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ecrm_160331-inverse-transitive.owl
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:ecrm="http://erlangen-crm.org/current/"
xml:base="http://erlangen-crm.org/current/">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Erlangen CRM / OWL</rdfs:label>
<owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">ECRM 160331 / CIDOC-CRM 6.2.1</owl:versionInfo>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Changelog: https://github.com/erlangen-crm/ecrm/commits/master</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Erlangen CRM / OWL - An OWL DL 1.0 implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, based on: Nick Crofts, Martin Doerr, Tony Gill, Stephen Stead, Matthew Stiff (eds.): Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (http://cidoc-crm.org/).
This implementation has been originally created by Bernhard Schiemann, Martin Oischinger and Günther Görz at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Computer Science, Chair of Computer Science 8 (Artificial Intelligence) in cooperation with the Department of Museum Informatics of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg and the Department of Biodiversity Informatics of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn.
The Erlangen CRM / OWL implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Ontology>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E21_Person">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E39_Actor"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E20_Biological_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E21</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun
- Nelson Mandela
In First Order Logic:
E21(x) ⊃ E20(x)
E21(x) ⊃ E39(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E21 Person</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E18_Physical_Thing">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E18</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E18 Physical Thing</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E72_Legal_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set.
We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
Examples:
- the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
- the cave "Ideon Andron" in Crete (E26)
- the Mona Lisa (E22)
In First Order Logic:
E18(x) ⊃ E72(x)
E18(x) ⊃ E92(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E92_Spacetime_Volume"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E82_Actor_Appellation">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises any sort of name, number, code or symbol characteristically used to identify an E39 Actor.
An E39 Actor will typically have more than one E82 Actor Appellation, and instances of E82 Actor Appellation in turn may have alternative representations. The distinction between corporate and personal names, which is particularly important in library applications, should be made by explicitly linking the E82 Actor Appellation to an instance of either E21 Person or E74 Group/E40 Legal Body. If this is not possible, the distinction can be made through the use of the P2 has type mechanism.
Examples:
- "John Doe"
- "Doe, J"
- "the U.S. Social Security Number 246-14-2304"
- "the Artist Formerly Known as Prince"
- "the Master of the Flemish Madonna"
- "Raphael's Workshop"
- "the Brontë Sisters"
- "ICOM"
- "International Council of Museums"
In First Order Logic:
E82(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E82 Actor Appellation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E82</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E90_Symbolic_Object">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E90</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E90 Symbolic Object</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content.
An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
Examples:
- 'ecognizabl'
- The "no-smoking" sign (E36)
- "BM000038850.JPG" (E75)
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E38)
- The distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci's painting named "Mona Lisa" in daylight (E38)
- The Italian text of Dante's "Divina Commedia" as found in the authoritative critical edition La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (E33)
In First Order Logic:
E90(x) ⊃ E28(x)
E90(x) ⊃ E72(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E72_Legal_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E28_Conceptual_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E45_Address">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E45</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E45 Address</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiers expressed in coding systems for places, such as postal addresses used for mailing.
An E45 Address can be considered both as the name of an E53 Place and as an E51 Contact Point for an E39 Actor. This dual aspect is reflected in the multiple inheritance. However, some forms of mailing addresses, such as a postal box, are only instances of E51 Contact Point, since they do not identify any particular Place. These should not be documented as instances of E45 Address.
Examples:
- "1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan"
- "Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève"
In First Order Logic:
E45(x) ⊃ E44(x)
E45(x) ⊃ E51(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E51_Contact_Point"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E74_Group">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E39_Actor"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E74</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E74 Group</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of E39 Actors that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder
of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the Group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group..
A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
Examples:
- the impressionists
- the Navajo
- the Greeks
- the peace protestors in New York City on February 15 2003
- Exxon-Mobil
- King Solomon and his wives
- the President of the Swiss Confederation
- Nicolas Bourbaki
- Betty Crocker
- Ellery Queen
In First Order Logic:
E74(x) ⊃ E39(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E31_Document">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E31</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E73_Information_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E31 Document</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as a special case of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the term "document" in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.
Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32)
- The image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E38)
- the Doomsday Book
In First Order Logic:
E31(x) ⊃ E73(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E47_Spatial_Coordinates">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E47 Spatial Coordinates</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E47</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the textual or numeric information required to locate specific instances of E53 Place within schemes of spatial identification.
Coordinates are a specific form of E44 Place Appellation, that is, a means of referring to a particular E53 Place. Coordinates are not restricted to longitude, latitude and altitude. Any regular system of reference that maps onto an E19 Physical Object can be used to generate coordinates.
Examples:
- "6°5'29"N 45°12'13"W"
- "Black queen's bishop 4" [chess coordinate].
In First Order Logic:
E47(x) ⊃ E44(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E17_Type_Assignment">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E17</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of "determination", i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.
Examples:
- the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd
- the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr's garden as 'Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann', July 2003
In First Order Logic:
E17(x) ⊃ E13(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E17 Type Assignment</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E13_Attribute_Assignment"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E92_Spacetime_Volume">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Scope note:
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
Examples:
- the spacetime Volume of the Event of Ceasars murder
- the spacetime Volume where and when the carbon 14 dating of the "Schoeninger Speer II" in 1996 took place
- the spatio‐temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location
- the spacetime volume defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6th and 9th of August 2002
In First Order Logic:
E92(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E92</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E92 Spacetime Volume</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E5_Event">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses.
The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an 'instantaneous' change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
Examples:
- the birth of Cleopatra (E67)
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6)
- World War II (E7)
- the Battle of Stalingrad (E7)
- the Yalta Conference (E7)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)
- the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday
- the CIDOC Conference 2003 (E7)
In First Order Logic:
E5(x) ⊃ E4(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E5 Event</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E4_Period"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E5</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E70_Thing">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E77_Persistent_Item"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E70</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability.
They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
Examples:
- my photograph collection (E78)
- the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22)
- the plan of the Strassburger Muenster (E29)
- the thing on the top of Otto Hahn's desk (E19)
- the form of the no-smoking sign (E36)
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E27)
In First Order Logic:
E70(x) ⊃ E77(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E70 Thing</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E9_Move">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E9</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E9 Move</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.
Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
Examples:
- the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA
- the movement of the exhibition "Treasures of Tut-Ankh-Amun" 1976-1979
In First Order Logic:
E9(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E49_Time_Appellation">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E49 Time Appellation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E49</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Span.
The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may be relative to other time frames, "Before Christ" for example. Instances of E52 Time-Span are often defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. 'the duration of the Ming Dynasty'.
Examples:
- "Meiji" [Japanese term for a specific time-span]
- "1st half of the XX century"
- "Quaternary"
- "1215 Hegira" [a date in the Islamic calendar]
- "Last century"
In First Order Logic:
E49(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E4_Period">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E92_Spacetime_Volume"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E2_Temporal_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E4</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E4 Period</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies.
Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.
Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.
We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
Examples:
Jurassic
European Bronze Age
Italian Renaissance
Thirty Years War
Sturm und Drang
Cubism
In First Order Logic:
E4(x) ⊃ E2(x)
E4(x) ⊃ E92(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E81_Transformation">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E64_End_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item and the creation of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature and identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E77 Persistent Item are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E77 Persistent Item(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history and the reorganization of a corporate body into a new one.
Examples:
- the death and mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (transformation of Tut-Ankh-Amun from a living person to a mummy) (E69,E81,E7)
In First Order Logic:
E81(x) ⊃ E63(x)
E81(x) ⊃ E64(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E81 Transformation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E81</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E86_Leaving">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E86 Leaving</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E86</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.
Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton's duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702
- George Washington's leaving office in 1797
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland February 1. 1985
In First Order Logic:
E86(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E66_Formation">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E66</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E66 Formation</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people,
such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members
at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the
respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.
Examples:
the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group
the formation of the Soviet Union
the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar
In First Order Logic:
E66(x) ⊃ E7(x)
E66(x) ⊃ E63(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E25_Man-Made_Feature">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E25</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E26_Physical_Feature"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E24_Physical_Man-Made_Thing"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc.
No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding a feature as man-made. For example, rock art or even "cup and ring" carvings on bedrock a regarded as types of E25 Man-Made Feature.
Examples:
- the Manchester Ship Canal
- Michael Jackson's nose following plastic surgery
In First Order Logic:
E25(x) ⊃ E26(x)
E25(x) ⊃ E24(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E25 Man-Made Feature</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E46_Section_Definition">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises areas of objects referred to in terms specific to the general geometry or structure of its kind.
The 'prow' of the boat, the 'frame' of the picture, the 'front' of the building are all instances of E46 Section Definition. The class highlights the fact that parts of objects can be treated as locations. This holds in particular for features without natural boundaries, such as the "head" of a marble statue made out of one block (cf. E53 Place). In answer to the question 'where is the signature?' one might reply 'on the lower left corner'. (Section Definition is closely related to the term "segment" in Gerstl, P.& Pribbenow, S, 1996 " A conceptual theory of part – whole relations and its applications", Data & Knowledge Engineering 20 305-322, North Holland- Elsevier).
Examples:
- "the entrance lobby to the Ripley Center"
- "the poop deck of H.M.S Victory"
- "the Venus de Milo's left buttock"
- "left inner side of my box"
In First Order Logic:
E46(x) ⊃ E44(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E46 Section Definition</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E46</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E64_End_of_Existence">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E64</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E5_Event"/>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E64 End of Existence</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation.
Examples:
- the death of Snoopy, my dog
- the melting of the snowman
- the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356BC
In First Order Logic:
E64(x) ⊃ E5(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E42_Identifier">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.
Examples:
- "MM.GE.195"
- "13.45.1976"
- "OXCMS: 1997.4.1"
- ISSN "0041-5278"
- ISRC "FIFIN8900116"
- Shelf mark "Res 8 P 10"
- "Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)" [a controlled personal name heading that follows
the French rules]
In First Order Logic:
E42(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E42</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E42 Identifier</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E27_Site">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E27 Site</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E27</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E26_Physical_Feature"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.
Examples:
- the Amazon river basin
- Knossos
- the Apollo 11 landing site
- Heathrow Airport
- the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete
In First Order Logic:
E27(x)⊃ E26(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E12_Production">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E12 Production</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E12</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.
It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered "new" if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered "new" because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event.
An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
Examples:
- the construction of the SS Great Britain
- the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen
- Rembrandt's creating of the seventh state of his etching "Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove", 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12,E65,E81)
In First Order Logic:
E12(x) ⊃ E11(x)
E12(x) ⊃ E63(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E11_Modification"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E48_Place_Name">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E48</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E48 Place Name</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises particular and common forms of E44 Place Appellation.
Place Names may change their application over time: the name of an E53 Place may change, and a name may be reused for a different E53 Place. Instances of E48 Place Name are typically subject to place name gazetteers.
Examples:
- "Greece"
- "Athens"
- "Geneva"
- "Lac Léman"
In First Order Logic:
E48(x) ⊃ E44(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E89_Propositional_Object">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E89 Propositional Object</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are "about" something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
Examples:
- Maxwell's Equations
- The ideational contents of Aristotle's book entitled 'Metaphysics' as rendered in the Greek texts translated in … Oxford edition…
- The underlying prototype of any "no-smoking" sign (E36)
- The common ideas of the plots of the movie "The Seven Samurai" by Akira Kurosawa and the movie "The Magnificent Seven" by John Sturges
- The image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E38)
In First Order Logic:
E89(x) ⊃ E28(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E28_Conceptual_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E89</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E65_Creation">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E65 Creation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E65</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
Examples:
- the framing of the U.S. Constitution
- the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441
In First Order Logic:
E65(x) ⊃ E7(x)
E65(x) ⊃ E63(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E54_Dimension">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E54 Dimension</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
Examples:
- currency: £26.00
- length: 3.9-4.1 cm
- diameter: 26 mm
- weight: 150 lbs
- density: 0.85 gm/cc
- luminescence: 56 ISO lumens
- tin content: 0.46 %
- taille au garot: 5 hands
- calibrated C14 date: 2460-2720 years, etc
In First Order Logic:
E54(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E54</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E63_Beginning_of_Existence">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E63</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E63 Beginning of Existence</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem.
Examples:
- the birth of my child
- the birth of Snoopy, my dog
- the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
- the construction of the Eiffel Tower
In First Order Logic:
E63(x) ⊃ E5(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E5_Event"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E1_CRM_Entity">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model.
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
1.Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
2.Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to
3.Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
Examples:
the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
In First Order Logic:
E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E1</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E1 CRM Entity</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E39_Actor">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
Examples:
- London and Continental Railways (E40)
- the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
- Sir Ian McKellan (E21)
In First Order Logic:
E39(x) ⊃ E77(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E39 Actor</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E39</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E77_Persistent_Item"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E71_Man-Made_Thing">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units.
These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
Examples:
- Beethoven's 5th Symphony (E73)
- Michelangelo's David
- Einstein's Theory of General Relativity (E73)
- the taxon 'Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758' (E55)
In First Order Logic:
E71(x) ⊃ E70(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E71 Man-Made Thing</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E71</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E70_Thing"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E68_Dissolution">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E68 Dissolution</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E68</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an E74 Group of people.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an E7 Activity.
Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation
In First Order Logic:
E68(x) ⊃ E64(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E64_End_of_Existence"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E8_Acquisition">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E8</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E8 Acquisition</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Examples:
- the collection of a hammer-head shark of the genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes) XXXtbc by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on March 25th, 1940
- the acquisition of El Greco's "The Apostles Peter and Paul" by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg
- the loss of my stuffed chaffinch 'Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758' due to insect damage last year
In First Order Logic:
E8(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E77_Persistent_Item">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as "endurants" in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
Examples:
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Stonehenge
- the hole in the ozone layer
- the First Law of Thermodynamics
- the Bermuda Triangle
In First Order Logic:
E77(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E77 Persistent Item</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E77</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E75_Conceptual_Object_Appellation">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E75 Conceptual Object Appellation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E75</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all appellations specific to intellectual products or standardized patterns.
This class comprises appellations that are by their form or syntax specific to identifying instances of
E28 Conceptual Object, such as intellectual products, standardized patterns etc.
Examples:
- "ISBN 3-7913-1418-1"
- "ISO 2788-1986 (F)"
- "DOI=10.1109/MIS.2007.103"
In First Order Logic:
E75(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E19_Physical_Object">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E19 Physical Object</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E19</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E18_Physical_Thing"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called "bona fide objects" (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
Examples:
- John Smith
- Aphrodite of Milos
- the Palace of Knossos
- the Cullinan diamond
- Apollo 13 at the time of launch
In First Order Logic:
E19(x) ⊃ E18(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E13_Attribute_Assignment">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E13</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E13 Attribute Assignment</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any relation between two items or concepts.
This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through an action are characterised as "short cuts" of this action. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
In particular, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on if this information should be accessible by structured queries.
Examples:
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr's silver cup in February 1997
In First Order Logic:
E13(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E10_Transfer_of_Custody">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E10</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E10 Transfer of Custody</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of physical custody of objects between instances of E39 Actor.
The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances it may describe:
1. the beginning of custody
2. the end of custody
3. the transfer of custody
4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source
5. the declared loss of an object
The distinction between the legal responsibility for custody and the actual physical possession of the object should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). A specific case of transfer of custody is theft. The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody is in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. For instance, in the case of a set of cutlery we may require the majority of pieces having been in the hands of the actor regardless which individual pieces are kept over time.
The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Examples:
- the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery
- the return of Picasso's "Guernica" to Madrid's Prado in 1981
In First Order Logic:
E10(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E52_Time-Span">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration.
Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation.
Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known.
Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if data can be parsed into an E61 Time Primitive.
Examples:
- 1961
- from 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
- 14h30 - 16h22 4th July 1945
- 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
- duration of the Ming Dynasty
In First Order Logic:
E52(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E52 Time-Span</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E52</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E34_Inscription">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.
Examples:
- "keep off the grass" on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
- The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
- Kilroy was here
In First Order Logic:
E34(x) ⊃ E33(x)
E34(x) ⊃ E37(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E34 Inscription</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E34</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E37_Mark"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E33_Linguistic_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E37_Mark">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.
Examples:
Minoan double axe mark
©
In First Order Logic:
E37(x) ⊃ E36(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E37 Mark</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E36_Visual_Item"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E37</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/160331/E7_Activity">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E7 Activity</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E7</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
Examples:
- the Battle of Stalingrad