},
	type         = {Dissertation},
	address      = {Aachen},
	reportid     = {RWTH-2016-08867},
	pages        = {1 Online-Ressource (viii, 215 Seiten) : Illustrationen,
	Diagramme},
	year         = {2016},
	note         = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
	University},
	abstract     = {The faint fluorescence light of extensive air showers
	produced by cosmic rays is traditionally detected by means
	of optical telescopes equipped with photomultiplier tubes.
	Since these devices are fragile, the prototype telescope
	FAMOUS has been built to investigate the versatility of
	silicon photomultipliers whose photon detection efficiency
	surpasses the quantum efficiency of photomultiplier tubes.
	In this thesis, the 61 pixel telescope FAMOUS has been
	successfully commissioned and quantitative measurements of
	star trails have been performed. Furthermore, detailed
	simulations, especially for the silicon photomultipliers,
	have been developed and validated against measurements
	conducted in the laboratory.},
	cin          = {133110 / 130000},
	ddc          = {530},
	cid          = {$I:(DE-82)133110_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)130000_20140620$},
	typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
	urn          = {urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-rwth-2016-088676},
	url          = {http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/673852},
}

@misc{famous:sim_github,
	author = {Niggemann, T.},
	title = {Geant4 detector simulation of the SiPM fluorescence telescope FAMOUS},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {GitHub},
	journal = {GitHub repository},
	howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/ntim/famous/}},
}

@inproceedings{famous:telescope,
	author = {Bretz, T. and Auffenberg, J. and Hebbeker, T. and Middendorf, L. and Niggemann, T. and Peters, C. and Schumacher, J.},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08},
	pages = {649},
	title = {FAMOUS - A fluorescence telescope using SiPMs},
	doi = {10.22323/1.236.0649}
}

@article{famous:bretz,
	author         = "Bretz, T. and Hebbeker, T. and Kemp, J. and Middendorf,
	L. and Niggemann, T. and Peters, C. and Schaufel, M. and
	Schumacher, J. and Auffenberg, J. and Wiebusch, C.",
	title          = "{A compact and light-weight refractive telescope for the
	observation of extensive air showers}",
	journal        = "JINST",
	volume         = "13",
	year           = "2018",
	number         = "07",
	pages          = "P07024",
	doi            = "10.1088/1748-0221/13/07/P07024",
	eprint         = "1804.01781",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.IM",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1804.01781;%%"
}

@thesis{famous:eichler,
	author = {Eichler, H. M.},
	title = {Characterisation studies on the optics of the prototype fluorescence telescope FAMOUS},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2014-03}},
}

@article{cosmicrays:hess,
	author        = "Hess, V. F.",
	title         = "{Über Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei
	sieben Freiballonfahrten}",
	journal       = "Z. Phys.",
	volume        = "13",
	pages         = "1084",
	year          = "1912",
	url           = "https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/public/HessArticle.pdf",
}

@article{cosmicrays:gaisser,
	author="Gaisser, T. K.
	and Stanev, T.
	and Tilav, S.",
	title="Cosmic ray energy spectrum from measurements of air showers",
	journal="Frontiers of Physics",
	year="2013",
	month="Dec",
	day="01",
	volume="8",
	number="6",
	pages="748--758",
	abstract="This review focuses on high-energy cosmic rays in the PeV energy range and above. Of particular interest is the knee of the spectrum around 3 PeV and the transition from cosmic rays of Galactic origin to particles from extra-galactic sources. Our goal is to establish a baseline spectrum from 1014 to 1020 eV by combining the results of many measurements at different energies. In combination with measurements of the nuclear composition of the primaries, the shape of the energy spectrum places constraints on the number and spectra of sources that may contribute to the observed spectrum.",
	issn="2095-0470",
	doi="10.1007/s11467-013-0319-7",
	url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-013-0319-7"
}

@article{cosmicrays:kampert,
	title = "Measurements of the cosmic ray composition with air shower experiments",
	journal = "Astroparticle Physics",
	volume = "35",
	number = "10",
	pages = "660 - 678",
	year = "2012",
	issn = "0927-6505",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.02.004",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650512000382",
	author = "Kampert, K.-H. and Unger, M.",
	keywords = "Cosmic rays, Mass composition, Extensive air showers",
	abstract = "In this paper we review air shower data related to the mass composition of cosmic rays above 1015eV. After explaining the basic relations between air shower observables and the primary mass and energy of cosmic rays, we present different approaches and results of composition studies with surface detectors. Furthermore, we discuss measurements of the longitudinal development of air showers from non-imaging Cherenkov detectors and fluorescence telescopes. The interpretation of these experimental results in terms of primary mass is highly susceptible to the theoretical uncertainties of hadronic interactions in air showers. We nevertheless attempt to calculate the logarithmic mass from the data using different hadronic interaction models and to study its energy dependence from 1015eV to 1020eV."
}

@article{cosmicrays:hoerandel,
	title = "On the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays",
	journal = "Astroparticle Physics",
	volume = "19",
	number = "2",
	pages = "193 - 220",
	year = "2003",
	issn = "0927-6505",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-6505(02)00198-6",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650502001986",
	author = "Hörandel, J. R.",
	keywords = "Cosmic rays, Energy spectrum, Knee, Mass composition, Air shower",
	abstract = "The knee in the all-particle energy spectrum is scrutinized with a phenomenological model, named poly-gonato model, linking results from direct and indirect measurements. For this purpose, recent results from direct and indirect measurements of cosmic rays in the energy range from 10 GeV up to 1 EeV are examined. The energy spectra of individual elements, as obtained by direct observations, are extrapolated to high energies using power laws and compared to all-particle spectra from air shower measurements. A cut-off for each element proportional to its charge Z is assumed. The model describes the knee in the all-particle energy spectrum as a result of subsequent cut-offs for individual elements, starting with the proton component at 4.5 PeV, and the second change of the spectral index around 0.4 EeV as due to the end of stable elements (Z=92). The mass composition, extrapolated from direct measurements to high energies, using the poly-gonato model, is compatible with results from air shower experiments measuring the electromagnetic, muonic, and hadronic components. But it disagrees with the mass composition derived from Xmax measurements using Čerenkov and fluorescence light detectors."
}

@article{cosmicrays:fowler,
	author = {Fowler, J. W. and Fortson, L. and Jui, C. C. H. and Kieda, D. B. and Ong, R. A. and Pryke, C. L. and Sommers, P.},
	year = {2000},
	month = {04},
	pages = {49-64},
	title = {A measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum and composition at the knee},
	volume = {15},
	journal = {Astroparticle Physics},
	doi = {10.1016/S0927-6505(00)00139-0}
}

@book{cosmicrays:shapiro,
	doi = {10.1007/978-94-009-7166-0},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7166-0},
	year  = {1983},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	editor = {Shapiro, M. M.},
	title = {Composition and Origin of Cosmic Rays}
}

@article{cosmicrays:gzk,
	author         = "Zatsepin, G. T. and Kuzmin, V. A.",
	title          = "{Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays}",
	journal        = "JETP Lett.",
	volume         = "4",
	year           = "1966",
	pages          = "78-80",
	note           = "[Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.4,114(1966)]",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = JTPLA,4,78;%%"
}

@article{airshowers:heitlermodel,
	title = "A Heitler model of extensive air showers",
	journal = "Astroparticle Physics",
	volume = "22",
	number = "5",
	pages = "387 - 397",
	year = "2005",
	issn = "0927-6505",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.09.003",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650504001598",
	author = "Matthews, J.",
	keywords = "Cosmic rays, Extensive air showers, Simulations",
	abstract = "A simple, semi-empirical model is used to develop the hadronic portion of air showers in a manner analogous to the well-known Heitler splitting approximation of electromagnetic cascades. Various characteristics of EAS are plainly exhibited with numerical predictions in good accord with detailed Monte Carlo simulations and with data. Results for energy reconstruction, muon and electron sizes, the elongation rate, and for the effects of the atomic number of the primary are discussed."
}

@article{airshowers:schroeder,
	title = "Radio detection of cosmic-ray air showers and high-energy neutrinos",
	journal = "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics",
	volume = "93",
	pages = "1 - 68",
	year = "2017",
	issn = "0146-6410",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2016.12.002",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641016300758",
	author = "Schröder, F. G.",
	keywords = "Radio detection, Antenna arrays, Cosmic rays, Extensive air showers, Neutrinos, Astroparticle physics",
	abstract = "In the last fifteen years radio detection made it back to the list of promising techniques for extensive air showers, firstly, due to the installation and successful operation of digital radio experiments and, secondly, due to the quantitative understanding of the radio emission from atmospheric particle cascades. The radio technique has an energy threshold of about 100PeV, which coincides with the energy at which a transition from the highest-energy galactic sources to the even more energetic extragalactic cosmic rays is assumed. Thus, radio detectors are particularly useful to study the highest-energy galactic particles and ultra-high-energy extragalactic particles of all types. Recent measurements by various antenna arrays like LOPES, CODALEMA, AERA, LOFAR, Tunka-Rex, and others have shown that radio measurements can compete in precision with other established techniques, in particular for the arrival direction, the energy, and the position of the shower maximum, which is one of the best estimators for the composition of the primary cosmic rays. The scientific potential of the radio technique seems to be maximum in combination with particle detectors, because this combination of complementary detectors can significantly increase the total accuracy for air-shower measurements. This increase in accuracy is crucial for a better separation of different primary particles, like gamma-ray photons, neutrinos, or different types of nuclei, because showers initiated by these particles differ in average depth of the shower maximum and in the ratio between the amplitude of the radio signal and the number of muons. In addition to air-shower measurements, the radio technique can be used to measure particle cascades in dense media, which is a promising technique for detection of ultra-high-energy neutrinos. Several pioneering experiments like ARA, ARIANNA, and ANITA are currently searching for the radio emission by neutrino-induced particle cascades in ice. In the next years these two sub-fields of radio detection of cascades in air and in dense media will likely merge, because several future projects aim at the simultaneous detection of both, high-energy cosmic-rays and neutrinos. SKA will search for neutrino and cosmic-ray initiated cascades in the lunar regolith and simultaneously provide unprecedented detail for air-shower measurements. Moreover, detectors with huge exposure like GRAND, SWORD or EVA are being considered to study the highest energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. This review provides an introduction to the physics of radio emission by particle cascades, an overview on the various experiments and their instrumental properties, and a summary of methods for reconstructing the most important air-shower properties from radio measurements. Finally, potential applications of the radio technique in high-energy astroparticle physics are discussed."
}

@article{airshowers:cherenkov,
	title = {Visible Radiation Produced by Electrons Moving in a Medium with Velocities Exceeding that of Light},
	author = {\ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov, P. A.},
	journal = {Phys. Rev.},
	volume = {52},
	issue = {4},
	pages = {378--379},
	numpages = {0},
	year = {1937},
	month = {Aug},
	publisher = {American Physical Society},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.52.378},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.52.378}
}

@article{airshowers:franktamm,
	author         = "Frank, I. M. and Tamm, I. E.",
	title          = "{Coherent visible radiation of fast electrons passing
	through matter}",
	journal        = "Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS",
	volume         = "14",
	year           = "1937",
	number         = "3",
	pages          = "109-114",
	doi            = "10.1007/978-3-642-74626-0_2,
	10.3367/UFNr.0093.196710o.0388",
	note           = "[Usp. Fiz. Nauk93,no.2,388(1967)]",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = INSPIRE-45165;%%"
}

@online{airshowers:cherenkovnobelprize,
	author = {Nobel Media AB 2019},
	title = {The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958},
	year = 2019,
	url = {https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1958/summary/},
	urldate = {2019-02-22}
}

@article{airshowers:doering,
	author         = "Döring, M. and Bernlohr, K. and Hermann, G. and
	Hofmann, W. and Lampeitl, H.",
	title          = "{Measurement of the Cherenkov light spectrum and of the
	polarization with the HEGRA IACT system}",
	year           = "2001",
	eprint         = "astro-ph/0107149",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ASTRO-PH/0107149;%%"
}

@article{iacts:veritas,
	author         = "Holder, J.",
	title          = "{Latest Results from VERITAS: Gamma 2016}",
	booktitle      = "{Proceedings, 6th International Symposium on High-Energy
	Gamma-Ray Astronomy (Gamma 2016): Heidelberg, Germany,
	July 11-15, 2016}",
	collaboration  = "VERITAS",
	journal        = "AIP Conf. Proc.",
	volume         = "1792",
	year           = "2017",
	number         = "1",
	pages          = "020013",
	doi            = "10.1063/1.4968898",
	eprint         = "1609.02881",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.HE",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1609.02881;%%"
}

@article{iacts:hess,
	author = {Chaves, R. C. G. },
	title = {Highlights from H.E.S.S.},
	journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings},
	volume = {1792},
	number = {1},
	pages = {020012},
	year = {2017},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4968897},
	URL = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4968897},
	eprint = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4968897}
}

@article{iacts:magic,
	title = "Overview of MAGIC results",
	journal = "Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings",
	volume = "273-275",
	pages = "328 - 333",
	year = "2016",
	note = "37th International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP)",
	issn = "2405-6014",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.046",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405601415005350",
	author = "Rico, J.",
	keywords = "Gamma-ray Astronomy, Cherenkov telescopes, MAGIC, Review of experimental results",
	abstract = "MAGIC is a system of two 17-m diameter Cherenkov telescopes, located at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, in the Canary island La Palma (Spain). MAGIC performs astronomical observations of gamma-ray sources in the energy range between 50 GeV and 10 TeV. The first MAGIC telescope has been operating since 2004, and in 2009 the system was completed with the second one. During 2011 and 2012 the electronics for the readout system were fully upgraded, and the camera of the first telescope replaced. After that, no major hardware interventions are foreseen in the next years, and the experiment has undertaken a final period of steady astronomical observations. MAGIC studies particle acceleration in the most violent cosmic environments, such as active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, supernova remnants or binary systems. In addition, it addresses some fundamental questions of Physics, such as the origin of Galactic cosmic rays and the nature of dark matter. Moreover, by observing the gamma-ray emission from sources at cosmological distances, we measure the intensity and evolution of the extragalactic background radiation, and perform tests of Lorentz Invariance. In this paper I present the status and some of the latest results of the MAGIC gamma-ray telescopes."
}

@article{iacts:fact,
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/8/06/p06008},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-0221%2F8%2F06%2Fp06008},
	year = 2013,
	month = {jun},
	publisher = {{IOP} Publishing},
	volume = {8},
	number = {06},
	pages = {P06008--P06008},
	author = {H. Anderhub and M. Backes and A. Biland and V. Boccone and I. Braun and T. Bretz and J. Bu{\ss} and F. Cadoux and V. Commichau and L. Djambazov and D. Dorner and S. Einecke and D. Eisenacher and A. Gendotti and O. Grimm and H. von Gunten and C. Haller and D. Hildebrand and U. Horisberger and B. Huber and K.-S. Kim and M. L. Knoetig and J.-H. Köhne and T. Krähenbühl and B. Krumm and M. Lee and E. Lorenz and W. Lustermann and E. Lyard and K. Mannheim and M. Meharga and K. Meier and T. Montaruli and D. Neise and F. Nessi-Tedaldi and A.-K. Overkemping and A. Paravac and F. Pauss and D. Renker and W. Rhode and M. Ribordy and U. Röser and J.-P. Stucki and J. Schneider and T. Steinbring and F. Temme and J. Thaele and S. Tobler and G. Viertel and P. Vogler and R. Walter and K. Warda and Q. Weitzel and M. Zänglein},
	title = {Design and operation of {FACT} {\textendash} the first G-{APD} Cherenkov telescope},
	journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
	abstract = {The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT) is designed
	to detect cosmic gamma-rays with energies from several hundred GeV up
	to about 10 TeV using the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique. In
	contrast to former or existing telescopes, the camera of the FACT
	telescope is comprised of solid-state Geiger-mode Avalanche
	Photodiodes (G-APD) instead of photomultiplier tubes for photo
	detection. It is the first full-scale device of its kind employing
	this new technology. The telescope is operated at the Observatorio del
	Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain) since fall
	2011. This paper describes in detail the design, construction and
	operation of the system, including hardware and software
	aspects. Technical experiences gained after one year of operation are
	discussed and conclusions with regard to future projects are drawn.}
}

@online{iacts:cta,
	organization = {European Southern Observatory ESO},
	title = {Cherenkov Telescope Array},
	subtitle = {CTA — the World’s Largest Ground-Based Gamma-Ray Observatory},
	year = 2019,
	url = {https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/},
	urldate = {2019-04-15}
}

@online{iacts:cta_artwork,
	organization = {European Southern Observatory ESO},
	title = {CTA Telescopes in Southern Hemisphere},
	year = 2019,
	url = {https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1841a/},
	urldate = {2019-04-14}
}

@inproceedings{iacts:extension,
	author = {Schaufel, M. and Bretz, T. and Schumacher, J. and Auffenberg, J. and González, M. M. and Alfaro, R.},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08},
	pages = {786},
	title = {Small size air-Cherenkov telescopes for ground detection arrays - a possible future extension?},
	doi = {10.22323/1.301.0786},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference {\textemdash} {PoS}({ICRC}2017)}
}

@article{icecube:he_neutrino,
	author         = "Aartsen, M. G. and others",
	title          = "{Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at
	the IceCube Detector}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube",
	journal        = "Science",
	volume         = "342",
	year           = "2013",
	pages          = "1242856",
	doi            = "10.1126/science.1242856",
	eprint         = "1311.5238",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.HE",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1311.5238;%%"
}

@article{icecube:txs,
	author         = "Aartsen, M. G. and others",
	title          = "{Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS
	0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube",
	journal        = "Science",
	volume         = "361",
	year           = "2018",
	number         = "6398",
	pages          = "147-151",
	doi            = "10.1126/science.aat2890",
	eprint         = "1807.08794",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.HE",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1807.08794;%%"
}

@article{icecube:iceact,
	author         = "Auffenberg, J.",
	title          = "{IceAct: Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes with SiPMs at
	the South Pole for IceCube-Gen2}",
	booktitle      = "{The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel
	Telescopes: Contributions to the 35th International Cosmic
	Ray Conference (ICRC 2017)}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube Gen2",
	journal        = "PoS",
	volume         = "ICRC2017",
	year           = "2018",
	pages          = "1055",
	doi            = "10.22323/1.301.1055",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = POSCI,ICRC2017,1055;%%"
}

@article{icecube:gen2,
	author         = "Aartsen, M. G. and others",
	title          = "{IceCube-Gen2: A Vision for the Future of Neutrino
	Astronomy in Antarctica}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube",
	year           = "2014",
	eprint         = "1412.5106",
	archivePrefix  = "arXiv",
	primaryClass   = "astro-ph.HE",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = ARXIV:1412.5106;%%"
}

@article{icecube:gen2:radio,
	author="Balagopal V., A.
	and Haungs, A.
	and Huege, T.
	and Schr{\"o}der, F. G.",
	title="Search for PeVatrons at the Galactic Center using a radio air-shower array at the South Pole",
	journal="The European Physical Journal C",
	year="2018",
	month="Feb",
	day="06",
	volume="78",
	number="2",
	pages="111",
	abstract="The South Pole, which hosts the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, has a complete and around-the-clock exposure to the Galactic Center. Hence, it is an ideal location to search for gamma rays of PeV energy coming from the Galactic Center. However, it is hard to detect air showers initiated by these gamma rays using cosmic-ray particle detectors due to the low elevation of the Galactic Center. The use of antennas to measure the radio footprint of these air showers will help in this case, and would allow for a 24/7 operation time. So far, only air showers with energies well above {\$}{\$}10^{\{}16{\}}{\$}{\$}1016eV have been detected with the radio technique. Thus, the energy threshold has to be lowered for the detection of gamma-ray showers of PeV energy. This can be achieved by optimizing the frequency band in order to obtain a higher level of signal-to-noise ratio. With such an approach, PeV gamma-ray showers with high inclination can be measured at the South Pole.",
	issn="1434-6052",
	doi="10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5537-2",
	url="https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5537-2"
}

@article{icecube:gen2:icescint,
	author         = "Kunwar, S. and Huber, T. and Kelley, J. and
	Tosi, D.",
	title          = "{The IceTop Scintillator Upgrade}",
	booktitle      = "{The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel
	Telescopes: Contributions to the 35th International Cosmic
	Ray Conference (ICRC 2017)}",
	collaboration  = "IceCube-Gen2",
	journal        = "PoS",
	volume         = "ICRC2017",
	year           = "2018",
	pages          = "401",
	doi            = "10.22323/1.301.0401",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = POSCI,ICRC2017,401;%%"
}

@article{iceact:composition,
	author         = "Auffenberg, J. and Bretz, T. and Rongen, M. and
	Waza, A. and Wiebusch, C.",
	title          = "{On improving composition measurements by combining
	compact Cherenkov telescopes with ground based detectors}",
	booktitle      = "{The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel
	Telescopes: Contributions to the 35th International Cosmic
	Ray Conference (ICRC 2017)}",
	journal        = "PoS",
	volume         = "ICRC2017",
	year           = "2018",
	pages          = "404",
	doi            = "10.22323/1.301.0404",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = POSCI,ICRC2017,404;%%"
}

@misc{iceact:picture,
	author = {J. Auffenberg},
	title = {private communication},
	date = {2019-03-20},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
}

@thesis{iceact:erik,
	author = {E. Ganster},
	title = {Observation of air showers with the IceAct 7 pixel demonstrator in coincidence with IceCube and IceTop},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2018-09}},
}

@thesis{hawcseye:merlin,
	author = {M. Schaufel},
	title = {HAWC's Eye},
	subtitle = {Implementing Hybrid Detection by combining a compact Air-Cherenkov Telescope with the HAWC Gamma-Ray Observatory},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2017}},
}

@article{geant4,
	author         = "Agostinelli, S. and others",
	title          = "{GEANT4: A Simulation toolkit}",
	collaboration  = "GEANT4",
	journal        = "Nucl. Instrum. Meth.",
	volume         = "A506",
	year           = "2003",
	pages          = "250-303",
	doi            = "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8",
	reportNumber   = "SLAC-PUB-9350, FERMILAB-PUB-03-339",
	SLACcitation   = "%%CITATION = NUIMA,A506,250;%%"
}

@online{geant4:logo,
	author = {The \geant Collaboration},
	title = {\geant Logo},
	year = 2019,
	url = {https://geant4.web.cern.ch/logo},
	urldate = {2019-02-22}
}

@incollection{fresnel_equations,
	title = "Chapter 1 - Fundamentals of Optical Devices",
	editor = "Rongqing Hui and Maurice O'Sullivan",
	booktitle = "Fiber Optic Measurement Techniques",
	publisher = "Academic Press",
	address = "Boston",
	pages = "1 - 128",
	year = "2009",
	isbn = "978-0-12-373865-3",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373865-3.00001-X",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012373865300001X",
	author = "R. Hui and M. O'Sullivan",
	abstract = "Publisher Summary
	This chapter is an introduction to a book that focuses on the measurement techniques related to fiber-optic systems, subsystems, and devices. In an optical communication system, optical carriers deliver information. The signal can be encoded into optical intensity, frequency, and phase for transmission, and it can be detected at the receiver. The simplest optical system has an optical source, a detector, and various optical components between them, such as an optical coupler and optical fiber. In this simple system, the electrical signal is modulated directly onto the light source such that the intensity, the wavelength, or the phase of the optical carrier is encoded by the electrical signal. This modulated optical signal is coupled into an optical fiber and delivered to the destination, where an optical receiver detects it. The optical receiver detects the received optical signal and recovers the electrical signal encoded on the optical carrier."
}

@article{iceact:sellmeier,
	author = {Sellmeier, W.},
	title = {Zur Erklärung der abnormen Farbenfolge im Spectrum einiger Substanzen},
	journal = {Annalen der Physik},
	volume = {219},
	number = {6},
	pages = {272-282},
	doi = {10.1002/andp.18712190612},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.18712190612},
	eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/andp.18712190612},
	year = {1871}
}

@online{iceact:borosilicate:datasheet,
	title = {SCHOTT BOROFLOAT\textsuperscript{\textregistered} 33},
	subtitle = {The versatile floated borosilicate glass - with an infinite number of applications},
	url = {https://psec.uchicago.edu/glass/borofloat_33_e.pdf},
	organization = {SCHOTT Technical Glass Solutions GmbH},
	urldate = {2019-02-27}}
	
@online{iceact:refractiveindex,
	author = {M. N. Polyanskiy},
	title = {Refractive index database},
	url = {https://refractiveindex.info},
	urldate = {2019-03-10}
}

@online{iceact:fresnellens:datasheet,
	title = {Positive Fresnel Lenses},
	url = {https://www.orafol.com/12643},
	organization = {ORAFOL Fresnel Optics GmbH},
	urldate = {2019-02-27}}

@article{iceact:fresnellens:design,
	author = {A. Davis and F. Kühnlenz},
	title = {Optical Design using Fresnel Lenses},
	subtitle = {Basic principles and some practical examples},
	journal = {Optik \& Photonik},
	number = {4},
	pages = {52-55},
	date = {2007-12},
	url = {https://application.wiley-vch.de/berlin/journals/op/07-04/OP0704_S52_S55.pdf},
	urldate = {2019-03-13},
}

@thesis{iceact:camera:burgmann,
	author = {B. Burgmann},
	title = {Klebetests von PMMA basierten Winston-Cones mit Silizium-Photo\-multipliern für das IceAct Luft-Tscherenkow-Teleskop am Südpol},
	type = {Bachelor thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2019-01},
}

@thesis{iceact:camera,
	author = {J. P. Koschinsky},
	title = {Development of a 61-Pixel Camera for the IceAct Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope},
	type = {Master thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2017-09},
}

@book{wico:book,
	editor = "Roland Winston and Juan C. Miñano and Pablo Benítez",
	booktitle = "Nonimaging Optics",
	publisher = "Academic Press",
	address = "Burlington",
	year = "2005",
	isbn = "978-0-12-759751-5",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012759751-5/50017-8",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780127597515500178"
}

@article{wico:cadmesh,
	author = {Poole, C. M. and Cornelius, I. and Trapp, J. V. and Langton, C. M.},
	title = {{A CAD Interface for GEANT4}},
	journal={Australasian Physical \& Engineering Science in Medicine},
	year = 2012,
	month = September,
	doi = {10.1007/s13246-012-0159-8},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/u563877422284578}
}

@online{sipm:datasheet,
	organization  = "ON Semiconductor",
	title         = "J-Series SiPM",
	subtitle	  = "Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM), High PDE and Timing Resolution Sensors in a TSV Package",
	year          =  2018,
	month         =  12,    
	note          = "Rev. 6",
	url = {https://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/product.do?id=J-SERIES%20SIPM},
	urldate = {2019-03-31},
}

@article{sipm:renker_lorenz,
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/4/04/p04004},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-0221%2F4%2F04%2Fp04004},
	year = 2009,
	month = {apr},
	publisher = {{IOP} Publishing},
	volume = {4},
	number = {04},
	pages = {P04004--P04004},
	author = {D. Renker and E. Lorenz},
	title = {Advances in solid state photon detectors},
	journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
	abstract = {Semiconductor photodiodes were developed in the early 
	`Forties approximately at the time when the photomultiplier tube became a 
	commercial product (RCA 1939). Only in recent years, with the invention of 
	the Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, have the semiconductor photo 
	detectors reached sensitivity comparable to that of photomultiplier tubes. 
	The evolution started in the `Sixties with the p-i-n (PIN) photodiode, a 
	very successful device, which is still used in many detectors for high 
	energy physics and a large number of other applications like radiation 
	detection and medical imaging. The next step was the development of the 
	avalanche photodiode (APD) leading to a substantial reduction of noise but 
	not yet achieving single photon response.
	
	The weakest light flashes that can be detected by the PIN diode need to 
	contain several hundreds of photons. An improvement of the sensitivity by 2 
	orders of magnitude was achieved by the development of the avalanche 
	photodiode, a device with internal gain. At the end of the millennium, the 
	semiconductor detectors evolved with the Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode 
	into highly sensitive devices, which have an internal gain comparable to the 
	gain of photomultiplier tubes and a response to single photons. A review of 
	the semiconductor photo detector design and development, the properties and 
	problems, some applications and a speculative outlook on the future 
	evolution will be presented.}
}

@book{pn:simon,
	Author = {S. H. Simon},
	Title = {The Oxford Solid State Basics},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press, UK},
	Year = {2013},
	ISBN = {0199680779},
}

@online{sipm:hamamatsu_handbook,
	organization = "Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.",
	title = "Opto-semiconductor Handbook",
	year = "2014",
	url = {https://www.hamamatsu-news.de/hamamatsu_optosemiconductor_handbook/files/assets/basic-html/index.html},
	urldate = {2019-04-02},
}

@article{sipm:fact_calibration,
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/9/10/p10012},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-0221%2F9%2F10%2Fp10012},
	year = 2014,
	month = {oct},
	publisher = {{IOP} Publishing},
	volume = {9},
	number = {10},
	pages = {P10012--P10012},
	author = {A. Biland and T. Bretz and J. Bu{\ss} and V. Commichau and L. Djambazov and D. Dorner and S. Einecke and D. Eisenacher and J. Freiwald and O. Grimm and H. von Gunten and C. Haller and C. Hempfling and D. Hildebrand and G. Hughes and U. Horisberger and M. L. Knoetig and T. Krähenbühl and W. Lustermann and E. Lyard and K. Mannheim and K. Meier and S. Mueller and D. Neise and A.-K. Overkemping and A. Paravac and F. Pauss and W. Rhode and U. Röser and J.-P. Stucki and T. Steinbring and F. Temme and J. Thaele and P. Vogler and R. Walter and Q. Weitzel},
	title = {Calibration and performance of the photon sensor response of {FACT} {\textemdash} the first G-{APD} Cherenkov telescope},
	journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
	abstract = {The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT) is the first
	in-operation test of the performance of silicon photo detectors in
	Cherenkov Astronomy. For more than two years it is operated on La
	Palma, Canary Islands (Spain), for the purpose of long-term
	monitoring of astrophysical sources. For this, the performance of
	the photo detectors is crucial and therefore has been studied in
	great detail. Special care has been taken for their temperature and
	voltage dependence implementing a correction method to keep their
	properties stable.  Several measurements have been carried out to
	monitor the performance.  The measurements and their results are
	shown, demonstrating the stability of the gain below the percent
	level. The resulting stability of the whole system is discussed,
	nicely demonstrating that silicon photo detectors are perfectly
	suited for the usage in Cherenkov telescopes, especially for
	long-term monitoring purpose.}
}

@article{sipm:g4sipm,
	title = "G4SiPM: A novel silicon photomultiplier simulation package for Geant4",
	journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",
	volume = "787",
	pages = "344 - 347",
	year = "2015",
	note = "New Developments in Photodetection NDIP14",
	issn = "0168-9002",
	doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.067",
	url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900215000996",
	author = "T. Niggemann and E. Dietz-Laursonn and T. Hebbeker and A. Künsken and M. Lauscher and M. Merschmeyer",
	keywords = "Afterpulsing, Dynamic range, Geant4, Optical crosstalk, Silicon photomultipliers, Thermal noise",
	abstract = "The signal of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) depends not only on the number of incoming photons but also on thermal and correlated noise of which the latter is difficult to handle. Additionally, the properties of SiPMs vary with the supplied bias voltage and the ambient temperature. The purpose of the G4SiPM simulation package is the integration of a detailed SiPM simulation into Geant4 which is widely used in particle physics. The prediction of the G4SiPM simulation code is validated with a laboratory measurement of the dynamic range of a 3×3mm2 SiPM with 3600 cells manufactured by Hamamatsu."
}

@phdthesis{kde:schoenen,
	author       = {Schoenen, S.},
	othercontributors = {Wiebusch, Christopher and Schael, Stefan},
	title        = {{D}iscovery and characterization of a diffuse astrophysical
	muon neutrino flux with the ice{C}ube neutrino observatory},
	school       = {RWTH Aachen University},
	type         = {Dissertation},
	address      = {Aachen},
	reportid     = {RWTH-2017-06715},
	pages        = {1 Online-Ressource (xix, 234 Seiten) : Illustrationen,
	Diagramme},
	year         = {2017},
	note         = {Veröffentlicht auf dem Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen
	University},
	abstract     = {The IceCube Collaboration has previously discovered a flux
	of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos whose measurement is
	based on events with interaction vertices contained within
	the IceCube detector. This thesis presents a complementary
	measurement of such a flux based on charged-current muon
	neutrino events whose interaction vertices can be outside
	the detector volume. Due to the large range of the induced
	muon the effective area is significantly larger but the
	field of view is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. In
	this thesis IceCube data from 2009 through 2015 have been
	analyzed using a likelihood approach based on the
	reconstructed muon energy and zenith angle. The analyzed
	data consist of about $350,000$ muon neutrinos with a
	negligible background of atmospheric muons where the
	majority of these events are atmospheric neutrinos. The here
	presented analysis improves the statistics compared to
	previous analyses by almost an order of magnitude. At the
	highest neutrino energies between 194 TeV and 7.8 PeV a
	significant astrophysical muon neutrino flux has been
	measured. While the data is incompatible with a purely
	atmospheric neutrino flux at 5.6 sigma significance, the
	data are well described by an isotropic, unbroken power-law
	flux with a normalization at 100 TeV neutrino energy of
	(0.90 +0.30-0.27) ∙ 10-18 GeV-1 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 and a hard
	spectral index of 2.13 +/- 0.13. The corresponding energy
	spectrum is harder compared to previous IceCube analyses
	with lower energy thresholds which may indicate a break in
	the astrophysical neutrino spectrum of unknown origin. The
	highest energy event observed has a reconstructed muon
	energy of (4.5+/-1.2) PeV which results in a median muon
	neutrino energy of 8.7 PeV based on the best-fit neutrino
	energy spectrum. The probability of this event being of
	atmospheric origin has been estimated to be less than
	0.005\%, strongly suggesting an astrophysical origin of this
	neutrino. The arrival directions of this event and all other
	events with reconstructed muon energies above 200 TeV have
	been analyzed, but no correlation with known gamma-ray
	sources was found. Besides the measurement of the
	astrophysical neutrino flux, the high statistics of
	atmospheric neutrinos enable to constrain the flux of prompt
	atmospheric neutrinos originating from heavy meson decays.
	Since no indications for such a signal was found, the
	corresponding flux needs to be below 1.06 in units of the
	flux normalization of the model in Enberg et al.},
	cin          = {133510 / 130000},
	ddc          = {530},
	cid          = {$I:(DE-82)133510_20140620$ / $I:(DE-82)130000_20140620$},
	typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
	doi          = {10.18154/RWTH-2017-06715},
	url          = {https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/696221},
}

@article{kde:wangwang,
	author = {{Wang}, B. and {Wang}, X.},
	title = "{Bandwidth Selection for Weighted Kernel Density Estimation}",
	journal = {arXiv e-prints},
	keywords = {Statistics - Methodology},
	year = "2007",
	month = "Sep",
	eid = {arXiv:0709.1616},
	pages = {arXiv:0709.1616},
	archivePrefix = {arXiv},
	eprint = {0709.1616},
	primaryClass = {stat.ME},
	adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/\#abs/2007arXiv0709.1616W},
	adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

@online{kde:example_plot,
	organization = "Wikimedia Commons",
	title = "File:Kernel density.svg",
	year = "2018",
	url = {https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kernel_density.svg&oldid=287783112},
	urldate = {2019-03-31},
}

@article{kde:bootstrapping,
	author = "Efron, B.",
	doi = "10.1214/aos/1176344552",
	fjournal = "The Annals of Statistics",
	journal = "Ann. Statist.",
	month = "01",
	number = "1",
	pages = "1--26",
	publisher = "The Institute of Mathematical Statistics",
	title = "Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife",
	url = "https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552",
	volume = "7",
	year = "1979"
}

@online{corsika:website,
	organization  = "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)",
	title         = "CORSIKA -- an Air Shower Simulation Program",
	year          =  2018,
	month         =  12,    
	url = {https://www.ikp.kit.edu/corsika/},
	urldate = {2019-04-19},
}

@manual{corsika:manual,
	title        = {Extensive Air Shower Simulation with CORSIKA: A User's Guide},
	subtitle	 = {Version 7.6900 from January 16, 2019},
	author       = {Heck, D. and Pierog, T.}, 
	organization = {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)},
	year         = 2019,
	urldate = {2019-04-20},
}

@thesis{iceact:bengt,
	author = {B. A. Hansmann},
	title = {Simulations-Studie des Luft-Tscherenkow-Teleskops, IceAct, für eine IceCubeOberlächenerweiterung},
	type = {Master thesis},
	institution = {RWTH Aachen University},
	date = {2016-01},
}