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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/09/21/go-1-7-bce/" itemprop="url">Go1.7+中的BCE(Bounds Check Elimination)</a></h1>
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<p>自go1.7+，我们可以在编译时开启对有潜在slice越界访问风险的语句进行提示。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">f1</span><span class="params">(s []<span class="keyword">int</span>)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="comment">// line 5: bounds check </span></span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="comment">// line 6: bounds check </span></span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">2</span>] <span class="comment">// line 7: bounds check </span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>此处代码并未对slice的使用进行边界校验，容易发生危险，因为 <code>s []int</code> 尺寸未知。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">go build -gcflags="-d=ssa/check_bce/debug=1" main.go</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># command-line-arguments</span><br><span class="line">./main.go:14:5: Found IsInBounds</span><br><span class="line">./main.go:15:6: Found IsInBounds</span><br><span class="line">./main.go:16:7: Found IsInBounds</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>当我们把上面的代码修改为:</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">f1</span><span class="params">(s []<span class="keyword">int</span>)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">len</span>(s) < <span class="number">3</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="comment">// line 5: bounds check</span></span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="comment">// line 6: bounds check</span></span><br><span class="line"> _ = s[<span class="number">2</span>] <span class="comment">// line 7: bounds check</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>再执行刚才的命令，就不会再提示有越界的可能了</p>
<p>原文地址(需梯子):</p>
<p><a href="http://www.tapirgames.com/blog/go-1.7-bce" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.tapirgames.com/blog/go-1.7-bce</a></p>
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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/09/20/go-mock-test/" itemprop="url">Go语言如何在没有实现功能的情况下写出完善的单元测试代码</a></h1>
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<h2 id="背景"><a href="#背景" class="headerlink" title="背景"></a>背景</h2><p>最近在研究用Go写一个自己的解释型语言，有一本书叫《Writing An Interpreter In Go》, 作者在讲解如何编写解释器的时候，都是从写一个<code>_test.go</code>开始的，也就是说作者习惯于先写单元测试，以测试驱动开发，其实这是一个非常好的习惯，不过，作者在写<code>_test.go</code>文件的时候，都是先假设这个结构体、函数已经存在了，并且没有把关键的对象抽象成接口，因此，作者在运行<code>go test</code>的时候，是无法完成测试的，因为连编译都过不了，必须一边完善代码，一边重复运行<code>go test</code>，一直到完成开发。</p>
<p>基于这种开发模式下，其实我更期望能有一个Mock实现，写测试代码的时候畅通无阻，即使是没有实现，也能把各个测试用例覆盖到，当真实的实现完成后，我们只需要把mock实现替换成真实的实现就好了。</p>
<p>这么做还带来另一个好处，如果公司有SDET岗位，则可以直接让测试人员编写单元测试，开发任务和测试任务可以并行。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="gomock-框架"><a href="#gomock-框架" class="headerlink" title="gomock 框架"></a>gomock 框架</h2><p>昨天闲着没事逛了逛 <a href="https://github.com/golang" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/golang</a>, 发现了一个非常有意思的框架: <a href="https://github.com/golang/mock" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gomock</a>, 官方的描述是，这是一个mocking framework, 在使用上也很简单，大致的步骤如下：</p>
<p>1、定义一个待实现的接口.</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> MyInterface <span class="keyword">interface</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> SomeMethod(x <span class="keyword">int64</span>, y <span class="keyword">string</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> GetSomething() <span class="keyword">string</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>2、使用<code>mockgen</code>生成mock代码.</p>
<p>3、测试:</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">TestMyThing</span><span class="params">(t *testing.T)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> mockCtrl := gomock.NewController(t)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">defer</span> mockCtrl.Finish()</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> mockObj := something.NewMockMyInterface(mockCtrl)</span><br><span class="line"> mockObj.EXPECT().SomeMethod(<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">"blah"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> mockObj.EXPECT().GetSomething.Return(<span class="string">"haha"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>看了这个步骤，想必大家应该猜到了，mocking framework 使用的是根据你的接口定义来自动生成一个Mock实现，我们还可以往这个实现里注入数据。</p>
<h3 id="期望接口调用参数"><a href="#期望接口调用参数" class="headerlink" title="期望接口调用参数"></a>期望接口调用参数</h3><p>我们可以通过 <code>.EXPECT()</code> 为这个mock对象注入期望值</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mockObj.EXPECT().SomeMethod(<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">"blah"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>测试通过:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mockObj.SomeMethod(<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="string">"blah"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>测试不通过:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mockObj.SomeMethod(<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">"bldah"</span>) <span class="comment">// 此处调用时直接会抛出错误</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>对于参数类型的期望，在调用这个Mock函数的时候会直接抛错异常</p>
<h3 id="期望返回值"><a href="#期望返回值" class="headerlink" title="期望返回值"></a>期望返回值</h3><p><code>.EXPECT()</code> 同样可以为某个函数注入返回值</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mockObj.EXPECT().GetSomething().Return(<span class="string">"haha"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>测试通过:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">"haha"</span> == mockObj.GetSomething() {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// -> 执行到这里</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>测试不通过:</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="string">"haha"</span> == mockObj.GetSomething() {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// -> 不会执行到这里</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>功能强的还不止这个，如果我们在测试一个循环，希望的是每次调用 <code>GetSomething()</code> 都返回不同的值，该怎么办？</p>
<p>答案很简单，依次调用</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gomock.InOrder(</span><br><span class="line"> mockObj.EXPECT().GetSomething().Return(<span class="string">"A"</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> mockObj.EXPECT().GetSomething().Return(<span class="string">"B"</span>),</span><br><span class="line"> mockObj.EXPECT().GetSomething().Return(<span class="string">"C"</span>),</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>接下来，让我们来实战一下吧。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="gomock-实战"><a href="#gomock-实战" class="headerlink" title="gomock 实战"></a>gomock 实战</h2><p>我们以《Writing An Interpreter In Go》这本书中的 <code>monkey</code> 语言的 <code>lexer</code> 作为例子</p>
<p>我们看一下 <code>monkey</code> 的目录结构：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">monkey> tree .</span><br><span class="line">.</span><br><span class="line">├── lexer</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── lexer.go</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── lexer_test.go</span><br><span class="line">│ └── mock_lexer</span><br><span class="line">│ └── mock_lexer.go</span><br><span class="line">└── token</span><br><span class="line"> └── token.go</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Lexer和Token"><a href="#Lexer和Token" class="headerlink" title="Lexer和Token"></a>Lexer和Token</h3><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">type Lexer interface {</span><br><span class="line"> NextToken() token.Token</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>lexer的功能很简单，每次调用<code>NextToken()</code>，都是返回下一个<code>Token</code><br><code>Token</code>的结构<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">type TokenType string</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">type Token struct {</span><br><span class="line"> Type TokenType // 类型</span><br><span class="line"> Literal string // 内容</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>比如下面的<code>go</code>语句</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> a = <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>lexter 在调用三次<code>NextToken()</code>后会得到三个Token, 依次是:</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Token{VAR, var}</span><br><span class="line">Token{IDENT, a}</span><br><span class="line">Token{INT, 1}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="测试思路"><a href="#测试思路" class="headerlink" title="测试思路"></a>测试思路</h3><p>其实测试方法就是：给定一段代码，用Lexer解析后，能得到指定顺序的Token，而<code>gomock</code>是完全可以实现的。</p>
<h3 id="使用gomock"><a href="#使用gomock" class="headerlink" title="使用gomock"></a>使用gomock</h3><h4 id="安装gomock"><a href="#安装gomock" class="headerlink" title="安装gomock"></a>安装gomock</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">go get github.com/golang/mock/gomock</span><br><span class="line">go get github.com/golang/mock/mockgen</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="生成mock代码"><a href="#生成mock代码" class="headerlink" title="生成mock代码"></a>生成mock代码</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mockgen -<span class="built_in">source</span> lexer.go -destination mock_lexer/mock_lexer.go</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="编写lexer-test-go"><a href="#编写lexer-test-go" class="headerlink" title="编写lexer_test.go"></a>编写lexer_test.go</h3><h4 id="测试数据"><a href="#测试数据" class="headerlink" title="测试数据"></a>测试数据</h4><p>input: 输入的语句<br>tokens: 期望的Token</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">getTestData</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="params">(input <span class="keyword">string</span>, tokens []token.Token)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> input = <span class="string">`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">let five = 5;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">let ten = 10;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">`</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> tokens = []token.Token{</span><br><span class="line"> {token.LET, <span class="string">"let"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.IDENT, <span class="string">"five"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.ASSIGN, <span class="string">"="</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.INT, <span class="string">"5"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.SEMICOLON, <span class="string">";"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.LET, <span class="string">"let"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.IDENT, <span class="string">"ten"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.ASSIGN, <span class="string">"="</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.INT, <span class="string">"10"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.SEMICOLON, <span class="string">";"</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> {token.EOF, <span class="string">""</span>},</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="生成一个真实的MonkeyLexer实例"><a href="#生成一个真实的MonkeyLexer实例" class="headerlink" title="生成一个真实的MonkeyLexer实例"></a>生成一个真实的MonkeyLexer实例</h4><p>当然，这里我们没有实现，所以返回是<code>nil</code></p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">newMonkeyLexer</span><span class="params">(input <span class="keyword">string</span>, excepts []token.Token, t *testing.T)</span> <span class="params">(l Lexer, deferFN <span class="keyword">func</span>()</span>)</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">nil</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// return NewMonkeyLexer(input), func() {}</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="构建MockLexer实例"><a href="#构建MockLexer实例" class="headerlink" title="构建MockLexer实例"></a>构建MockLexer实例</h4><p>由于没写完真正的lexer, 那么我们就开始Mock吧</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">newMockLexer</span><span class="params">(input <span class="keyword">string</span>, excepts []token.Token, t *testing.T)</span> <span class="params">(l Lexer, deferFN <span class="keyword">func</span>()</span>)</span> {</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 生成一个Mock实例</span></span><br><span class="line"> mockLexter := mock_lexer.NewMockLexer(ctrl)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 将期望值一次传递给 NextToken()</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 每次调用 NextToken() 也会依次获得期望值</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> i := <span class="number">0</span>; i < <span class="built_in">len</span>(excepts); i++ {</span><br><span class="line"> mockLexter.EXPECT().NextToken().Return(excepts[i])</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> l = mockLexter</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 用于清理</span></span><br><span class="line"> deferFN = <span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span><span class="params">()</span></span> { ctrl.Finish() }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>为了方便在mock实例和真实实例之间进行切换，我们可以通过环境变量来控制当前的测试实例是什么，如果要使用mock进行测试，我们只需要在运行 <code>go test</code> 前执行:</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">> export GO_MOCK_TEST=<span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">> GO_MOCK_TEST=<span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">go</span> test -v</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">newLexer</span><span class="params">(input <span class="keyword">string</span>, excepts []token.Token, t *testing.T)</span> <span class="params">(l Lexer, deferFN <span class="keyword">func</span>()</span>)</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> env := os.Getenv(<span class="string">"GO_MOCK_TEST"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> env == <span class="string">"1"</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> t.Log(<span class="string">"MOCK TEST ENABLED!!!"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> newMockLexer(input, excepts, t)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> newMonkeyLexer(input, excepts, t)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以下是真正的测试代码，在没真实实现<code>monkey lexer</code>的情况下，我们可以写测试代码了，而且如果运行 <code>go test -v</code> 也是能通过的。</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">TestNextToken</span><span class="params">(t *testing.T)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> input, excepts := getTestData()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> l, fn := newLexer(input, excepts, t) <span class="comment">// 生成 Lexer 对象</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">defer</span> fn() <span class="comment">// 清理</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> i, tt := <span class="keyword">range</span> excepts {</span><br><span class="line"> tok := l.NextToken() <span class="comment">// 获取下一个Token</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> tok.Type != tt.Type {</span><br><span class="line"> t.Fatalf(<span class="string">"tests[%d] - tokentype wrong. expected=%q, got=%q"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> i, tt.Type, tok.Type)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> tok.Literal != tt.Literal {</span><br><span class="line"> t.Fatalf(<span class="string">"tests[%d] - literal wrong. expected=%q, got=%q"</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> i, tt.Literal, tok.Literal)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>下载完整的代码：<br><a href="https://github.com/xujinzheng/monkey" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/xujinzheng/monkey</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="测试"><a href="#测试" class="headerlink" title="测试"></a>测试</h3><h4 id="使用mock实例进行测试"><a href="#使用mock实例进行测试" class="headerlink" title="使用mock实例进行测试"></a>使用mock实例进行测试</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">monkey> <span class="built_in">cd</span> lexer</span><br><span class="line">lexer> GO_MOCK_TEST=1 go <span class="built_in">test</span> -v</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">=== RUN TestNextToken</span><br><span class="line">--- PASS: TestNextToken (0.00s)</span><br><span class="line">PASS</span><br><span class="line">ok github.com/xujinzheng/monkey/lexer 0.007s</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="使用真实实例测试"><a href="#使用真实实例测试" class="headerlink" title="使用真实实例测试"></a>使用真实实例测试</h4><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">newMonkeyLexer</span><span class="params">(input <span class="keyword">string</span>, excepts []token.Token, t *testing.T)</span> <span class="params">(l Lexer, deferFN <span class="keyword">func</span>()</span>)</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> NewMonkeyLexer(input), <span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {}</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>我们将测试数据修改一下，假设 <code>ten=666</code>, 但不修改期望值，让测试报错</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">input = <span class="string">`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">let five = 5;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">let ten = 666;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">`</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>再次运行测试</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">monkey> <span class="built_in">cd</span> lexer</span><br><span class="line">lexer> go <span class="built_in">test</span> -v</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">=== RUN TestNextToken</span><br><span class="line">--- FAIL: TestNextToken (0.00s)</span><br><span class="line"> lexer_test.go:52: tests[8] - literal wrong. expected=<span class="string">"10"</span>, got=<span class="string">"666"</span></span><br><span class="line">FAIL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">exit</span> status 1</span><br><span class="line">FAIL github.com/xujinzheng/monkey/lexer 0.008s</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这里就报错了，说明我们的真实实例实现得有问题，需要修复这个BUG</p>
<p><code>gomock</code> 的使用到这里就结束了，除了上面介绍到的一些功能，<code>gomock</code> 还有很多其他丰富的方法，大家可以去 <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/mock/gomock" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GoDoc</a> 获取更详细的接口信息。</p>
<p>欢迎关注我的微信公众账号: <code>DeepIn-z</code></p>
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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2017/05/13/用Go语言写个外挂（上）/" itemprop="url">用Go语言写个外挂（上）</a></h1>
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<p>本人在一家互联网金融公司上班，对于一家互联网金融公司，最基本的功能就是客户入金和出金，而出金的稳定性是很重要的，出金不畅容易导致投资人恐慌，本文讲的是出金，出金接口我们对接的是招商银行的银企直联系统，那么银企直连系统是一个什么样的程序呢？</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/1.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>没错，这个程序是运行在Windows上的，并且需要插入USBKey才能正常工作，这就意味着，不能简单的使用命令行进行运维管理。</p>
<p>看到这里，做运维的同学的内心应该和我一样是崩溃的。。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/2.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>跟大家解释一下，这个服务是做什么的，大家可以把这个程序当成是我们的业务系统和招商银行沟通的信使，所有出金操作、查询操作都是通过这个信使来完成。</p>
<p>由于各种未知的原因，比如网络不稳定，或者USBKey插入时间过长产生了一些莫名其妙的错误，那么就需要人工去重启一下服务或重新登录一下账号，而且，这个工作有时候是在夜间操作的，这相当于要24小时待命啊，虽然故障频率不高，但这根弦始终是崩着的，这简直就是在破坏我的幸福美好生活啊。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/3.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>这种体力活的事情，我坚决不能干，所以一定要交给别人干。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/4.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>别想多了，【别人】也只能是个外挂而已，谁都不喜欢干这种人肉体力活。</p>
<p>所以凭借着我18岁那年的开发经验，脑子里想到了 Windows 的消息模型，使用 <code>SendMessage</code> 给对应的窗体控件句柄发送特定的事件不就搞定了么，异常自动重启使用 <code>CreateProcess</code> 不就行了吗？</p>
<p>天真的我脑子里已经充满了 <code>SendMessage</code> 的语句</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">LRESULT WINAPI <span class="title">SendMessage</span><span class="params">(</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ HWND hWnd,</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ UINT Msg,</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ WPARAM wParam,</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ LPARAM lParam</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params">)</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>有木有很熟悉的样子，惊不惊喜，开不开心？是不是感觉发送键盘点击事件、鼠标点击事件就OK了？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>后面会讲到，其实还需要很多工作才能完成一个比较完善可用的外挂软件，<code>SendMessage</code> 基本上只能解决一部分问题</p>
</blockquote>
<p>然而当我想完这些代码后，感觉还是太麻烦，因为按键精灵这类软件就能解决，为什么还要自己亲自操刀？不过最终放弃了这种念头，因为这是一个很重要的服务，说不定在未来会掌握好 <code>几千个亿</code> 的资金命运，如果安装了不明软件，资金安全如何得以保障？？？绝对不能这么草草的做这种决定，所以还是决定老老实实的撸代码了。。。</p>
<p>用什么语言是个问题，在Windows上可以使用 <code>C++</code> , <code>C#</code> 系列，而且<code>C#</code>我记得有一个automation框架可以完成类似的操作，不过本人最近这3年一直在使用 <code>golang</code>，前两种语言目前也只是偶尔用用的节奏，所以基本处于手生的状态，而 <code>golang</code> 本身也支持使用 <code>syscall</code> 来调用 <code>windows</code> 的 <code>DLL</code>（动态链接库），所以果断使用 <code>golang</code>, 因为这个外挂大部分的WinAPI都在 <code>user32.dll</code> 和 <code>kernel32.dll</code> 里，我们只需要能加载这几个<code>DLL</code> 就可以调用强大的 <code>WinAPI</code> 了</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/5.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>大家可以使用 PE Explorer 查看一个DLL有哪些输出函数</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> moduser32 = syscall.NewLazyDLL(<span class="string">"user32.dll"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> procSendMessage = moduser32.NewProc(<span class="string">"SendMessageW"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> procPostMessage = moduser32.NewProc(<span class="string">"PostMessageW"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">SendMessage</span><span class="params">(hwnd HWND, msg <span class="keyword">uint32</span>, wParam, lParam <span class="keyword">uintptr</span>)</span> <span class="title">uintptr</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> ret, _, _ := procSendMessage.Call(</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">uintptr</span>(hwnd),</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">uintptr</span>(msg),</span><br><span class="line"> wParam,</span><br><span class="line"> lParam)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> ret</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>大家可以看到，在这里我们使用的是<code>SendMessageW</code>，而不是<code>SendMessageA</code>，因为<code>go</code>语言底层调用<code>DLL</code>接口时，传入的是<code>utf16</code>，看看下面的代码就明白了</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">SetWindowText</span><span class="params">(hwnd HWND, text <span class="keyword">string</span>)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> procSetWindowText.Call(</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">uintptr</span>(hwnd),</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">uintptr</span>(unsafe.Pointer(syscall.StringToUTF16Ptr(text))))</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这是一个设置窗体标题的API，第一个参数是窗体句柄，第二个参数大家可以看到，是将go语言的字符串转换成UTF16格式，并获取其指针。</p>
<p>另外值得注意的是，如果我们编译出来的程序是<code>32位</code>的，那么尽量不要用来作为<code>64位</code>程序的外挂，因为有很多复杂一点的功能无法实现，后续会提到这个部分，<code>银企直连</code> 这个服务是32位的，因此我们的go语言也是安装的32位的，同时为了更好的编译测试，我的虚拟机装的是 <code>Win2008 R2 32位</code> 操作系统</p>
<p>那么我们应该如何向一个窗体发送消息呢？能不能先做实验，不写代码呢？答案是肯定的，我们先请出我们的神器，<code>Spy++</code></p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/6.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>将瞄准器拖拽到具体的窗口上，就会得到窗口的句柄，我们可以通过 FindWindowW 或 EnumChildWindows 来实现相同的功能</p>
</blockquote>
<p>银企直连正常工作需要两个步骤</p>
<ol>
<li>启动HTTP服务监听</li>
<li>登录</li>
</ol>
<p>我们先看看启动HTTP监听按钮</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/7.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>我们使用<code>spy++</code>抓到了这个ToolBar的句柄</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/8.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>然后用 <code>spy++</code> 向第一个按钮发送鼠标点击事件，那么就可以开启监听了</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/9.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>点击动作在Windows消息来看，是分为两个动作，一个是 <code>WM_LBUTTONDOWN</code> 而另一个是 <code>WM_LBUTTONUP</code> ，所以我们需要发送两次事件，当完成这两次发送后，我们可以看到下面的界面</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/10.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>没错，其实这里是一个坑，启动监听还不好好启动，非得弹出一个消息框，同时伴随着的是<code>spy++</code>卡死了，为什么呢？ 因为我们使用的是<code>SendMessage</code>，这是一个同步的过程，因为出现了消息框，所以<code>spy++</code>还未收到返回消息，所以就卡死了。当我们点击完 确认 按钮后就可以恢复了，当然我们也可以使用 <code>PostMessage</code> ，不过这个接口只适合不在乎执行结果的情况下执行。</p>
<p>好了，这里我们出现了第一个坑：有弹窗，我们的外挂需要自动识别，并且能够自动关闭弹窗。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/11.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>OK, 我们继续，我们该开始登陆了</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/12.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>刚才我们 <code>SendMessage</code> 里的WPARAM是1，那么，这个按钮是4</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/13.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>继续使用 <code>spy++</code> 发送消息</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/14.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>模拟完发送，整个人一下子就不好了，因为这个按钮根本就没有反应，后面的两个参数你也不知道到底传什么好，就在陷入了整个困局的时候，发现我们其实可以通过快捷键 <code>ctrl+b</code> 完成监听， <code>ctrl+i</code> 进入登录界面</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/15.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>此时未插入USBKey</p>
</blockquote>
<p>所以，我们需要使用另外一个API: <code>SendInput</code>, 包括后面的密码输入，也一样要使用这个API</p>
<p>我们看一下这个API的定义</p>
<figure class="highlight c++"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function">UINT WINAPI <span class="title">SendInput</span><span class="params">(</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ UINT nInputs, <span class="comment">// 按键数量</span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ LPINPUT pInputs, <span class="comment">// 按键内容数组</span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params"> _In_ <span class="keyword">int</span> cbSize <span class="comment">// 数组内容结构体的尺寸</span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params">)</span></span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>看上去很心塞，一堆参数。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/16.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>由于本文讲解的是调研篇，我们此处假设<code>SendInput</code>可以完成快捷键的按键模拟，密码输入的按键模拟，实际上这个API确实是可以工作的，因为这个接口是真实的模拟键盘输入，不针对某个窗口句柄。</p>
<p>接下来我们会迎来第二个坑，如果USBKey正常工作，那么用户名里的的内容是自动填写好的，如图：</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/17.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>这个用户名是从USBKey里读出来的，读取是需要时间的，因此我们可以在这里不停的向这个文本框发送<code>WM_GETTEXT</code> 消息，拿到用户名，如果用户名是预期的数据，我们就认为此时USBKey是正常工作的，否则如果长时间用户名未成功加载，则说明USBKey工作异常，应该发送报警信息。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/18.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/19.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/20.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>我们大概会得到如下几类错误</p>
<ul>
<li>密码错误</li>
<li>通讯故障</li>
<li>USBKey有问题</li>
</ul>
<p>对于密码错误这个问题，我们的外挂应该立即停止工作，因为密码输入次数超过限制，USBKey将会锁定，公司出金服务就挂了。。。。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/21.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>为什么会密码输入错误呢？因为很有可能在自动输入时，被其他程序干扰了一下<br>我们在代码中会尽量用 <code>SetForegroundWindow</code> 让窗口保持在最前面，成为激活状态</p>
</blockquote>
<p>那么对于通讯故障，解决的办法就只能是重新尝试了</p>
<p>剩下的问题，我个人认为发出报警，人工处理一下会比较合适。</p>
<p>此时迎来两个新问题，</p>
<ol>
<li>我们如何知道消息框里的内容是什么</li>
<li>我们如何知道外挂登录成功了呢？</li>
</ol>
<p>对于第一个问题，我们可以通过 <code>EnumChildWindows</code> 来遍历这个消息框的孩子句柄，然后通过 <code>GetWindowText</code> 就可以知道是什么内容了。</p>
<p>我们重点来讨论第二个问题</p>
<p>此处有两种解法:</p>
<ol>
<li>向招行发起查询请求，如果能查询到数据，说明登录成功</li>
<li>检查登陆信息里的内容</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/22.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>登陆信息列表</p>
</blockquote>
<p>为了提升难度，我们选择方案2 </p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/23.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>这种方法是比较困难的，有困难，我们要解决，没有困难我们也要创造困难来解决。。。。</p>
<p>为什么难呢？</p>
<p>因为我们没办法通过<code>SendMessage</code> 发送 <code>WM_GETTEXT</code> 事件获取内容，但是我们可以通过 <code>LVM_GETITEMTEXT</code> 来获取 listview 的列表内容</p>
<p>BUT….. 跨进程这么拿是拿不到的，同时，不同位数的进程，也是拿不到数据的。</p>
<p>如何解决？</p>
<p>我们需要使用API <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> 向银企直联进程申请一块内存空间，用于我们的外挂进程和银企直联进行数据沟通，当我们发送 <code>LVM_GETITEMTEXT</code> 消息之前，我们需要把参数信息写到这个内存块里，然后再使用<code>SendMessage</code>，ListView的数据会写到这个内存块，最后我们通过 <code>ReadProcessMemory</code> 来读取获取到列表的数据</p>
<p>这里就是为什么<code>32位</code>不能读<code>64位</code>程序的内容的原因了，虽然我们可以使用<code>WriteProcessMemory</code> 和 <code>ReadProcessMemory</code> 来写入和读取进程内存里的数据，但是由于通过这种机制进行交互，指针大小是不同的，通过<code>SendMessage</code>指令虽然能执行成功，但是回写的数据内容会跑飞。</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/24.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>箭头代表数据流向，所有的API调用都是在外挂这边完成的</p>
</blockquote>
<p>整个流程大概就是这样的，我们需要借助远程进程的内存块来做数据交互，但最后切记一定要使用<code>VirtualFreeEx</code> 释放掉不用的内存块。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>此处应该有总结：</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>使用模拟键盘的方法开启监听和进入到登录界面而非<code>SendMessage</code></li>
<li>通过远程申请内存块的方式获取登录结果内容</li>
<li>需要判断弹出消息框的内容，用以判断是否有异常，同时需要关闭这些消息窗口</li>
</ol>
<p>到此为止，关键的技术内容我们已经调研完了，下一篇内容我们会讲如何使用go语言实现一个真正可用的外挂。<br>我们先来预览几个外挂的截图吧：</p>
<p>外挂工作中…..</p>
<p><img src="/images/waigua/25.png" alt="image.png"></p>
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<a class="post-title-link" href="/2016/06/01/micro-research-node-communicate/" itemprop="url">Micro - 服务间的通讯浅析</a></h1>
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<time title="创建于" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2016-06-01T15:52:35+08:00">2016-06-01</time>
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<h4 id="传输层-Transport"><a href="#传输层-Transport" class="headerlink" title="传输层 (Transport )"></a>传输层 (Transport )</h4><p>目前官方支持的Transport</p>
<ul>
<li>HTTP</li>
<li>NATS</li>
<li>Rabbitmq</li>
</ul>
<p>Transport的作用</p>
<ul>
<li>将传输的内容统一成如下格式，并序列化成</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Message <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line">Header <span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>]<span class="keyword">string</span></span><br><span class="line">Body []<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>服务 Node 和 Node 之间的消息传输</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="协议-Codec"><a href="#协议-Codec" class="headerlink" title="协议 (Codec)"></a>协议 (Codec)</h4><p>目前支持的协议</p>
<ul>
<li>JSON</li>
<li>PROTOBUF</li>
</ul>
<p>服务底层的协议格式</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Message <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line">Header <span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>]<span class="keyword">string</span></span><br><span class="line">Body []<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="Q-amp-A"><a href="#Q-amp-A" class="headerlink" title="Q&A"></a>Q&A</h3><ol>
<li><em>两个服务节点之间是否可以支持使用不同的 <code>Transport</code></em></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>不支持，因为传输层是需要进行数据序列化和反序列化的，同时节点通讯其实是Transport的Client和Server进行通讯。（Server部分可以使用martini, gin, echo 等框架实现，但是他们同属于HTTP范畴，所以可以认定为相同的Transport）</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><em>服务于服务之间是如何传输的，如果客户端使用某种协议时，服务端是如何响应并解码的？</em></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Micro 服务是基于 Transport 进行的，Transport 可以有多种实现方式，例如 RabbitMQ，NSQ，HTTP，NTATS……，由于不同的Transport有自己的协议，例如HTTP的协议我们基本可以认为他会分为 Header 和 Body 两个部分，因此，HTTP Transport 的实现就会把请求里的HTTP Request Header 作为 Message 里的 Header， Body 也直接从请求里获取，也就正好填充了 Message 这个结构体，Micro Server 根据 Header 里的 Content-Type 来确定使用哪一种 Codec 来进行解码，目前只有JSON和 ProtoBuf，Codec 的作用是将Body里的数据解码到具体的服务的协议。</p>
</blockquote>
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