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functions.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Built-in Macro Functions</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../docs/ij.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="../../docs/print.css" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon.ico">
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../docs/print.js"> </script>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
<noscript><style type="text/css">#printlink{display:none;}</style></noscript>
<font color="#224488">
<a name="Top"></a>
<p class=navbar> <a href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/">home</a> | <a href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html">download</a> | <a href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/developer/index.html">resources</a></p>
<h1>Built-in Macro Functions</h1>
</font>
<blockquote>
<hr>
<div class=alphabar>
<a href="#A">[ A ]</a><a href="#B">[ B ]</a><a
href="#C">[ C ]</a><a href="#D">[ D ]</a><a
href="#E">[ E ]</a><a href="#F">[ F ]</a><a
href="#G">[ G ]</a><a href="#H">[ H ]</a><a
href="#I">[ I ]</a><a href="#J">[ J ]</a><a
href="#K">[ K ]</a><a href="#L">[ L ]</a><a
href="#M">[ M ]</a>
<a id="printlink" style="float:right;" href="#" onclick="javascript:replaceLinks();"><b>Print List</i></b>
<br><a href="#N">[ N ]</a><a href="#O">[ O ]</a><a
href="#P">[ P ]</a><a href="#Q">[ Q ]</a><a
href="#R">[ R ]</a><a href="#S">[ S ]</a><a
href="#T">[ T ]</a><a href="#U">[ U ]</a><a
href="#V">[ V ]</a><a href="#W">[ W ]</a><a
href="#X">[ X ]</a><a href="#Y">[ Y ]</a><a
href="#Z">[ Z ]</a>
</div>
<hr>
<p>
<a name="A"></a> A <a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="abs"></a>
<b>abs(n)</b><br>
Returns the absolute value of <i>n</i>.
<p>
<a name="acos"></a>
<b>acos(n)</b><br>
Returns the inverse cosine (in radians) of <i>n</i>.
<p>
<a name="Array"></a>
<b>Array Functions</b><br>
These functions operate on arrays. Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/examples/ArrayFunctions.txt">ArrayFunctions</a>
macro for examples.
<p>
<blockquote>
<a name="Array.concat"></a>
<b>Array.concat(array1, array2)</b> -
Returns a new array created by joining two or more arrays or values
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ArrayConcatExamples.txt">examples</a>).
<br>
<a name="Array.copy"></a>
<b>Array.copy(array)</b> -
Returns a copy of <i>array</i>.
<br>
<a name="Array.deleteValue"></a>
<b>Array.deleteValue(array, value)</b> -
Returns a version of <i>array</i> where all numeric or string elements
in the array that contain <i>value</i> have been deleted
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ArrayDeleteDemo.txt">examples</a>).
<br>
<a name="Array.deleteIndex"></a>
<b>Array.deleteIndex(array, index)</b> -
Returns a version of <i>array</i> where the element with the
specified index has been deleted.
<br>
<a name="Array.fill"></a>
<b>Array.fill(array, value)</b> -
Assigns the specified numeric value to each element of <i>array</i>.
<br>
<a name="Array.filter"></a>
<b>Array.filter(array, filter)</b>
Returns an array containing the elements of 'array' that contain 'filter',
where 'array' is an array of strings.
Enclose the filter in parans to do regular expression matching.
Requires 1.53f.
<br>
<a name="Array.findMaxima"></a>
<b>Array.findMaxima(array, tolerance)</b> -
Returns an array holding the peak positions
(sorted with descending strength). 'Tolerance' is the minimum amplitude difference
needed to separate two peaks. With v1.51n and later, there is an optional
'edgeMode' argument: 0=include edges, 1=exclude edges(default), 2=circular array.
<a href="../../macros/examples/FindMaxima1D.txt">Examples</a>.<br>
<a name="Array.findMinima"></a>
<b>Array.findMinima(array, tolerance)</b> -
Returns an array holding the minima positions.
<br>
<a name="Array.fourier"></a>
<b>Array.fourier(array, windowType)</b> -
Calculates and returns the Fourier amplitudes of <i>array</i>.
<i>WindowType</i> can be "none", "Hamming", "Hann",
or "flat-top", or may be omitted (meaning "none").
See the <a href="../../macros/examples/TestArrayFourier.txt">TestArrayFourier</a>
macro for an example and more documentation.
<br>
<a name="Array.getSequence"></a>
<b>Array.getSequence(n)</b> -
Returns an array containing the numeric sequence 0,1,2...n-1.
<br>
<a name="Array.getStatistics"></a>
<b>Array.getStatistics(array, min, max, mean, stdDev)</b> -
Returns the <i>min</i>, <i>max</i>, <i>mean</i>, and <i>stdDev</i> of <i>array</i>,
which must contain all numbers.
<br>
<a name="Array.print"></a>
<b>Array.print(array)</b> -
Prints the array on a single line.
<br>
<a name="Array.rankPositions"></a>
<b>Array.rankPositions(array)</b> -
Returns, as an array, the rank position indexes of <i>array</i>, starting with the index of the smallest value
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ArraySortingDemo.txt">example</a>).
<br>
<a name="Array.resample"></a>
<b>Array.resample(array, len)</b> -
Returns an array which is linearly resampled to a different length.
<br>
<a name="Array.reverse"></a>
<b>Array.reverse(array)</b> -
Reverses (inverts) the order of the elements in <i>array</i>.
<br>
<a name="Array.show"></a>
<b>Array.show(array)</b> -
Displays the contents of <i>array</i> in a window.
<br>
<a name="Array.show_multiple"></a>
<b>Array.show("title", array1, array2, ...)</b> -
Displays one or more arrays in a Results window
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ShowArrayDemo.txt">examples</a>).
If <i>title</i> (optional) is "Results", the window will be the active Results
window, otherwise, it will be a dormant Results window
(see also <a href="#IJ.renameResults">IJ.renameResults</a>).
If <i>title</i> ends with "(indexes)", a 0-based Index column is shown.
If <i>title</i> ends with "(row numbers)", the row number column is shown.
<br>
<a name="Array.slice"></a>
<b>Array.slice(array, start, end)</b> -
Extracts a part of an array and returns it.
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ArraySliceExamples.txt">examples</a>).
<br>
<a name="Array.sort"></a>
<b>Array.sort(array)</b> -
Sorts <i>array</i>, which must contain all numbers or all strings.
String sorts are case-insensitive.
<br>
<a name="Array.sort_multiple"></a>
<b>Array.sort(array1, array2, array3...)</b> -
Sorts multiple arrays, where all the arrays adopt the sort
order of <i>array1</i>
(<a href="../../macros/examples/ArraySortDemo.txt">example</a>).
<br>
<a name="Array.trim"></a>
<b>Array.trim(array, n)</b> -
Returns an array that contains the first <i>n</i> elements of <i>array</i>.
<br>
<a name="Array.rotate"></a>
<b>Array.rotate(array, d)</b> -
Rotates the array elements by 'd' steps (positive 'd' = rotate right).
Requires 1.51n.
<a href="../../macros/examples/RotateArray.txt">Examples</a>.
<br>
<a name="Array.getVertexAngles"></a>
<b>Array.getVertexAngles(xArr, yArr, arm)</b> -
From a closed contour given by 'xArr', 'yArr', an array is returned holding vertex angles in degrees (straight=0, convex = positive if contour is clockwise). Set 'arm'=1 to calculate the angle from the closest vertex points left and right, or use arm>1 for more distant neighbours and smoother results.
Requires 1.51n.
<a href="../../macros/examples/VertexAngles.txt">Examples</a>.<br>
</blockquote>
<a name="asin"></a>
<b>asin(n)</b><br>
Returns the inverse sine (in radians) of <i>n</i>.
<p>
<a name="atan"></a>
<b>atan(n)</b><br>
Calculates the inverse tangent (arctangent) of <i>n</i>. Returns
a value in the range -PI/2 through PI/2.
<p>
<a name="atan2"></a>
<b>atan2(y, x)</b><br>
Calculates the inverse tangent of <i>y/x</i> and returns an angle in the
range -PI to PI, using the signs of the arguments
to determine the quadrant. Multiply the result by 180/PI to convert to degrees.
<p>
<a name="autoUpdate"></a>
<b>autoUpdate(boolean)</b><br>
If <i>boolean</i> is true, the display is refreshed each time lineTo(), drawLine(),
drawString(), etc. are called, otherwise, the display is refreshed only when updateDisplay()
is called or when the macro terminates.
<p>
<b> B </b><a name="B"><a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="beep"></a>
<b>beep()</b><br>
Emits an audible beep.
<p>
<a name="bitDepth"></a>
<b>bitDepth()</b><br>
Returns the bit depth of the active image: 8, 16, 24 (RGB) or 32 (float).
<p>
<b> C </b><a name="C"><a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="calibrate"></a>
<b>calibrate(value)</b><br>
Uses the calibration function of the active image to convert a raw pixel value
to a density calibrated value. The argument must be an integer in the range 0-255
(for 8-bit images) or 0-65535 (for 16-bit images). Returns the same value if the active
image does not have a calibration function.
<p>
<a name="call"></a>
<b>call("class.method", arg1, arg2, ...)</b><br>
Calls a public static method in a Java class, passing an arbitrary number
of string arguments, and returning a string. Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/CallJavaDemo.txt">CallJavaDemo</a> macro
and the <a href="https://imagej.net/ij/plugins/imp-props.html">ImpProps</a>
plugin for examples.
<p>
<a name="call_no_args"></a>
<b>call("class.method")</b><br>
Calls a public static no-argument method in a Java class and returns a string.
<p>
<a name="changeValues"></a>
<b>changeValues(v1, v2, v3)</b><br>
Changes pixels in the image or selection that have a value in the range <i>v1</i>-<i>v2</i>
to <i>v3</i>. For example, <i>changeValues(0, 5, 5)</i> changes all pixels less than 5 to 5,
and <i>changeValues(0x0000ff, 0x0000ff, 0xff0000)</i> changes all blue pixels in an RGB image to red.
In ImageJ 1.52d or later, use changeValues(NaN, NaN, value) to replaces NaN values.
<p>
<a name="charCodeAt"></a>
<b>charCodeAt(string, index)</b><br>
Returns the Unicode value of the character at the specified index in <i>string</i>.
Index values can range from 0 to lengthOf(<i>string</i>). Use the fromCharCode() function
to convert one or more Unicode characters to a string.
<p>
<a name="close"></a>
<b>close()</b><br>
Closes the active image. This function has the advantage of not closing the "Log"
or "Results" window when you meant to close the active image. Use
<i>run("Close")</i> to close non-image windows.
<p>
<a name="close_pattern"></a>
<b>close(pattern)</b><br>
Closes windows whose title matches 'pattern', which can contain the
wildcard characters '*' (matches any character sequence) and '?'
(matches single character).
For example, close("Histo*") could be used to dispose all histogram windows.
Non-image windows like "Roi Manager"
have to be specified without wildcards. For text windows, wildcards
are allowed if 'pattern' ends with ".txt", ".ijm", ".js" etc. Use close("*")
to close all image windows. Use close(pattern, "keep") to not close
text or image windows with changes. If 'pattern' is "\\Others", all
images except the front image are closed. The most recent macro
window is never closed.
<p>
<a name="close_all"></a>
<b>close("*")</b><br>
Closes all image windows.
<p>
<a name="close_others"></a>
<b>close("\\Others")</b><br>
Closes all images except for the front image.
<p>
<a name="Color"></a>
<b>Color Functions</b><br>
Functions for working with colors, available
in ImageJ 1.53h and later.
<blockquote>
<a name="Color.set"></a>
<b>Color.set(string)</b><br>
Sets the drawing color, where 'string' is
"red", "blue", etc., or a hex value like "#ff0000".
<br>
<a name="Color.set_value"></a>
<b>Color.set(value)</b><br>
Sets the drawing color. For 8 bit images, 0<=<i>value</i><=255.
For 16 bit images, 0<=<i>value</i><=65535. With RGB images,
use hex constants (e.g., 0xff0000 for red).
<br>
<a name="Color.setForeground"></a>
<b>Color.setForeground(string)</b><br>
Sets the foreground color, where 'string' is
"red", "blue", etc., or a hex value like "#ff0000".
<br>
<a name="Color.setForegroundValue"></a>
<b>Color.setForegroundValue(value)</b><br>
Sets the foreground color to grayscale, where
'value' is a number between 0 and 255.
<br>
<a name="Color.setBackground"></a>
<b>Color.setBackground(string)</b><br>
Sets the background color, where 'string' is
"red", "blue", etc., or a hex value like "#ff0000".
<br>
<a name="Color.setBackgroundValue"></a>
<b>Color.setBackgroundValue(value)</b><br>
Sets the background color to grayscale, where
'value' is a number between 0 (black) and 255 (white).
<br>
<a name="Color.setForeground_r_g_b"></a>
<b>Color.setForeground(r, g, b)</b><br>
Sets the foreground color, where <i>r</i>, <i>g</i>, and <i>b</i> are >= 0 and <= 255.
<br>
<a name="Color.setBackground_r_g_b"></a>
<b>Color.setBackground(r, g, b)</b><br>
Sets the background color, where <i>r</i>, <i>g</i>, and <i>b</i> are >= 0 and <= 255.
<br>
<a name="Color.foreground"></a>
<b>Color.foreground</b><br>
Returns the foreground color as a string, for example
"red" or "#ff0000".
<br>
<a name="Color.background"></a>
<b>Color.background</b><br>
Returns the background color as a string, for example
"cyan" or "#00ffff".
<br>
<a name="Color.toString"></a>
<b>Color.toString(r, g, b)</b><br>
Converts an r,g,b color to a string.
<br>
<a name="Color.toArray"></a>
<b>Color.toArray(string)</b><br>
Converts a color (e.g., "red" or "#ff0000") to a three element array.
<br>
<a name="Color.getLut"></a>
<b>Color.getLut(reds, greens, blues)</b><br>
Returns three arrays containing the red, green and blue intensity values from the
current lookup table. See the
<a href="../../macros/LookupTables.txt">LookupTables</a>
macros for examples.
<br>
<a name="Color.setLut"></a>
<b>Color.setLut(reds, greens, blues)</b><br>
Creates a new lookup table and assigns it to the current image. Three input arrays are
required, each containing 256 intensity values.
<br>
<a name="Color.wavelengthToColor"></a>
<b>Color.wavelengthToColor(wavelength)</b><br>
Converts a wavelength (380-750 nm) into a color
in string format (e.g., "#0031ff").
See also: Help>Examples>Plots>Plot With Spectrum.
<br>
</blockquote>
<a name="cos"></a>
<b>cos(angle)</b><br>
Returns the cosine of an angle (in radians).
<p>
<b> D </b><a name="D"><a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="d2s"></a>
<b>d2s(n, decimalPlaces)</b><br>
Converts the number <i>n</i> into a string using the specified
number of decimal places.
Uses scientific notation if 'decimalPlaces is negative.
Note that d2s stands for "double to string".
<p>
<a name="debug"></a>
<b>debug(arg)</b><br>
Calls the
<a href="macros.html#debugger">macro debugger</a>,
where 'arg' is "break" (the default), "run", "trace", "fast-trace", "dump" or "throw".
Call debug("dump") to display the contents of the symbol table, the tokenized macro
code and the variable stack. Call debug("throw") to display an example
"Exception" window.
<p>
<a name="dialog"></a>
<b>Dialog.create("Title")</b><br>
Creates a modal dialog box with the specified title, or use <i>Dialog.createNonBlocking("Title")</i>
to create a non-modal dialog. Call <i>Dialog.addString()</i>, <i>Dialog.addNumber(),
</i> etc. to add components to the dialog. Call <i>Dialog.show()</i> to display the
dialog and <i>Dialog.getString()</i>, <i>Dialog.getNumber()</i>, etc. to
retrieve the values entered by the user.
Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/DialogDemo.txt">DialogDemo</a>
macro for an example.
<p>
<blockquote>
<a name="Dialog.createNonBlocking"></a>
<b>Dialog.createNonBlocking("Title")</b> -
Creates a non-modal dialog box with the specified title.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addMessage"></a>
<b>Dialog.addMessage(string)</b> -
Adds a message to the dialog. The message can be broken into multiple
lines by inserting new line characters ("\n") into the string.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addMessage_font_size"></a>
<b>Dialog.addMessage(string, fontSize, fontColor)</b> -
Adds a message to the dialog using a specified font size
and color
(<a href="../../macros/examples/DialogMessageDemo.txt">example</a>).
The message can be broken into
multiple lines by inserting new line characters ("\n") into the string.
The 'fontSize' and 'fontColor' arguments are optional.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addString"></a>
<b>Dialog.addString(label, initialText)</b> -
Adds a text field to the dialog, using the specified label and initial text.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addString_columns"></a>
<b>Dialog.addString(label, initialText, columns)</b> -
Adds a text field to the dialog, where <i>columns</i> specifies the field
width in characters.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addNumber"></a>
<b>Dialog.addNumber(label, default)</b> -
Adds a numeric field to the dialog, using the specified label and default value.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addNumber_decimalPlaces"></a>
<b>Dialog.addNumber(label, default, decimalPlaces, columns, units)</b> -
Adds a numeric field, using the specified label and default value. <i>DecimalPlaces</i>
specifies the number of digits to right of decimal point, <i>columns</i> specifies the the field
width in characters and <i>units</i> is a string that is displayed to
the right of the field.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addSlider"></a>
<b>Dialog.addSlider(label, min, max, default)</b> -
Adds a slider controlled numeric field to the dialog, using the specified label,
and min, max and default values
(<a href="../../macros/examples/SliderDemo.txt">example</a>).
Values with decimal points are used when
(max-min)<=5 and min, max or default
are non-integer.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addCheckbox"></a>
<b>Dialog.addCheckbox(label, default)</b> -
Adds a checkbox to the dialog, using the specified label and default state (true or false).
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addCheckboxGroup"></a>
<b>Dialog.addCheckboxGroup(rows, columns, labels, defaults)</b> -
Adds a <i>rows</i>x<i>columns</i> grid of checkboxes to the dialog, using the specified labels and default states
(<a href="../../macros/AddCheckboxGroupDemo.txt">example</a>).
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup"></a>
<b>Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup(label, items, rows, columns, default)</b> -
Adds a group of radio buttons to the dialog, where 'label' is the group label, 'items' is
an array containing the button labels, 'rows' and 'columns' specify the grid size, and
'default' is the label of the default button.
(<a href="../../macros/examples/RadioButtonDemo.txt">example</a>).
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addChoice"></a>
<b>Dialog.addChoice(label, items)</b> -
Adds a popup menu to the dialog, where <i>items</i> is a string array containing the menu items.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addChoice_default"></a>
<b>Dialog.addChoice(label, items, default)</b> -
Adds a popup menu, where <i>items</i> is a string array containing the choices
and <i>default</i> is the default choice.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addDirectory"></a>
<b>Dialog.addDirectory(label, defaultPath)</b> -
Adds a directory field and "Browse" button. The
field width is determined by the length of 'defaultPath',
with a minimum of 25 columns. Use Dialog getString
to retrieve the directory path. Use
<a href="#File.setDefaultDir">File.setDefaultDir()</a>
to set the default directory used when the user
clicks on "Browse".
Requires 1.53d.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addFile"></a>
<b>Dialog.addFile(label, defaultPath)</b> -
Adds a file field and "Browse" button. The
field width is determined by the length of 'defaultPath',
with a minimum of 25 columns. Use Dialog getString
to retrieve the file path. Requires 1.53d.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addImage"></a>
<b>Dialog.addImage(pathOrURL)</b> -
Adds an image to the dialog. The 'pathOrURL' argument can be a
file path (e.g., "/Users/wayne/Downloads/blobs.tif")
or a URL (e.g., "https://imagej.net/images/blobs.gif").
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addImageChoice"></a>
<b>Dialog.addImageChoice(label)</b> -
Adds a popup menu that lists the currently open images.
Use Dialog getImageChoice() to retrieve the title of
the selected image. The macro aborts if there are no
open images. Requires 1.53d.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addImageChoice_defaultImage"></a>
<b>Dialog.addImageChoice(label, defaultImage)</b> -
This a version of addImageChoice() with a second argument
for specifying the selected image in the dropdown menu.
Requires 1.53s.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addHelp"></a>
<b>Dialog.addHelp(url)</b> -
Adds a "Help" button that opens the specified URL in the default browser. This can be used to supply
a help page for this dialog or macro. With v1.46b or later, displays an HTML formatted message if
'url' starts with "<html>"
(<a href="../../macros/examples/DialogWithHelp.txt">example</a>).
<br>
<a name="Dialog.addToSameRow"></a>
<b>Dialog.addToSameRow()</b> -
Makes the next item added appear on the same row as the previous item.
May be used for addNumericField, addSlider, addChoice, addCheckbox, addString,
addMessage, and before the showDialog() method. In the latter case,
the buttons appear to the right of the previous item.
Note that <i>addMessage</i> (and <i>addString</i> if a width of more than 8 is specified)
use the remaining width, so it must be the last item of a row.
Requires 1.51r.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.setInsets"></a>
<b>Dialog.setInsets(top, left, bottom)</b> -
Overrides the default insets (margins) used for the next component added to the dialog.<br>
<small>
Default insets:<br>
addMessage: 0,20,0 (empty string) or 10,20,0<br>
addCheckbox: 15,20,0 (first checkbox) or 0,20,0<br>
addCheckboxGroup: 10,0,0<br>
addNumericField: 5,0,3 (first field) or 0,0,3<br>
addStringField: 5,0,5 (first field) or 0,0,5<br>
addChoice: 5,0,5 (first field) or 0,0,5<br>
</small>
<a name="Dialog.setLocation"></a>
<b>Dialog.setLocation(x, y)</b> -
Sets the screen location where this dialog will be displayed.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getLocation"></a>
<b>Dialog.getLocation(x, y)</b> -
Returns the screen location of this dialog.
Requires 1.54g.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.show"></a>
<b>Dialog.show()</b> -
Displays the dialog and waits until the user clicks "OK" or "Cancel". The macro
terminates if the user clicks "Cancel".
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getString"></a>
<b>Dialog.getString()</b> -
Returns a string containing the contents of the next text,
directory or file field.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getNumber"></a>
<b>Dialog.getNumber()</b> -
Returns the contents of the next numeric field.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getCheckbox"></a>
<b>Dialog.getCheckbox()</b> -
Returns the state (true or false) of the next checkbox.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getChoice"></a>
<b>Dialog.getChoice()</b> -
Returns the selected item (a string) from the next popup menu.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getRadioButton"></a>
<b>Dialog.getRadioButton()</b> -
Returns the selected item (a string) from the next radio button group.
<br>
<a name="Dialog.getImageChoice"></a>
<b>Dialog.getImageChoice()</b> -
Returns the title of the image selected in the next image
choice popup menu.
<br>
</blockquote>
<a name="doCommand"></a>
<b>doCommand("Command")</b><br>
Runs an ImageJ menu command in a separate thread and returns immediately. As an example,
<i>doCommand("Start Animation")</i> starts animating the current stack in a separate
thread and the macro continues to execute. Use <i>run("Start Animation")</i> and the
macro hangs until the user stops the animation.
<p>
<a name="doWand"></a>
<b>doWand(x, y)</b><br>
Equivalent to clicking on the current image at (x, y) with the wand tool.
Note that some objects, especially one pixel wide lines,
may not be reliably traced unless they have been thresholded (highlighted in red)
using <a href="#setThreshold">setThreshold</a>.
<p>
<a name="doWand_tolerance"></a>
<b>doWand(x, y, tolerance, mode)</b><br>
Traces the boundary of the area with pixel values within
'tolerance' of the value of the pixel at (x, y).
'mode' can be "4-connected", "8-connected" or "Legacy".
"Legacy" is for compatibility with previous versions of ImageJ;
it is ignored if 'tolerance' > 0.
If 'mode' contains 'smooth', the contour is smoothed by interpolation
(<a href="../../macros/examples/SmoothLetters.txt">example</a>).
<p>
<a name="drawLine"></a>
<b>drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2)</b><br>
Draws a line between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). Use setColor() to
specify the color of the line and setLineWidth() to vary the line width.
See also: <a href="#Overlay">Overlay.drawLine</a>.
<p>
<a name="drawOval"></a>
<b>drawOval(x, y, width, height)</b><br>
Draws the outline of an oval using the current color and line width.
See also:
<a href="#fillOval">fillOval</a>,
<a href="#setColor">setColor</a>,
<a href="#setLineWidth">setLineWidth</a>,
<a href="#autoUpdate">autoUpdate</a> and
<a href="#Overlay">Overlay.drawEllipse</a>.
<p>
<a name="drawRect"></a>
<b>drawRect(x, y, width, height)</b><br>
Draws the outline of a rectangle using the current color and line width.
See also:
<a href="#fillRect">fillRect</a>,
<a href="#setColor">setColor</a>,
<a href="#setLineWidth">setLineWidth</a>,
<a href="#autoUpdate">autoUpdate</a> and
<a href="#Overlay">Overlay.drawRect</a>
<p>
<a name="drawString"></a>
<b>drawString("text", x, y)</b><br>
Draws text at the specified location.
The first character is drawn obove and to the right of (x, y).
Call <a href="#setFont">setFont()</a>
to specify the font.
Call <a href="#setJustification">setJustification()</a>
to have the text centered or right justified.
Call <a href="#getStringWidth">getStringWidth()</a> to get the width of the
text in pixels.
Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/TextDemo.txt">TextDemo</a> macro for examples
and to
<a href="../../macros/examples/DrawTextWithBackground.txt">DrawTextWithBackground</a>
to see how to draw text with a background.
<p>
<a name="drawString_background"></a>
<b>drawString("text", x, y, background)</b><br>
Draws text at the specified location with a filled background
(<a href="../../macros/examples/DrawTextWithBackground.txt">examples</a>).
<p>
<a name="dump"></a>
<b>dump()</b><br>
Writes the contents of the symbol table, the tokenized macro code and the variable stack to the "Log" window.
<p>
<b> E </b><a name="E"><a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="endsWith"></a>
<b>endsWith(string, suffix)</b><br>
Returns <i>true</i> (1) if <i>string</i> ends with <i>suffix</i>.
See also:
<a href="#startsWith">startsWith</a>,
<a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a>,
<a href="#substring">substring</a>,
<a href="#matches">matches</a>.
<p>
<a name="eval"></a>
<b>eval(macro)</b><br>
Evaluates (runs) one or more lines of macro code. An optional
second argument can be used to pass a string to the macro
being evaluated.
See also:
<a href="../../macros/EvalDemo.txt">EvalDemo</a> macro and
<a href="#runMacro">runMacro</a> function.
<p>
<a name="eval_script"></a>
<b>eval("script", javascript)</b><br>
Evaluates the
<a href="../javascript.html">JavaScript</a>
code contained in the string <i>javascript</i> and returns,
as a string, the value of the last statement executed.
For example
<i>eval("script", "IJ.getInstance().setAlwaysOnTop(true);")</i>.
See also: <a href="#runMacro">runMacro(path, arg)</a>.
<p>
<a name="eval_js"></a>
<b>eval("js", script)</b><br>
Evaluates the
<a href="../javascript.html">JavaScript</a>
code contained in the string <i>script</i> and returns,
as a string, the value of the last statement executed.
For example
<i>eval("js", "Prefs.blackBackground")</i> returns
either "true" or "false".
<p>
<a name="eval_bsh"></a>
<b>eval("bsh", script)</b><br>
Evaluates the
<a href="https://imagej.net/ij/plugins/bsh/index.html">BeanShell</a>
code contained in the string <i>script</i>.
<p>
<a name="eval_python"></a>
<b>eval("python", script)</b><br>
Evaluates the
<a href="https://imagej.net/ij/plugins/jython/index.html">Python</a>
code contained in the string <i>script</i>.
<p>
<a name="exec"></a>
<b>exec(string or strings)</b><br>
Executes a native command and returns the output of that command
as a string. Also opens Web pages in the default browser and documents
in other applications (e.g., Excel).
With commands with multiple arguments, each argument should be passed as a separate string. For example<br>
<i>exec("open", "/Users/wayne/test.jpg", "-a", "/Applications/Gimp.app");</i><br>
Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/ExecExamples.txt">ExecExamples</a>
macro for examples.
<p>
<a name="exit"></a>
<b>exit</b><br>
Terminates execution of the macro.
<p>
<a name="exit_message"></a>
<b>exit("error message")</b><br>
Terminates execution of the macro and displays an error message.
<p>
<a name="exp"></a>
<b>exp(n)</b><br>
Returns the exponential number e (i.e., 2.718...) raised to the power of <i>n</i>.
<p>
<a name="ext"></a>
<a name="Ext"></a>
<b>Ext (Macro Extension) Functions</b><br>
These are functions that have been added to the macro language by plugins using
the MacroExtension interface. The
<a href="https://imagej.net/ij/plugins/5d-extensions.html">Image5D_Extensions</a>
plugin, for example, adds functions that work with Image5D. The
<a href="https://imagej.net/plugins/serial-macro-extensions">Serial Macro Extensions</a>
plugin adds functions, such as Ext.open("COM8", 9600, "") and Ext.write("a"), that talk to serial devices.
<p>
<b> F </b><a name="F"><a href='#Top'>[ Top ]</a><p>
<a name="file"></a>
<b>File Functions</b><br>
These functions allow you to get information about a file, read or write a text file,
create a directory, or to delete, rename or move a file or directory.
Note that these functions return a string, with the exception of
<i>File.length</i>, <i>File.exists</i>, <i>File.isDirectory</i>, <i>File.rename</i>
and <i>File.delete</i> when used in an assignment statement,
for example "length=File.length(path)".
The
<a href="../../macros/FileDemo.txt">FileDemo</a>
macro demonstrates how to use these functions.
See also:
<a href="#getDirectory">getDirectory</a> and
<a href="#getFileList">getFileList</a>.
<p>
<blockquote>
<a name="File.append"></a>
<b>File.append(string, path)</b> -
Appends <i>string</i> to the end of the specified file.
<br>
<a name="File.close"></a>
<b>File.close(f)</b> -
Closes the specified file, which must have been opened using File.open().
<br>
<a name="File.copy"></a>
<b>File.copy(path1, path2)</b> -
Copies a file.
<br>
<a name="File.dateLastModified"></a>
<b>File.dateLastModified(path)</b> -
Returns the date and time the specified file was last modified.
<br>
<a name="File.delete"></a>
<b>File.delete(path)</b> -
Deletes the specified file or directory. With v1.41e or later, returns "1" (true)
if the file or directory was successfully deleted.
If the file is a directory, it must be empty.
The file must be in the user's home directory, the ImageJ directory
or the temp directory.
<br>
<a name="File.directory"></a>
<b>File.directory</b> -
The directory path of the last file opened using a file open dialog, a file save dialog,
drag and drop, <a href="#open">open(path)</a>
or <a href="#runMacro">runMacro(path)</a>.<br>
<a name="File.exists"></a>
<b>File.exists(path)</b> -
Returns "1" (true) if the specified file exists.<br>
<a name="File.getName"></a>
<b>File.getName(path)</b> -
Returns the file name (e.g., "blobs.tif") from <i>path</i>.<br>
<a name="File.getNameWithoutExtension"></a>
<b>File.getNameWithoutExtension(path)</b> -
Returns the name (e.g., "blobs") from <i>path</i> without the extension.
<br>
<a name="File.getDirectory"></a>
<b>File.getDirectory(path)</b> -
Returns the directory (e.g., "C:/Users/wayne/images/") from <i>path</i>.
<br>
<a name="File.getDefaultDir"></a>
<b>File.getDefaultDir</b> -
Returns the default directory used by file open dialogs
or the current working directory if called from a
command line macro and File.setDefaultDir() has
not been called.
<br>
<a name="File.setDefaultDir"></a>
<b>File.setDefaultDir(directoryPath)</b> -
Sets the default directory used by file open dialogs.
<br>
<a name="File.getParent"></a>
<b>File.getParent(path)</b> -
Returns the parent of the file specified by <i>path</i>.<br>
<a name="File.isFile"></a>
<b>File.isFile(path)</b> -
Returns "1" (true) if the specified file is not a directory.<br>
<a name="File.isDirectory"></a>
<b>File.isDirectory(path)</b> -
Returns "1" (true) if the specified file is a directory.<br>
<a name="File.lastModified"></a>
<b>File.lastModified(path)</b> -
Returns the time the specified file was last modified as
the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970.<br>
<a name="File.length"></a>
<b>File.length(path)</b> -
Returns the length in bytes of the specified file as a string, or as
a number when used in an assignment statement,
for example "length=File.length(path)".
<br>
<a name="File.makeDirectory"></a>
<b>File.makeDirectory(path)</b> -
Creates a directory.<br>
<a name="File.name"></a>
<b>File.name</b> -
The name of the last file opened using a file open dialog, a file save dialog,
drag and drop, or the <a href="#open">open(path)</a> function.<br>
<a name="File.nameWithoutExtension"></a>
<b>File.nameWithoutExtension</b> -
The name of the last file opened with the extension removed.
<br>
<a name="File.open"></a>
<b>File.open(path)</b> -
Creates a new text file and returns a file variable that refers to it. To write to the file,
pass the file variable to the
<a href="#print">print</a> function.
Displays a file save dialog box if <i>path</i> is an empty string.
The file is closed when the macro exits.
Currently, only one file can be open at a time.
For an example, refer to the
<a href="../../macros/SaveTextFileDemo.txt">SaveTextFileDemo</a> macro.
<br>
<a name="File.openAsString"></a>
<b>File.openAsString(path)</b> -
Opens a text file and returns the contents as a string. Displays a file
open dialog box if <i>path</i> is an empty string.
Use <i>lines=split(str, "\n")</i> to convert the string to
an array of lines.
See also: <a href="#File.openUrlAsString">File.openUrlAsString</a>.
<br>
<a name="File.openAsRawString"></a>
<b>File.openAsRawString(path)</b> -
Opens a file and returns up to the first 5,000 bytes as a string.
Returns all the bytes in the file if the name ends with ".txt".
Refer to the
<a href="../../macros/First10Bytes.txt">First10Bytes</a>
and
<a href="../../macros/ZapGremlins.txt">ZapGremlins</a>
macros for examples.
<br>
<a name="File.openAsRawString"></a>
<b>File.openAsRawString(path, count)</b> -
Opens a file and returns up to the first <i>count</i> bytes as a string.
<br>
<a name="File.openUrlAsString"></a>
<b>File.openUrlAsString(url)</b> -
Opens a URL and returns the contents as a string. Returns an emptly
string if the host or file cannot be found. With v1.41i and later, returns "<Error: message>"
if there any error, including host or file not found.
<br>
<a name="File.openSequence"></a>
<b>File.openSequence(path, options)</b> -
Opens the images in the specified directory as a stack. Uses
a virtual stack if the 'options' string contains
'virtual'. A filter, image type, start,
step, count and scale can also be set, for example
"filter=abc bitdepth=32 start=10 step=2 count=10 scale=50".
Requires 1.53p.
<br>
<a name="File.openDialog"></a>
<b>File.openDialog(title)</b> -
Displays a file open dialog and returns the path to the
file chosen by the user
(<a href="../../macros/OpenDialogDemo.txt">example</a>).
The macro exits if
the user cancels the dialog.
<br>
<a name="File.rename"></a>
<b>File.rename(path1, path2)</b> -