core/corehttp/gateway_handler.go

package corehttp

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"html/template"
	"io"
	"mime"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	gopath "path"
	"regexp"
	"runtime/debug"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	humanize "github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
	"github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype"
	"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
	files "github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs-files"
	assets "github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/assets"
	dag "github.com/ipfs/go-merkledag"
	mfs "github.com/ipfs/go-mfs"
	path "github.com/ipfs/go-path"
	"github.com/ipfs/go-path/resolver"
	coreiface "github.com/ipfs/interface-go-ipfs-core"
	ipath "github.com/ipfs/interface-go-ipfs-core/path"
	routing "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-core/routing"
)

const (
	ipfsPathPrefix = "/ipfs/"
	ipnsPathPrefix = "/ipns/"
)

var onlyAscii = regexp.MustCompile("[[:^ascii:]]")

// HTML-based redirect for errors which can be recovered from, but we want
// to provide hint to people that they should fix things on their end.
var redirectTemplate = template.Must(template.New("redirect").Parse(`<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10;url={{.RedirectURL}}" />
		<link rel="canonical" href="{{.RedirectURL}}" />
	</head>
	<body>
		<pre>{{.ErrorMsg}}</pre><pre>(if a redirect does not happen in 10 seconds, use "{{.SuggestedPath}}" instead)</pre>
	</body>
</html>`))

type redirectTemplateData struct {
	RedirectURL   string
	SuggestedPath string
	ErrorMsg      string
}

// gatewayHandler is a HTTP handler that serves IPFS objects (accessible by default at /ipfs/<path>)
// (it serves requests like GET /ipfs/QmVRzPKPzNtSrEzBFm2UZfxmPAgnaLke4DMcerbsGGSaFe/link)
type gatewayHandler struct {
	config GatewayConfig
	api    coreiface.CoreAPI
}

// StatusResponseWriter enables us to override HTTP Status Code passed to
// WriteHeader function inside of http.ServeContent.  Decision is based on
// presence of HTTP Headers such as Location.
type statusResponseWriter struct {
	http.ResponseWriter
}

func (sw *statusResponseWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
	// Check if we need to adjust Status Code to account for scheduled redirect
	// This enables us to return payload along with HTTP 301
	// for subdomain redirect in web browsers while also returning body for cli
	// tools which do not follow redirects by default (curl, wget).
	redirect := sw.ResponseWriter.Header().Get("Location")
	if redirect != "" && code == http.StatusOK {
		code = http.StatusMovedPermanently
	}
	sw.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
}

func newGatewayHandler(c GatewayConfig, api coreiface.CoreAPI) *gatewayHandler {
	i := &gatewayHandler{
		config: c,
		api:    api,
	}
	return i
}

func parseIpfsPath(p string) (cid.Cid, string, error) {
	rootPath, err := path.ParsePath(p)
	if err != nil {
		return cid.Cid{}, "", err
	}

	// Check the path.
	rsegs := rootPath.Segments()
	if rsegs[0] != "ipfs" {
		return cid.Cid{}, "", fmt.Errorf("WritableGateway: only ipfs paths supported")
	}

	rootCid, err := cid.Decode(rsegs[1])
	if err != nil {
		return cid.Cid{}, "", err
	}

	return rootCid, path.Join(rsegs[2:]), nil
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	// the hour is a hard fallback, we don't expect it to happen, but just in case
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), time.Hour)
	defer cancel()
	r = r.WithContext(ctx)

	defer func() {
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			log.Error("A panic occurred in the gateway handler!")
			log.Error(r)
			debug.PrintStack()
		}
	}()

	if i.config.Writable {
		switch r.Method {
		case http.MethodPost:
			i.postHandler(w, r)
			return
		case http.MethodPut:
			i.putHandler(w, r)
			return
		case http.MethodDelete:
			i.deleteHandler(w, r)
			return
		}
	}

	switch r.Method {
	case http.MethodGet, http.MethodHead:
		i.getOrHeadHandler(w, r)
		return
	case http.MethodOptions:
		i.optionsHandler(w, r)
		return
	}

	errmsg := "Method " + r.Method + " not allowed: "
	var status int
	if !i.config.Writable {
		status = http.StatusMethodNotAllowed
		errmsg = errmsg + "read only access"
		w.Header().Add("Allow", http.MethodGet)
		w.Header().Add("Allow", http.MethodHead)
		w.Header().Add("Allow", http.MethodOptions)
	} else {
		status = http.StatusBadRequest
		errmsg = errmsg + "bad request for " + r.URL.Path
	}
	http.Error(w, errmsg, status)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) optionsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	/*
		OPTIONS is a noop request that is used by the browsers to check
		if server accepts cross-site XMLHttpRequest (indicated by the presence of CORS headers)
		https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS#Preflighted_requests
	*/
	i.addUserHeaders(w) // return all custom headers (including CORS ones, if set)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) getOrHeadHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	begin := time.Now()
	urlPath := r.URL.Path
	escapedURLPath := r.URL.EscapedPath()

	// If the gateway is behind a reverse proxy and mounted at a sub-path,
	// the prefix header can be set to signal this sub-path.
	// It will be prepended to links in directory listings and the index.html redirect.
	// TODO: this feature is deprecated and will be removed  (https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/7702)
	prefix := ""
	if prfx := r.Header.Get("X-Ipfs-Gateway-Prefix"); len(prfx) > 0 {
		for _, p := range i.config.PathPrefixes {
			if prfx == p || strings.HasPrefix(prfx, p+"/") {
				prefix = prfx
				break
			}
		}
	}

	// HostnameOption might have constructed an IPNS/IPFS path using the Host header.
	// In this case, we need the original path for constructing redirects
	// and links that match the requested URL.
	// For example, http://example.net would become /ipns/example.net, and
	// the redirects and links would end up as http://example.net/ipns/example.net
	requestURI, err := url.ParseRequestURI(r.RequestURI)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "failed to parse request path", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	originalUrlPath := prefix + requestURI.Path

	// ?uri query param support for requests produced by web browsers
	// via navigator.registerProtocolHandler Web API
	// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Navigator/registerProtocolHandler
	// TLDR: redirect /ipfs/?uri=ipfs%3A%2F%2Fcid%3Fquery%3Dval to /ipfs/cid?query=val
	if uriParam := r.URL.Query().Get("uri"); uriParam != "" {
		u, err := url.Parse(uriParam)
		if err != nil {
			webError(w, "failed to parse uri query parameter", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}
		if u.Scheme != "ipfs" && u.Scheme != "ipns" {
			webError(w, "uri query parameter scheme must be ipfs or ipns", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}
		path := u.Path
		if u.RawQuery != "" { // preserve query if present
			path = path + "?" + u.RawQuery
		}
		http.Redirect(w, r, gopath.Join("/", prefix, u.Scheme, u.Host, path), http.StatusMovedPermanently)
		return
	}

	// Service Worker registration request
	if r.Header.Get("Service-Worker") == "script" {
		// Disallow Service Worker registration on namespace roots
		// https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/4025
		matched, _ := regexp.MatchString(`^/ip[fn]s/[^/]+$`, r.URL.Path)
		if matched {
			err := fmt.Errorf("registration is not allowed for this scope")
			webError(w, "navigator.serviceWorker", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
			return
		}
	}

	parsedPath := ipath.New(urlPath)
	if pathErr := parsedPath.IsValid(); pathErr != nil {
		if prefix == "" && fixupSuperfluousNamespace(w, urlPath, r.URL.RawQuery) {
			// the error was due to redundant namespace, which we were able to fix
			// by returning error/redirect page, nothing left to do here
			return
		}
		// unable to fix path, returning error
		webError(w, "invalid ipfs path", pathErr, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	// Resolve path to the final DAG node for the ETag
	resolvedPath, err := i.api.ResolvePath(r.Context(), parsedPath)
	switch err {
	case nil:
	case coreiface.ErrOffline:
		webError(w, "ipfs resolve -r "+escapedURLPath, err, http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
		return
	default:
		if i.servePretty404IfPresent(w, r, parsedPath) {
			return
		}

		webError(w, "ipfs resolve -r "+escapedURLPath, err, http.StatusNotFound)
		return
	}

	dr, err := i.api.Unixfs().Get(r.Context(), resolvedPath)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "ipfs cat "+escapedURLPath, err, http.StatusNotFound)
		return
	}

	unixfsGetMetric.WithLabelValues(parsedPath.Namespace()).Observe(time.Since(begin).Seconds())

	defer dr.Close()

	var responseEtag string

	// we need to figure out whether this is a directory before doing most of the heavy lifting below
	_, ok := dr.(files.Directory)

	if ok && assets.BindataVersionHash != "" {
		responseEtag = `"DirIndex-` + assets.BindataVersionHash + `_CID-` + resolvedPath.Cid().String() + `"`
	} else {
		responseEtag = `"` + resolvedPath.Cid().String() + `"`
	}

	// Check etag sent back to us
	if r.Header.Get("If-None-Match") == responseEtag || r.Header.Get("If-None-Match") == `W/`+responseEtag {
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotModified)
		return
	}

	i.addUserHeaders(w) // ok, _now_ write user's headers.
	w.Header().Set("X-IPFS-Path", urlPath)
	w.Header().Set("Etag", responseEtag)

	// set these headers _after_ the error, for we may just not have it
	// and don't want the client to cache a 500 response...
	// and only if it's /ipfs!
	// TODO: break this out when we split /ipfs /ipns routes.
	modtime := time.Now()

	if f, ok := dr.(files.File); ok {
		if strings.HasPrefix(urlPath, ipfsPathPrefix) {
			w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "public, max-age=29030400, immutable")

			// set modtime to a really long time ago, since files are immutable and should stay cached
			modtime = time.Unix(1, 0)
		}

		urlFilename := r.URL.Query().Get("filename")
		var name string
		if urlFilename != "" {
			disposition := "inline"
			if r.URL.Query().Get("download") == "true" {
				disposition = "attachment"
			}
			utf8Name := url.PathEscape(urlFilename)
			asciiName := url.PathEscape(onlyAscii.ReplaceAllLiteralString(urlFilename, "_"))
			w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", fmt.Sprintf("%s; filename=\"%s\"; filename*=UTF-8''%s", disposition, asciiName, utf8Name))
			name = urlFilename
		} else {
			name = getFilename(urlPath)
		}
		i.serveFile(w, r, name, modtime, f)
		return
	}
	dir, ok := dr.(files.Directory)
	if !ok {
		internalWebError(w, fmt.Errorf("unsupported file type"))
		return
	}

	idx, err := i.api.Unixfs().Get(r.Context(), ipath.Join(resolvedPath, "index.html"))
	switch err.(type) {
	case nil:
		dirwithoutslash := urlPath[len(urlPath)-1] != '/'
		goget := r.URL.Query().Get("go-get") == "1"
		if dirwithoutslash && !goget {
			// See comment above where originalUrlPath is declared.
			suffix := "/"
			if r.URL.RawQuery != "" {
				// preserve query parameters
				suffix = suffix + "?" + r.URL.RawQuery
			}
			http.Redirect(w, r, originalUrlPath+suffix, 302)
			return
		}

		f, ok := idx.(files.File)
		if !ok {
			internalWebError(w, files.ErrNotReader)
			return
		}

		// write to request
		i.serveFile(w, r, "index.html", modtime, f)
		return
	case resolver.ErrNoLink:
		// no index.html; noop
	default:
		internalWebError(w, err)
		return
	}

	// See statusResponseWriter.WriteHeader
	// and https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/7164
	// Note: this needs to occur before listingTemplate.Execute otherwise we get
	// superfluous response.WriteHeader call from prometheus/client_golang
	if w.Header().Get("Location") != "" {
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMovedPermanently)
		return
	}

	// A HTML directory index will be presented, be sure to set the correct
	// type instead of relying on autodetection (which may fail).
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html")
	if r.Method == http.MethodHead {
		return
	}

	// storage for directory listing
	var dirListing []directoryItem
	dirit := dir.Entries()
	for dirit.Next() {
		size := "?"
		if s, err := dirit.Node().Size(); err == nil {
			// Size may not be defined/supported. Continue anyways.
			size = humanize.Bytes(uint64(s))
		}

		hash := ""
		if r, err := i.api.ResolvePath(r.Context(), ipath.Join(resolvedPath, dirit.Name())); err == nil {
			// Path may not be resolved. Continue anyways.
			hash = r.Cid().String()
		}

		// See comment above where originalUrlPath is declared.
		di := directoryItem{
			Size:      size,
			Name:      dirit.Name(),
			Path:      gopath.Join(originalUrlPath, dirit.Name()),
			Hash:      hash,
			ShortHash: shortHash(hash),
		}
		dirListing = append(dirListing, di)
	}
	if dirit.Err() != nil {
		internalWebError(w, dirit.Err())
		return
	}

	// construct the correct back link
	// https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/1365
	var backLink string = originalUrlPath

	// don't go further up than /ipfs/$hash/
	pathSplit := path.SplitList(urlPath)
	switch {
	// keep backlink
	case len(pathSplit) == 3: // url: /ipfs/$hash

	// keep backlink
	case len(pathSplit) == 4 && pathSplit[3] == "": // url: /ipfs/$hash/

	// add the correct link depending on whether the path ends with a slash
	default:
		if strings.HasSuffix(backLink, "/") {
			backLink += "./.."
		} else {
			backLink += "/.."
		}
	}

	size := "?"
	if s, err := dir.Size(); err == nil {
		// Size may not be defined/supported. Continue anyways.
		size = humanize.Bytes(uint64(s))
	}

	hash := resolvedPath.Cid().String()

	// Gateway root URL to be used when linking to other rootIDs.
	// This will be blank unless subdomain or DNSLink resolution is being used
	// for this request.
	var gwURL string

	// Get gateway hostname and build gateway URL.
	if h, ok := r.Context().Value("gw-hostname").(string); ok {
		gwURL = "//" + h
	} else {
		gwURL = ""
	}

	dnslink := hasDNSLinkOrigin(gwURL, urlPath)

	// See comment above where originalUrlPath is declared.
	tplData := listingTemplateData{
		GatewayURL:  gwURL,
		DNSLink:     dnslink,
		Listing:     dirListing,
		Size:        size,
		Path:        urlPath,
		Breadcrumbs: breadcrumbs(urlPath, dnslink),
		BackLink:    backLink,
		Hash:        hash,
	}

	err = listingTemplate.Execute(w, tplData)
	if err != nil {
		internalWebError(w, err)
		return
	}
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) serveFile(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request, name string, modtime time.Time, file files.File) {
	size, err := file.Size()
	if err != nil {
		http.Error(w, "cannot serve files with unknown sizes", http.StatusBadGateway)
		return
	}

	content := &lazySeeker{
		size:   size,
		reader: file,
	}

	var ctype string
	if _, isSymlink := file.(*files.Symlink); isSymlink {
		// We should be smarter about resolving symlinks but this is the
		// "most correct" we can be without doing that.
		ctype = "inode/symlink"
	} else {
		ctype = mime.TypeByExtension(gopath.Ext(name))
		if ctype == "" {
			// uses https://github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype library to determine the content type.
			// Fixes https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/7252
			mimeType, err := mimetype.DetectReader(content)
			if err != nil {
				http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("cannot detect content-type: %s", err.Error()), http.StatusInternalServerError)
				return
			}

			ctype = mimeType.String()
			_, err = content.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
			if err != nil {
				http.Error(w, "seeker can't seek", http.StatusInternalServerError)
				return
			}
		}
		// Strip the encoding from the HTML Content-Type header and let the
		// browser figure it out.
		//
		// Fixes https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/issues/2203
		if strings.HasPrefix(ctype, "text/html;") {
			ctype = "text/html"
		}
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", ctype)

	w = &statusResponseWriter{w}
	http.ServeContent(w, req, name, modtime, content)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) servePretty404IfPresent(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, parsedPath ipath.Path) bool {
	resolved404Path, ctype, err := i.searchUpTreeFor404(r, parsedPath)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	dr, err := i.api.Unixfs().Get(r.Context(), resolved404Path)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	defer dr.Close()

	f, ok := dr.(files.File)
	if !ok {
		return false
	}

	size, err := f.Size()
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	log.Debugf("using pretty 404 file for %s", parsedPath.String())
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", ctype)
	w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.FormatInt(size, 10))
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
	_, err = io.CopyN(w, f, size)
	return err == nil
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) postHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	p, err := i.api.Unixfs().Add(r.Context(), files.NewReaderFile(r.Body))
	if err != nil {
		internalWebError(w, err)
		return
	}

	i.addUserHeaders(w) // ok, _now_ write user's headers.
	w.Header().Set("IPFS-Hash", p.Cid().String())
	http.Redirect(w, r, p.String(), http.StatusCreated)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) putHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := r.Context()
	ds := i.api.Dag()

	// Parse the path
	rootCid, newPath, err := parseIpfsPath(r.URL.Path)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to parse the path", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	if newPath == "" || newPath == "/" {
		http.Error(w, "WritableGateway: empty path", http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	newDirectory, newFileName := gopath.Split(newPath)

	// Resolve the old root.

	rnode, err := ds.Get(ctx, rootCid)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: Could not create DAG from request", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	pbnd, ok := rnode.(*dag.ProtoNode)
	if !ok {
		webError(w, "Cannot read non protobuf nodes through gateway", dag.ErrNotProtobuf, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	// Create the new file.
	newFilePath, err := i.api.Unixfs().Add(ctx, files.NewReaderFile(r.Body))
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: could not create DAG from request", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	newFile, err := ds.Get(ctx, newFilePath.Cid())
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to resolve new file", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	// Patch the new file into the old root.

	root, err := mfs.NewRoot(ctx, ds, pbnd, nil)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to create MFS root", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	if newDirectory != "" {
		err := mfs.Mkdir(root, newDirectory, mfs.MkdirOpts{Mkparents: true, Flush: false})
		if err != nil {
			webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to create MFS directory", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
	}
	dirNode, err := mfs.Lookup(root, newDirectory)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to lookup directory", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	dir, ok := dirNode.(*mfs.Directory)
	if !ok {
		http.Error(w, "WritableGateway: target directory is not a directory", http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	err = dir.Unlink(newFileName)
	switch err {
	case os.ErrNotExist, nil:
	default:
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to replace existing file", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	err = dir.AddChild(newFileName, newFile)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to link file into directory", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	nnode, err := root.GetDirectory().GetNode()
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to finalize", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	newcid := nnode.Cid()

	i.addUserHeaders(w) // ok, _now_ write user's headers.
	w.Header().Set("IPFS-Hash", newcid.String())
	http.Redirect(w, r, gopath.Join(ipfsPathPrefix, newcid.String(), newPath), http.StatusCreated)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) deleteHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	ctx := r.Context()

	// parse the path

	rootCid, newPath, err := parseIpfsPath(r.URL.Path)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to parse the path", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	if newPath == "" || newPath == "/" {
		http.Error(w, "WritableGateway: empty path", http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}
	directory, filename := gopath.Split(newPath)

	// lookup the root

	rootNodeIPLD, err := i.api.Dag().Get(ctx, rootCid)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to resolve root CID", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	rootNode, ok := rootNodeIPLD.(*dag.ProtoNode)
	if !ok {
		http.Error(w, "WritableGateway: empty path", http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	// construct the mfs root

	root, err := mfs.NewRoot(ctx, i.api.Dag(), rootNode, nil)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to construct the MFS root", err, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	// lookup the parent directory

	parentNode, err := mfs.Lookup(root, directory)
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to look up parent", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	parent, ok := parentNode.(*mfs.Directory)
	if !ok {
		http.Error(w, "WritableGateway: parent is not a directory", http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	// delete the file

	switch parent.Unlink(filename) {
	case nil, os.ErrNotExist:
	default:
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to remove file", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}

	nnode, err := root.GetDirectory().GetNode()
	if err != nil {
		webError(w, "WritableGateway: failed to finalize", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
	}
	ncid := nnode.Cid()

	i.addUserHeaders(w) // ok, _now_ write user's headers.
	w.Header().Set("IPFS-Hash", ncid.String())
	// note: StatusCreated is technically correct here as we created a new resource.
	http.Redirect(w, r, gopath.Join(ipfsPathPrefix+ncid.String(), directory), http.StatusCreated)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) addUserHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter) {
	for k, v := range i.config.Headers {
		w.Header()[k] = v
	}
}

func webError(w http.ResponseWriter, message string, err error, defaultCode int) {
	if _, ok := err.(resolver.ErrNoLink); ok {
		webErrorWithCode(w, message, err, http.StatusNotFound)
	} else if err == routing.ErrNotFound {
		webErrorWithCode(w, message, err, http.StatusNotFound)
	} else if err == context.DeadlineExceeded {
		webErrorWithCode(w, message, err, http.StatusRequestTimeout)
	} else {
		webErrorWithCode(w, message, err, defaultCode)
	}
}

func webErrorWithCode(w http.ResponseWriter, message string, err error, code int) {
	http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", message, err), code)
	if code >= 500 {
		log.Warnf("server error: %s: %s", err)
	}
}

// return a 500 error and log
func internalWebError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
	webErrorWithCode(w, "internalWebError", err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
}

func getFilename(s string) string {
	if (strings.HasPrefix(s, ipfsPathPrefix) || strings.HasPrefix(s, ipnsPathPrefix)) && strings.Count(gopath.Clean(s), "/") <= 2 {
		// Don't want to treat ipfs.io in /ipns/ipfs.io as a filename.
		return ""
	}
	return gopath.Base(s)
}

func (i *gatewayHandler) searchUpTreeFor404(r *http.Request, parsedPath ipath.Path) (ipath.Resolved, string, error) {
	filename404, ctype, err := preferred404Filename(r.Header.Values("Accept"))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}

	pathComponents := strings.Split(parsedPath.String(), "/")

	for idx := len(pathComponents); idx >= 3; idx-- {
		pretty404 := gopath.Join(append(pathComponents[0:idx], filename404)...)
		parsed404Path := ipath.New("/" + pretty404)
		if parsed404Path.IsValid() != nil {
			break
		}
		resolvedPath, err := i.api.ResolvePath(r.Context(), parsed404Path)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		return resolvedPath, ctype, nil
	}

	return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("no pretty 404 in any parent folder")
}

func preferred404Filename(acceptHeaders []string) (string, string, error) {
	// If we ever want to offer a 404 file for a different content type
	// then this function will need to parse q weightings, but for now
	// the presence of anything matching HTML is enough.
	for _, acceptHeader := range acceptHeaders {
		accepted := strings.Split(acceptHeader, ",")
		for _, spec := range accepted {
			contentType := strings.SplitN(spec, ";", 1)[0]
			switch contentType {
			case "*/*", "text/*", "text/html":
				return "ipfs-404.html", "text/html", nil
			}
		}
	}

	return "", "", fmt.Errorf("there is no 404 file for the requested content types")
}

// Attempt to fix redundant /ipfs/ namespace as long as resulting
// 'intended' path is valid.  This is in case gremlins were tickled
// wrong way and user ended up at /ipfs/ipfs/{cid} or /ipfs/ipns/{id}
// like in bafybeien3m7mdn6imm425vc2s22erzyhbvk5n3ofzgikkhmdkh5cuqbpbq :^))
func fixupSuperfluousNamespace(w http.ResponseWriter, urlPath string, urlQuery string) bool {
	if !(strings.HasPrefix(urlPath, "/ipfs/ipfs/") || strings.HasPrefix(urlPath, "/ipfs/ipns/")) {
		return false // not a superfluous namespace
	}
	intendedPath := ipath.New(strings.TrimPrefix(urlPath, "/ipfs"))
	if err := intendedPath.IsValid(); err != nil {
		return false // not a valid path
	}
	intendedURL := intendedPath.String()
	if urlQuery != "" {
		// we render HTML, so ensure query entries are properly escaped
		q, _ := url.ParseQuery(urlQuery)
		intendedURL = intendedURL + "?" + q.Encode()
	}
	// return HTTP 400 (Bad Request) with HTML error page that:
	// - points at correct canonical path via <link> header
	// - displays human-readable error
	// - redirects to intendedURL after a short delay
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
	return redirectTemplate.Execute(w, redirectTemplateData{
		RedirectURL:   intendedURL,
		SuggestedPath: intendedPath.String(),
		ErrorMsg:      fmt.Sprintf("invalid path: %q should be %q", urlPath, intendedPath.String()),
	}) == nil
}