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ecrm_150929-inverse-transitive.owl
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
xmlns:ecrm="http://erlangen-crm.org/current/"
xml:base="http://erlangen-crm.org/current/">
<owl:Ontology rdf:about="">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Erlangen CRM / OWL - An OWL DL 1.0 implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, based on: Nick Crofts, Martin Doerr, Tony Gill, Stephen Stead, Matthew Stiff (eds.): Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (http://cidoc-crm.org/).
This implementation has been originally created by Bernhard Schiemann, Martin Oischinger and Günther Görz at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Computer Science, Chair of Computer Science 8 (Artificial Intelligence) in cooperation with the Department of Museum Informatics of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg and the Department of Biodiversity Informatics of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn.
The Erlangen CRM / OWL implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Changelog: https://github.com/erlangen-crm/ecrm/commits/master</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Erlangen CRM / OWL</rdfs:label>
<owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">ECRM 150929 / CIDOC-CRM 6.2</owl:versionInfo>
</owl:Ontology>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E57_Material">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E55_Type"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: "instances of gold".
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.
Examples:
- brick
- gold
- aluminium
- polycarbonate
- resin</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E57</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E57 Material</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E66_Formation">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people,
such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members
at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the
respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.
Examples:
the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group
the formation of the Soviet Union
the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar
In First Order Logic:
E66(x) ⊃ E7(x)
E66(x) ⊃ E63(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E66 Formation</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E66</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E93_Presence">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E93 Spacetime Snapshot</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E93</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E92_Spacetime_Volume"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Scope note:
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that result from intersection of instances of
E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E52 Time-Span. The identity of an instance of this class is determined by the identities of the constituing spacetime volume and the time-span. This class can be used to define temporal snapshots at a particular time-span, such as the extent of the Roman Empire at 33 B.C., or the extent occupied by a museum object at rest in an exhibit. In particular, it can be used to define the spatial projection of a spacetime volume during a particular time-span, such as the maximal spatial extent of a flood at some particular hour, or all areas covered by the Poland within the 20th century AD
In First Order Logic:
E93(x) ⊃ E92(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E37_Mark">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.
Examples:
Minoan double axe mark
the copyright sign ©
smileys
In First Order Logic:
E37(x) ⊃ E36(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E37 Mark</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E37</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E36_Visual_Item"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E24_Physical_Man-Made_Thing">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E24</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E18_Physical_Thing"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E71_Man-Made_Thing"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.
This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a "cup and ring" carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
Examples:
- the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
- the Channel Tunnel (E25)
- the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)
In First Order Logic:
E24(x) ⊃ E18(x)
E24(x) ⊃ E71(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E24 Physical Man-Made Thing</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E25_Man-Made_Feature">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E24_Physical_Man-Made_Thing"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E26_Physical_Feature"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E25 Man-Made Feature</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc.
No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding a feature as man-made. For example, rock art or even "cup and ring" carvings on bedrock a regarded as types of E25 Man-Made Feature.
Examples:
- the Manchester Ship Canal
- Michael Jackson's nose following plastic surgery
In First Order Logic:
E25(x) ⊃ E26(x)
E25(x) ⊃ E24(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E25</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E29_Design_or_Procedure">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E29 Design or Procedure</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in the modification or production of instances of E24 Physical Thing.
Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with)..
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes
2. A schema of the products that result from their application.
3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci's famous plans for flying machines.
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
Examples:
- the ISO standardisation procedure
- the musical notation of Beethoven's "Ode to Joy"
- the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom in Cologne, Germany
- The drawing on the folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486-1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan
In First Order Logic:
E29(x) ⊃ E73(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E29</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E73_Information_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E84_Information_Carrier">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E84</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E84 Information Carrier</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E22_Man-Made_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object.
An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general.
Examples:
- the Rosetta Stone
- my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment
- the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM
In First Order Logic:
E84(x) ⊃ E22(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E77_Persistent_Item">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E77</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as "endurants" in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
Examples:
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Stonehenge
- the hole in the ozone layer
- the First Law of Thermodynamics
- the Bermuda Triangle
In First Order Logic:
E77(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E77 Persistent Item</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E34_Inscription">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E33_Linguistic_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E37_Mark"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.
Examples:
- "keep off the grass" on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
- The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
- Kilroy was here
In First Order Logic:
E34(x) ⊃ E33(x)
E34(x) ⊃ E37(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E34 Inscription</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E34</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E70_Thing">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E70</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E70 Thing</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E77_Persistent_Item"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability.
They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
Examples:
- my photograph collection (E78)
- the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22)
- the plan of the Strassburger Muenster (E29)
- the thing on the top of Otto Hahn's desk (E19)
- the form of the no-smoking sign (E36)
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E27)
In First Order Logic:
E70(x) ⊃ E77(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E36_Visual_Item">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E36 Visual Item</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E36</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.
Examples:
- the visual appearance of Monet's "La Pie" (E38)
- the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
- the Chi-Rho (E37)
- the communist red star (E37)
In First Order Logic:
E36(x) ⊃ E73(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E73_Information_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E13_Attribute_Assignment">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E13</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E13 Attribute Assignment</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any relation between two items or concepts.
This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through an action are characterised as "short cuts" of this action. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
In particular, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on if this information should be accessible by structured queries.
Examples:
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr's silver cup in February 1997</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E69_Death">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the deaths of human beings.
If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence.
Examples:
- the murder of Julius Caesar (E69,E7)
- the death of Senator Paul Wellstone
In First Order Logic:
E69(x) ⊃ E64(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E69 Death</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E69</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E64_End_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E8_Acquisition">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Examples:
- the collection of a hammer-head shark of the genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes) XXXtbc by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on March 25th, 1940
- the acquisition of El Greco's "The Apostles Peter and Paul" by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg
- the loss of my stuffed chaffinch 'Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758' due to insect damage last year
In First Order Logic:
E8(x) ⊃ E7(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E8 Acquisition</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E8</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E14_Condition_Assessment">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that may be relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.
Examples:
- last year's inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village
In First Order Logic:
E14(x) ⊃ E13(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E14 Condition Assessment</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E14</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E13_Attribute_Assignment"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E92_Spacetime_Volume">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E92 Spacetime Volume</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Scope note:
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
Examples:
- the spacetime Volume of the Event of Ceasars murder
- the spacetime Volume where and when the carbon 14 dating of the "Schoeninger Speer II" in 1996 took place
- the spatio‐temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location
- the spacetime volume defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6th and 9th of August 2002
In First Order Logic:
E92(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E92</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E80_Part_Removal">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E11_Modification"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated E78 Collection. If the E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be regarded as both E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewelry, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.
Examples:
- the removal of the engine from my car
- the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection
In First Order Logic:
E80(x) ⊃ E11(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E80</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E80 Part Removal</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E31_Document">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E31 Document</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E31</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as a special case of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the term "document" in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.
Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32)
- The image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E38)
- the Doomsday Book
In First Order Logic:
E31(x) ⊃ E73(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E73_Information_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E4_Period">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E4 Period</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E2_Temporal_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E92_Spacetime_Volume"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and
space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the
associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense
that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can
overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time
as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations,
amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the
“Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are
regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the
associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent
phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth
can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities
performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical
things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which
these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that
period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the
air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we
assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over
islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as
islands or colonies.
Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of
the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use
of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that
the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that
these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for
instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.
Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however
there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that
an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a
whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it
continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.
We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is
intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue
of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing
each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines
two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a spacetime
volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance
of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence
depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is
unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by
historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately
1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists
that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be
regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the
Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4
Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a
settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
Examples:
- Jurassic
- European Bronze Age
- Italian Renaissance
- Thirty Years War
- Sturm und Drang
- Cubism
In First Order Logic:
E4(x) ⊃ E2(x)
E4(x) ⊃ E92(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E4</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E72_Legal_Object">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E72</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E70_Thing"/>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E72 Legal Object</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
Examples:
- the Cullinan diamond (E19)
- definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 2.1 (E73)
In First Order Logic:
E72(x) ⊃ E70(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E19_Physical_Object">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E19 Physical Object</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called "bona fide objects" (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
Examples:
- John Smith
- Aphrodite of Milos
- the Palace of Knossos
- the Cullinan diamond
- Apollo 13 at the time of launch
In First Order Logic:
E19(x) ⊃ E18(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E19</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E18_Physical_Thing"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E2_Temporal_Entity">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E2 Temporal Entity</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E2</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur
later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
Examples:
- Bronze Age (E4)
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)
In First Order Logic:
E2(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E49_Time_Appellation">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Span.
The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may be relative to other time frames, "Before Christ" for example. Instances of E52 Time-Span are often defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. 'the duration of the Ming Dynasty'.
Examples:
- "Meiji" [Japanese term for a specific time-span]
- "1st half of the XX century"
- "Quaternary"
- "1215 Hegira" [a date in the Islamic calendar]
- "Last century"
In First Order Logic:
E49(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E49 Time Appellation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E49</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E58_Measurement_Unit">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E58 Measurement Unit</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E58</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g.: "instances of cm".
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible. (ISO 1000:1992). Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.
Examples:
- cm [centrimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [meter]
- m/s [meters per second]
- A [Ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachme]
- C° [degrees centigrade]</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E55_Type"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E79_Part_Addition">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part.
Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated E78 Collection. Objects to which parts are added are, by definition, man-made, since the addition of a part implies a human activity. Following the addition of parts, the resulting man-made assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Collection over their lifespan.
Examples:
- the setting of the koh-i-noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother
- the addition of the painting "Room in Brooklyn" by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
In First Order Logic:
E79(x) ⊃ E11(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E79 Part Addition</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E11_Modification"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E79</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E75_Conceptual_Object_Appellation">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all appellations specific to intellectual products or standardized patterns.
This class comprises appellations that are by their form or syntax specific to identifying instances of
E28 Conceptual Object, such as intellectual products, standardized patterns etc.
Examples:
- "ISBN 3-7913-1418-1"
- "ISO 2788-1986 (F)"
- "DOI=10.1109/MIS.2007.103"
In First Order Logic:
E75(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E75 Conceptual Object Appellation</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E75</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E45_Address">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E45</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E45 Address</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiers expressed in coding systems for places, such as postal addresses used for mailing.
An E45 Address can be considered both as the name of an E53 Place and as an E51 Contact Point for an E39 Actor. This dual aspect is reflected in the multiple inheritance. However, some forms of mailing addresses, such as a postal box, are only instances of E51 Contact Point, since they do not identify any particular Place. These should not be documented as instances of E45 Address.
Examples:
- "1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan"
- "Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève"
In First Order Logic:
E45(x) ⊃ E44(x)
E45(x) ⊃ E51(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E51_Contact_Point"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E65_Creation">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E65 Creation</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
Examples:
- the framing of the U.S. Constitution
- the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441
In First Order Logic:
E65(x) ⊃ E7(x)
E65(x) ⊃ E63(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E7_Activity"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E65</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E32_Authority_Document">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E32</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E32 Authority Document</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.
Examples:
- Webster's Dictionary
- Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
- the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
In First Order Logic:
E32(x) ⊃ E31(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E31_Document"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E47_Spatial_Coordinates">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E47 Spatial Coordinates</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E47</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the textual or numeric information required to locate specific instances of E53 Place within schemes of spatial identification.
Coordinates are a specific form of E44 Place Appellation, that is, a means of referring to a particular E53 Place. Coordinates are not restricted to longitude, latitude and altitude. Any regular system of reference that maps onto an E19 Physical Object can be used to generate coordinates.
Examples:
- "6°5'29"N 45°12'13"W"
- "Black queen's bishop 4" [chess coordinate].
In First Order Logic:
E47(x) ⊃ E44(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E18_Physical_Thing">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E18</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E72_Legal_Object"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances
of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc.
Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to
the surrounding matter.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of
its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal,
volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical
thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of
physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous
spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set.
We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The
latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013).
By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing
without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume.
This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is
matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real
spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its
details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18
Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore
corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
Examples:
- the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
- the cave "Ideon Andron" in Crete (E26)
- the Mona Lisa (E22)
In First Order Logic:
E18(x) ⊃ E72(x)
E18(x) ⊃ E92(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E18 Physical Thing</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E92_Spacetime_Volume"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E73_Information_Object">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units.
The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of an E73 Information Object.
An E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
Examples:
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London
- E. A. Poe's "The Raven"
- the movie "The Seven Samurai" by Akira Kurosawa
- the Maxwell Equations
- The Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E89_Propositional_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E90_Symbolic_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E73</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E73 Information Object</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E3_Condition_State">
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E3</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span.
An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or
feature during a specific E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain
condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.
The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the E3
Condition State "condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August
1847" can be characterized as E55 Type "wrecked".
Examples:
- the "Amber Room" in Tsarskoje Selo being completely reconstructed from summer 2003 until now
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946
- the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25 December, 2002 (P2 has type: E55 Type "still not cooked")
In First Order Logic:
E3(x) ⊃ E2(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E3 Condition State</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E2_Temporal_Entity"/>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E27_Site">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E27 Site</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.
Examples:
- the Amazon river basin
- Knossos
- the Apollo 11 landing site
- Heathrow Airport
- the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete
In First Order Logic:
E27(x)⊃ E26(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E26_Physical_Feature"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E27</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E81_Transformation">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E63_Beginning_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E64_End_of_Existence"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item and the creation of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature and identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E77 Persistent Item are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E77 Persistent Item(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history and the reorganization of a corporate body into a new one.
Examples:
- the death and mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (transformation of Tut-Ankh-Amun from a living person to a mummy) (E69,E81,E7)
In First Order Logic:
E81(x) ⊃ E63(x)
E81(x) ⊃ E64(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E81</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E81 Transformation</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E48_Place_Name">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises particular and common forms of E44 Place Appellation.
Place Names may change their application over time: the name of an E53 Place may change, and a name may be reused for a different E53 Place. Instances of E48 Place Name are typically subject to place name gazetteers.
Examples:
- "Greece"
- "Athens"
- "Geneva"
- "Lac Léman"
In First Order Logic:
E48(x) ⊃ E44(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E48 Place Name</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E48</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E44_Place_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E55_Type">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E55 Type</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes.
E55 Type is the CRM's interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
Examples:
- weight, length, depth [types of E54]
- portrait, sketch, animation [types of E38]
- French, English, German [E56]
- excellent, good, poor [types of E3]
- Ford Model T, chop stick [types of E22]
- cave, doline, scratch [types of E26]
- poem, short story [types of E33]
- wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types of E5]
In First Order Logic:
E55(x) ⊃ E28(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E55</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E28_Conceptual_Object"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E1_CRM_Entity">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E1 CRM Entity</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model.
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
1. Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
2. Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to
3. Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
Examples:
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
In First Order Logic:
E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E1</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E54_Dimension">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E1_CRM_Entity"/>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
Examples:
- currency: £26.00
- length: 3.9-4.1 cm
- diameter: 26 mm
- weight: 150 lbs
- density: 0.85 gm/cc
- luminescence: 56 ISO lumens
- tin content: 0.46 %
- taille au garot: 5 hands
- calibrated C14 date: 2460-2720 years, etc
In First Order Logic:
E54(x) ⊃ E1(x)</rdfs:comment>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E54</skos:notation>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E54 Dimension</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E42_Identifier">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E42 Identifier</rdfs:label>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E42</skos:notation>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E41_Appellation"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.
Examples:
- "MM.GE.195"
- "13.45.1976"
- "OXCMS: 1997.4.1"
- ISSN "0041-5278"
- ISRC "FIFIN8900116"
- Shelf mark "Res 8 P 10"
- "Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)" [a controlled personal name heading that follows
the French rules]
In First Order Logic:
E42(x) ⊃ E41(x)</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E39_Actor">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E77_Persistent_Item"/>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E39</skos:notation>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
Examples:
- London and Continental Railways (E40)
- the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
- Sir Ian McKellan (E21)
In First Order Logic:
E39(x) ⊃ E77(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E39 Actor</rdfs:label>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E64_End_of_Existence">
<rdfs:label xml:lang="en">E64 End of Existence</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation.
Examples:
- the death of Snoopy, my dog
- the melting of the snowman
- the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356BC
In First Order Logic:
E64(x) ⊃ E5(x)</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E5_Event"/>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<skos:notation rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">E64</skos:notation>
</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:about="http://erlangen-crm.org/150929/E12_Production">
<rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Scope note:
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.