diff --git a/packages/cli/index.d.ts b/packages/cli/index.d.ts
index 2bc2904ecb..9b15121114 100644
--- a/packages/cli/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/index.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import { App } from 'koishi'
 
 export * from 'koishi'
-export * from './lib/addons'
-export * from './lib/worker'
+
+export type * from './lib/addons'
+export type * from './lib/loader'
+export type * from './lib/worker'
 
 export function defineConfig(config: App.Config): App.Config
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/addons/index.ts b/packages/cli/src/addons/index.ts
index 9bf3871319..e507477286 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/addons/index.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/addons/index.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,19 @@
 import { App, Context } from 'koishi'
 import * as daemon from './daemon'
 import * as logger from './logger'
-import FileWatcher, { WatchConfig } from './watcher'
-import ConfigWriter from './writer'
+import Watcher from './watcher'
 
 declare module 'koishi' {
-  namespace Context {
-    interface Services {
-      configWriter: ConfigWriter
-      fileWatcher: FileWatcher
-    }
-  }
-
   interface App {
     _prolog: string[]
+    watcher: Watcher
   }
 
   namespace App {
     interface Config extends daemon.Config {
+      allowWrite?: boolean
       logger?: logger.Config
-      watch?: WatchConfig
+      watch?: Watcher.Config
     }
   }
 }
@@ -31,13 +25,12 @@ export function prepare(config: App.Config) {
 }
 
 export function apply(ctx: Context, config: App.Config) {
-  ctx.plugin(logger)
+  logger.apply(ctx.app)
   ctx.plugin(daemon, config)
 
   if (process.env.KOISHI_WATCH_ROOT !== undefined) {
     (config.watch ??= {}).root = process.env.KOISHI_WATCH_ROOT
   }
 
-  if (ctx.app.loader.enableWriter) ctx.plugin(ConfigWriter)
-  if (config.watch) ctx.plugin(FileWatcher, config.watch)
+  if (config.watch) ctx.plugin(Watcher, config.watch)
 }
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/addons/logger.ts b/packages/cli/src/addons/logger.ts
index 9c9121eb01..daa87206fd 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/addons/logger.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/addons/logger.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { App, Context, defineProperty, Logger, remove, Schema, version } from 'koishi'
+import { App, defineProperty, Logger, remove, Schema, version } from 'koishi'
 
 interface LogLevelConfig {
   // a little different from koishi-utils
@@ -76,11 +76,9 @@ export function prepare(config: Config = {}) {
   Logger.timestamp = Date.now()
 }
 
-export const name = 'logger'
-
-export function apply(ctx: Context) {
-  ctx.app._prolog = prolog
-  ctx.on('ready', () => {
+export function apply(app: App) {
+  app._prolog = prolog
+  app.once('ready', () => {
     remove(Logger.targets, target)
   })
 }
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/addons/watcher.ts b/packages/cli/src/addons/watcher.ts
index e6836d9732..9fb862fc4b 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/addons/watcher.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/addons/watcher.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,8 @@
-import { App, coerce, Context, Dict, Logger, Plugin, Schema, Service } from 'koishi'
+import { App, coerce, Context, Dict, Logger, Plugin, Schema } from 'koishi'
 import { FSWatcher, watch, WatchOptions } from 'chokidar'
 import { relative, resolve } from 'path'
 import { debounce } from 'throttle-debounce'
 
-export interface WatchConfig extends WatchOptions {
-  root?: string
-  debounce?: number
-}
-
-export const WatchConfig = Schema.object({
-  root: Schema.string().description('要监听的根目录，相对于当前工作路径。'),
-  debounce: Schema.number().default(100).description('延迟触发更新的等待时间。'),
-  ignored: Schema.array(Schema.string()).description('要忽略的文件或目录。'),
-}).default(null).description('热重载设置')
-
-App.Config.list.push(Schema.object({
-  watch: WatchConfig,
-}))
-
 function loadDependencies(filename: string, ignored: Set<string>) {
   const dependencies = new Set<string>()
   function traverse({ filename, children }: NodeJS.Module) {
@@ -35,7 +20,7 @@ function unwrap(module: any) {
 
 const logger = new Logger('watch')
 
-export default class FileWatcher extends Service {
+class Watcher {
   public suspend = false
 
   private root: string
@@ -68,8 +53,8 @@ export default class FileWatcher extends Service {
   /** stashed changes */
   private stashed = new Set<string>()
 
-  constructor(ctx: Context, private config: WatchConfig) {
-    super(ctx, 'fileWatcher')
+  constructor(private ctx: Context, private config: Watcher.Config) {
+    ctx.app.watcher = this
   }
 
   private triggerFullReload() {
@@ -79,20 +64,24 @@ export default class FileWatcher extends Service {
 
   start() {
     const { root = '', ignored = [] } = this.config
-    this.root = resolve(this.ctx.app.loader.dirname, root)
+    this.root = resolve(this.ctx.loader.dirname, root)
     this.watcher = watch(this.root, {
       ...this.config,
       ignored: ['**/node_modules/**', '**/.git/**', '**/logs/**', ...ignored],
     })
 
-    this.externals = loadDependencies(__filename, new Set(Object.keys(this.ctx.app.loader.cache)))
+    this.externals = loadDependencies(__filename, new Set(Object.keys(this.ctx.loader.cache)))
     const flushChanges = debounce(this.config.debounce || 100, () => this.flushChanges())
 
     this.watcher.on('change', (path) => {
-      if (this.suspend) return
+      if (this.suspend) {
+        this.suspend = false
+        return
+      }
+
       logger.debug('change detected:', path)
 
-      const isEntry = path === this.ctx.app.loader.filename
+      const isEntry = path === this.ctx.loader.filename
       if (!require.cache[path] && !isEntry) return
 
       // files independent from any plugins will trigger a full reload
@@ -268,3 +257,22 @@ export default class FileWatcher extends Service {
     this.stashed = new Set()
   }
 }
+
+namespace Watcher {
+  export interface Config extends WatchOptions {
+    root?: string
+    debounce?: number
+  }
+
+  export const Config = Schema.object({
+    root: Schema.string().description('要监听的根目录，相对于当前工作路径。'),
+    debounce: Schema.number().default(100).description('延迟触发更新的等待时间。'),
+    ignored: Schema.array(Schema.string()).description('要忽略的文件或目录。'),
+  }).default(null).description('热重载设置')
+
+  App.Config.list.push(Schema.object({
+    watch: Config,
+  }))
+}
+
+export default Watcher
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/addons/writer.ts b/packages/cli/src/addons/writer.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bc09d0be45..0000000000
--- a/packages/cli/src/addons/writer.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-import { App, Context, Service } from 'koishi'
-import { writeFileSync } from 'fs'
-import { dump } from 'js-yaml'
-import { Loader } from '../loader'
-
-Context.service('configWriter')
-
-export default class ConfigWriter extends Service {
-  private allowWrite: boolean
-  private loader: Loader
-  private config: App.Config
-
-  constructor(ctx: Context) {
-    super(ctx, 'configWriter')
-    this.loader = ctx.app.loader
-    this.config = this.loader.config
-    this.allowWrite = ['.yml', '.yaml'].includes(this.loader.extname)
-  }
-
-  writeConfig() {
-    if (!this.allowWrite) return
-    // prevent hot reload when it's being written
-    const fileWatcher = this.ctx.fileWatcher
-    fileWatcher && (fileWatcher.suspend = true)
-    writeFileSync(this.loader.filename, dump(this.config))
-    fileWatcher && (fileWatcher.suspend = false)
-  }
-
-  async loadPlugin(name: string, config: any) {
-    this.loader.loadPlugin(name, config)
-    this.config.plugins[name] = config
-    delete this.config.plugins['~' + name]
-    this.writeConfig()
-  }
-
-  async unloadPlugin(name: string) {
-    const plugin = this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
-    await this.ctx.dispose(plugin)
-    this.config.plugins['~' + name] = this.config.plugins[name]
-    delete this.config.plugins[name]
-    this.writeConfig()
-  }
-
-  async reloadPlugin(name: string, config: any) {
-    const plugin = this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
-    const state = this.ctx.app.registry.get(plugin)
-    await this.ctx.dispose(plugin)
-    state.context.plugin(plugin, config)
-    this.config.plugins[name] = config
-    this.writeConfig()
-  }
-
-  async savePlugin(name: string, config: any) {
-    this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
-    this.config.plugins['~' + name] = config
-    this.writeConfig()
-  }
-
-  async createBot(platform: string, config: any) {
-    const name = 'adapter-' + platform
-    if (this.config.plugins['~' + name]) {
-      this.config.plugins[name] = this.config.plugins['~' + name]
-      delete this.config.plugins['~' + name]
-    } else if (!this.config.plugins[name]) {
-      this.config.plugins[name] = { bots: [] }
-    }
-    const adapterConfig = this.config.plugins[name]
-    adapterConfig['bots'].push(config)
-    this.loader.loadPlugin(name, adapterConfig)
-    this.writeConfig()
-  }
-
-  async removeBot() {}
-
-  async startBot() {}
-
-  async stopBot() {}
-}
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/loader.ts b/packages/cli/src/loader.ts
index 745c20e042..74edcdc7de 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/loader.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/loader.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 import { resolve, extname, dirname, isAbsolute } from 'path'
 import { yellow } from 'kleur'
-import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs'
+import { readdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs'
 import { App, Dict, Logger, Modules, Plugin, Schema } from 'koishi'
-import { load } from 'js-yaml'
+import { dump, load } from 'js-yaml'
 
 declare module 'koishi' {
-  interface App {
-    loader: Loader
+  namespace Context {
+    interface Services {
+      loader: Loader
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ Modules.internal.paths = function (name: string) {
 }
 
 App.Config.list.push(Schema.object({
+  allowWrite: Schema.boolean().description('允许在运行时修改配置文件。').default(true),
   autoRestart: Schema.boolean().description('应用在运行时崩溃自动重启。').default(true),
   plugins: Schema.any().hidden(),
 }).description('CLI 设置'))
@@ -34,7 +37,6 @@ export class Loader {
   app: App
   config: App.Config
   cache: Dict<Plugin> = {}
-  enableWriter = true
 
   constructor() {
     const basename = 'koishi.config'
@@ -51,7 +53,6 @@ export class Loader {
       this.dirname = cwd
       this.filename = cwd + '/' + basename + this.extname
     }
-    this.enableWriter = ['.json', '.yaml', '.yml'].includes(this.extname)
   }
 
   loadConfig(): App.Config {
@@ -78,6 +79,12 @@ export class Loader {
     return plugin
   }
 
+  writeConfig() {
+    // prevent hot reload when it's being written
+    if (this.app.watcher) this.app.watcher.suspend = true
+    writeFileSync(this.filename, dump(this.config))
+  }
+
   createApp() {
     const app = this.app = new App(this.config)
     app.loader = this
@@ -91,6 +98,9 @@ export class Loader {
         this.loadPlugin(name, plugins[name] ?? {})
       }
     }
+    if (!['.json', '.yaml', '.yml'].includes(this.extname)) {
+      app.options.allowWrite = false
+    }
     return app
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/worker.ts b/packages/cli/src/worker.ts
index a1fbe0a839..ac0f07ee15 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/worker.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/worker.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ declare module 'koishi' {
 
   interface EventMap {
     'exit'(signal: NodeJS.Signals): Promise<void>
-    'reload'(path: string): Promise<void>
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/plugins/frontend/manager/package.json b/plugins/frontend/manager/package.json
index 65305d0ea3..29e7547886 100644
--- a/plugins/frontend/manager/package.json
+++ b/plugins/frontend/manager/package.json
@@ -37,10 +37,12 @@
     "koishi": "^4.0.1"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@types/cross-spawn": "^6.0.2"
+    "@types/cross-spawn": "^6.0.2",
+    "@types/js-yaml": "^4.0.5"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "cross-spawn": "^7.0.3",
+    "js-yaml": "^4.1.0",
     "semver": "^7.3.5"
   }
 }
diff --git a/plugins/frontend/manager/src/index.ts b/plugins/frontend/manager/src/index.ts
index 2d69197a6b..1b7b455bde 100644
--- a/plugins/frontend/manager/src/index.ts
+++ b/plugins/frontend/manager/src/index.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import MarketProvider from './market'
 import PackageProvider from './packages'
 import AdapterProvider from './protocols'
 import ServiceProvider from './services'
+import ConfigWriter from './writer'
 
 export * from './bots'
 export * from './market'
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ declare module '@koishijs/plugin-console' {
 }
 
 export const name = 'manager'
-export const using = ['console'] as const
+export const using = ['console', 'loader'] as const
 
 export interface Config extends MarketProvider.Config {}
 
@@ -54,29 +55,8 @@ export function apply(ctx: Context, config: Config = {}) {
   ctx.plugin(AdapterProvider)
   ctx.plugin(PackageProvider)
   ctx.plugin(ServiceProvider)
+  ctx.plugin(ConfigWriter, ctx.app.options.allowWrite)
 
   const filename = ctx.console.config.devMode ? '../client/index.ts' : '../dist/index.js'
   ctx.console.addEntry(resolve(__dirname, filename))
-
-  ctx.using(['configWriter'], (ctx) => {
-    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/load', (name, config) => {
-      ctx.configWriter.loadPlugin(name, config)
-    })
-
-    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/unload', (name) => {
-      ctx.configWriter.unloadPlugin(name)
-    })
-
-    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/reload', (name, config) => {
-      ctx.configWriter.reloadPlugin(name, config)
-    })
-
-    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/save', (name, config) => {
-      ctx.configWriter.savePlugin(name, config)
-    })
-
-    ctx.console.addListener('bot/create', (platform, config) => {
-      ctx.configWriter.createBot(platform, config)
-    })
-  })
 }
diff --git a/plugins/frontend/manager/src/writer.ts b/plugins/frontend/manager/src/writer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cf107e87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/frontend/manager/src/writer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import { Context } from 'koishi'
+import { writeFileSync } from 'fs'
+import { dump } from 'js-yaml'
+import { Loader } from '@koishijs/cli'
+
+export default class ConfigWriter {
+  private loader: Loader
+  private plugins: {}
+
+  constructor(private ctx: Context) {
+    this.loader = ctx.app.loader
+    this.plugins = this.loader.config.plugins
+
+    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/load', (name, config) => {
+      this.loadPlugin(name, config)
+    })
+
+    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/unload', (name) => {
+      this.unloadPlugin(name)
+    })
+
+    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/reload', (name, config) => {
+      this.reloadPlugin(name, config)
+    })
+
+    ctx.console.addListener('plugin/save', (name, config) => {
+      this.savePlugin(name, config)
+    })
+
+    ctx.console.addListener('bot/create', (platform, config) => {
+      this.createBot(platform, config)
+    })
+  }
+
+  writeConfig() {
+    // prevent hot reload when it's being written
+    const fileWatcher = this.ctx.fileWatcher
+    fileWatcher && (fileWatcher.suspend = true)
+    writeFileSync(this.loader.filename, dump(this.loader.config))
+    fileWatcher && (fileWatcher.suspend = false)
+  }
+
+  async loadPlugin(name: string, config: any) {
+    this.loader.loadPlugin(name, config)
+    this.plugins[name] = config
+    delete this.plugins['~' + name]
+    this.writeConfig()
+  }
+
+  async unloadPlugin(name: string) {
+    const plugin = this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
+    await this.ctx.dispose(plugin)
+    this.plugins['~' + name] = this.plugins[name]
+    delete this.plugins[name]
+    this.writeConfig()
+  }
+
+  async reloadPlugin(name: string, config: any) {
+    const plugin = this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
+    const state = this.ctx.app.registry.get(plugin)
+    await this.ctx.dispose(plugin)
+    state.context.plugin(plugin, config)
+    this.plugins[name] = config
+    this.writeConfig()
+  }
+
+  async savePlugin(name: string, config: any) {
+    this.loader.resolvePlugin(name)
+    this.plugins['~' + name] = config
+    this.writeConfig()
+  }
+
+  async createBot(platform: string, config: any) {
+    const name = 'adapter-' + platform
+    if (this.plugins['~' + name]) {
+      this.plugins[name] = this.plugins['~' + name]
+      delete this.plugins['~' + name]
+    } else if (!this.plugins[name]) {
+      this.plugins[name] = { bots: [] }
+    }
+    const adapterConfig = this.plugins[name]
+    adapterConfig['bots'].push(config)
+    this.loader.loadPlugin(name, adapterConfig)
+    this.writeConfig()
+  }
+
+  async removeBot() {}
+
+  async startBot() {}
+
+  async stopBot() {}
+}