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LaTeX-inspired mini-language in text

In most text fields, you can make use of the following LaTeX-inspired features.

An example

Here's an example to get you started:

Text can contain some simple LaTeX macros, for instance
for \textbf{bold text} and \emph{italic text}.

Use two line breaks to start a new paragraph. You
can use inline math like \(\alpha=\sum_j\beta_j\) and
display equations like
\begin{align}
    S_1 &= I\,X\,Z\,Z\,X\ ;  \nonumber\\
    S_2, \ldots, S_4 &= \text{cyclical permutations of \(S_1\)}\ .
    \label{eq:stabilizers}
\end{align}

Refer to equations with \eqref{eq:stabilizers}, etc. ...

Bold, emphasis, special characters

  • Leave a blank line to start a new paragraph. Whitespace is simplified as usual in LaTeX, i.e., consecutive spaces will not insert more space.

  • The macros \emph{...}, \textit{...}, and \textbf{...} can be used for italic or for bold text.

  • Input accents, special characters, etc., directly as Unicode: éàààé😅Á. Note that source files should always be encoded using the UTF-8 encoding. You can use pretty quotes ‘ ’ “ ”; dashes — (em dash), – (en dash, for ranges); spaces   (non-breaking space),   (em space),   (thin space), etc.

  • Protect characters that might have a special meaning using the following macros: \textbackslash (backslash character), \ (force a space), \{ (open brace), \} (closing brace), \% (percent character), \& (ampersand), \$ (dollar sign), \# (number sign).

Math

  • Math expressions can be written as \( ... \), they will be rendered into pretty formulas using MathJaX. You can use standard LaTeX math commands in equations, as supported e.g. by AMS-TeX (\sim, \langle, etc.). You can also use \bra{\phi} and \ket{\psi}.

  • Use the \begin{align} ... \end{align} and \begin{gather} ... \end{gather} environments for display equations, and you can use \begin{split} ... \end{split} within a display equation. You can use \label{eq:...} inside the equation environments and you can refer to labeled equations with \eqref{eq:...}. Do not use (\ref{eq:...}). The label must start with the prefix eq:. You can also use \[ ... \] for unnumbered display equations.

Lists

  • Create numbered lists using \begin{enumerate} \item ... \item ... \end{enumerate}.

  • Create bullet-point lists with \begin{itemize} \item ... \end{itemize}.

  • You can customize the enumeration label with an optional argument. In the optional argument value, the first occurence of 1, a, A, i, I will be replaced by the list item number formatted respectively as an arabic numeral (1, 2, ...), a lowercase latin letter (a, b, ...), an uppercase latin letter (A, B, ...), a lowercase roman numeral (i, ii, iii, iv, ...), and an uppercase roman numeral (I, II, III, IV, ...).

    \begin{enumerate}[(a)]   %% → (a), (b), ...
\begin{enumerate}[i)]    %% → i), ii), ...
\begin{enumerate}[{1]}]  %% → 1], 2], ...
\begin{itemize}[{⇒}]     %% → bullet character '⇒'

Citations

  • Cite relevant papers by their arXiv number as \cite{arxiv:XXXX.XXXXX} or \cite{arxiv:quant-ph/XXXXXXX}, or using their DOI as \cite{doi:10.ZZZZZZ}.

    DOIs are automatically retrieved for arXiv citations, so please use arXiv identifiers whenever possible. If the DOI is not retreived correctly (e.g., it is not listed correctly on the arXiv page), then please add a line in the file citation_extras/citation_hints.yml (in the data repo), specifically in the arxiv_to_doi_override: section. You can also file an issue in this repo so that we take care of this addition.

    Citations can be combined as in LaTeX: \cite{arxiv:XXX,arxiv:YYY,doi:ZZZ}. If there is neither an arxiv number nor a DOI number available, you can enter a citation manually as \cite{manual:{A. Smith et al., \emph{Journal of Weird Stuff} 12:\textbf{A}, 1003--1592 (1943)}}.

References to other codes and external links

  • Reference other codes using \ref{code:<other-code-id>}. To set a custom label to show, you can use \hyperref[code:<other-code-id>]{link text}.

  • Insert hyperlinks to other web pages as \href{https://example.com/example/page}{shown link text} or with \url{https://example.com/example/page}.

  • Insert references to figures and tables with \ref{figure:my-figure-label} and \ref{table:my-table-label}. In contrast to LaTeX' usual behavior, the output of these commands includes the words “Figure” or “Table”, i.e., you get Figure X or Table X.

  • You can insert footnotes with \footnote{...}. Footnotes should be avoided in general.

Sections, paragraphs, and definition terms

  • Sectioning: Use \subsection{Title} and \paragraph{Title} to generate sub-headings and to split a long field (such as description) into logical sub-parts. You can pin labels with \label{sec:label-name} (use sec: for both subsections and paragraphs; although see also topic: labels below). Then \ref{sec:...} will expand to a link with the section/paragraph title, also from other pages in the zoo. The section label must be unique across the zoo!

  • Definition of technical terms: Use \begin{defterm}{<term>} ... \end{defterm} to define a technical term (e.g., Knill-Laflamme conditions). You can then later refer to that term using the syntax \term{<term>} from anywhere else in the zoo. You must provide the term with the exact same spelling (including character case). If the term needs to be altered for integration in a sentence, use \term[<original term>]{display term}.

  • Topic labels: You can pin down labels of the form \label{topic:<label-name>}, with the prefix topic:, to designate a location that discusses or explains a particular topic that you might want to refer to from somewhere else. These labels can be pinned to sections, paragraphs, and defterm environments. Using topic: labels has the advantage of later changing the label target from, say, a defterm environment to a section heading, without having to change the label. For instance, you can use \label{topic:CSS-to-homology-correspondence} in a defterm environment and then later decide to change the defterm into a section instead.

Figures and tables

  • You can use the float environments \begin{figure} ... \end{figure} and \begin{table} ... \end{table}. The syntax of these environments is as follows:

    \begin{figure}
    \includegraphics{figure_file_name}
    \caption{Your figure can have a caption}
    \label{figure:my-figure-label}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
    \begin{cells}
      \celldata{
        (... table content, see below...)
      }
    \end{cells}
    \caption{Your table can have a caption}
    \label{table:my-table-label}
\end{table}

    Both of these environments produce a break in the text (they place their content immediately), in contrast to their standard LaTeX implementation. However, you should avoid counting on this behavior, and use the standard label-ref mechanism to refer to the figure from the main text.

    You may omit both \caption and \label commands to generate a figure without any caption. If you specify a \label and omit the \caption command, a figure with the simple legend text “Figure X” or “Table X” will be generated.

    You can also use the label to reference the figure from the main text with \ref{figure:my-figure-label}. The label prefix figure: or table: must match the float environment name. In contrast to standard LaTeX, the \ref command will include the word “Figure” or “Table” along with the reference. In this regard, \ref acts more like LaTeX/cleveref's \cref command.

    Our parser is very picky about the syntax of commands within float environments and will issue errors if you deviate from it.

  • Figure images: The figure_file_name must be the name of an image file that is in the code YAML file tree, which is searched relative to the code YAML file's path. In figure_file_name, the file name extension (e.g., .svg) can be omitted. The preferred file structure for codes that have image files is to place the code YAML file along with the image files in their own, separate folder that is specific to that code.

    You may not specify optional sizing/trimming/cropping arguments to the \includegraphics command. Please prepare your figure directly at the correct size. Bear in mind that if you have text elements in your figure, then resizing the figure will cause a visual mismatch with the article text appearance. See notes on images below.

  • Tables: We now support an experimental mechanism for building pretty tables. The table's data is given through the \begin{cells}...\end{cells} environment. See below for a description of the syntax for specifying table contents.

Image files

The preferred file format is a vector SVG file.

The size at which you place elements in your SVG file is important. The stated physical dimensions that are present in the SVG file are used to place the image at the correct size and resolution to match the surrounding article. General text should be typeset preferably using the ‘Source Sans 3’ font at 10 point size, to match the typography of the surrounding article. (You can place smaller or bigger text for axis markers, or use a different font if it's necessary, or etc.; use your good judgment and common sense. We'll come back to you in case we'd prefer some changes.)

Be sure also to set the page dimensions of your SVG document correctly to match the size of your graphic, with the correct scale for rendering on our web page. If you use Inkscape, you can select “File” → “Document Properties” → “Resize page to drawing or selection” and make sure you have reasonable figure dimensions. Please keep your figure width to at most 12cm (4.7in) to ensure a good page layout without the user having to scroll the figure horizontally.

If you set the SVG image's dimensions in units of pixels ("px"), we'll assume a resolution of 96 DPI (as per web standards). [If you're using Affinity Designer, set the document resolution to 96 dpi, and uncheck ‘Set viewBox’ in the SVG export options.]

You can also use PNG or JPG/JPEG files. Please make sure you set the physical resolution (DPI) of the image correctly, as this information is honored to determine the figure size. Most graphics software will allow you to adjust this setting (look for "physical dimensions", "dots-per-inch", "pixels-per-inch", or "DPI"). In GIMP, you can set the resolution with "Image" -> "Resize" and providing any two of physical dimensions (e.g., mm,cm,in,pt), pixel dimensions, and DPI. Please keep your figure width to at most 12cm (4.7in) to obtain a good page layout without the user having to scroll the figure horizontally.

Table Contents — Cells

The syntax for the table cells is as follows:

\begin{cells}
  \celldata{
     One & Two & Three \\
     Four & Five & Six
  }
  [ ... ]
\end{cells}

The {cells} environment may contain any number of calls to the macros \celldata and \cell. Each such macro call adds new cells to the table. The macros have the following syntax:

  • \cell{contents}, \cell<style1 style2 ...>{contents}, \cell[location]{contents}, \cell<styles...>[location]{contents}: Add a single cell to the table. Unless a location is specified, the cell is added in the next column on the current row.

    The [location] can either specify a column [COL] (will use the current row) or a pair [ROW;COL]. Each of COL and ROW can be:

    • a row/column number (row and column numbers start at 1);

    • left empty, or set to the character ., to mean the current row/column;

    • a \merge{INDEXRANGE} command to create a merged cell spanning multiple rows/columns. Here, the INDEXRANGE can be comma-separated numbers (e.g., 1,2,3 to include the given row/column numbers), including ranges specified as START-END (such as e.g. 2-4 for row/column indices 2 through 4, included) as well as START+NUMBER to include NUMBER columns starting at index number START (e.g., 2+3 will include column numbers 2, 3 and 4). Ranges can be combined, separated by commas, but in any case the INDEXRANGE must correspond to a contiguous set of indices.

    The <styles...> argument specifies the style that will be applied to the cell. See information on cell styles below. You can specify multiple styles by separating them with spaces.

    Example: \cell<H l>[1;\merge{3-4}]{Hi!} will create a left-aligned (l) header (H) cell at row 1 and spanning the columns 3 and 4, with the contents “Hi!”.

  • \celldata{tabular data}, \celldata<cellstyles>{tabular data}, \celldata[locations]{tabular data}, \celldata<cellstyles>[locations]{tabular data}: A shorthand for sequentially adding multiple cells.

    The {tabular data} is specified as you'd do for the LaTeX \begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular} environment, by separating rows with \\ and separating columns with &.

    The cells can be placed at given locations, and each cell is styled according to the given styles.

    The optional [locations] is of the form of either [COLUMNS] or [ROWS;COLUMNS]. If ROWS are not specified, then rows are added sequentially starting from the current row. Each of ROWS and COLUMNS specify a sequence of row/column indices to which the given data will be assigned. For instance, \celldata[3,2,1]{A & B & C} will place A in the 3rd column, B in the 2nd column, and C in the 1st column. More specifically, ROWS and COLUMNS are specified a comma-separated list of indices, of ranges of the form START-END or START+NUMBER (see above), and of \merge{} commands (see above). Omitting START or END is interpreted as the current or the last index, respectively. For instance:

    • \celldata[2-5]{A & B & C & D\\ E & F & G & H} will place A, B, C, D in columns 2, 3, 4, 5 of the first row, and place E, F, G, H in columns 2, 3, 4, 5 of the following row;

    • \celldata[\merge{1,2},\merge{+2};4,6]{A & AA \\ B & BB} will place A in a merged cell spanning rows 1,2 and in column 4, AA in a merged call spanning rows 1,2 and in column 6, B in a merged call spanning rows 3,4 and in column 4, and BB in a merged call spanning rows 3,4 and in column 6.

    The styles is a comma-separated list of styles to apply to the different columns. The same style is applied to all provided cells of that column. The sequence corresponds to the given data, not the final column number. If there are fewer style specifications than columns, then the last style is repeated as necessary. For each column style you can specify multiple styles by separating them with spaces. For instance:

    • \celldata<H>{One & Two & Three} Creates three header (H) cells on a single row.

    • \celldata<H l, H c>{One & Two & Three} Creates one left-aligned (l) header (H) cell with content “One”, and two centered (c) header (H) cells with respective content “Two” and “Three”.

    You can also override the style and/or location for individual cells in the tabular data by wrapping that cell's content in an explicit \cell call. Styles are merged with any styles specified in the \celldata call. For instance, \celldata<H>{A & B & \cell<green>[\merge{+2}]{C}} will generate a row with a header cell A in the first column, a header cell B in the second column, and a green-background header cell C spanning the third and fouth columns.

Cell styles:

  • H — this cell is a column header. It will be typeset in a more prominent form (e.g., boldface with a light bottom border);

  • rH — this cell is a row header. It will be typeset more prominently (e.g., boldface);

  • l, c, r — align cell contents left, centered or right;

  • lvert, rvert — add a thin vertical border on the left or the right side of the cell;

  • green, blue, yellow, red — apply a background color to the cell to emphasize it in some way.