diff --git a/src/basic/vx_util/data_line.h b/src/basic/vx_util/data_line.h
index 791f5266d8..c7361d7652 100644
--- a/src/basic/vx_util/data_line.h
+++ b/src/basic/vx_util/data_line.h
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class DataLine {
       friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream &, const DataLine &);
       friend Logger & operator<<(Logger &, const DataLine &);
 
-   protected:
+   private:
 
       std::string Line;
       std::vector<std::string> Items;
diff --git a/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.cc b/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.cc
index 19bc538d02..d299f8cb8a 100644
--- a/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.cc
+++ b/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.cc
@@ -39,12 +39,6 @@ using namespace std;
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
-NumArray::NumArray() {}
-
-
-////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-
 NumArray::~NumArray()
 
 {
diff --git a/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.h b/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.h
index c1654c2b02..1d6dab93ab 100644
--- a/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.h
+++ b/src/basic/vx_util/num_array.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class NumArray {
 
    public:
 
-      NumArray();
+      NumArray() = default;
      ~NumArray();
       NumArray(const NumArray &);
       explicit NumArray(const std::vector<double> &a) : e(a) {};
diff --git a/src/basic/vx_util/observation.h b/src/basic/vx_util/observation.h
index caf03478af..8b6ba86409 100644
--- a/src/basic/vx_util/observation.h
+++ b/src/basic/vx_util/observation.h
@@ -208,11 +208,7 @@ class Observation
 
   }
 
-protected:
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Protected members //
-  ///////////////////////
+private:
 
   std::string _headerType;
   std::string _stationId;
@@ -230,6 +226,7 @@ class Observation
   double      _height;
   double      _value;
 
+protected:
 
   ///////////////////////
   // Protected methods //
diff --git a/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_key.h b/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_key.h
index bdc910b05a..28b021d8d9 100644
--- a/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_key.h
+++ b/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_key.h
@@ -168,11 +168,7 @@ class SummaryKey
     return _varCode < other._varCode;
   }
 
-protected:
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Protected members //
-  ///////////////////////
+private:
 
   std::string _headerType;
   std::string _stationId;
diff --git a/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_obs.h b/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_obs.h
index dd970824fe..e8383ab472 100644
--- a/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_obs.h
+++ b/src/libcode/vx_summary/summary_obs.h
@@ -51,21 +51,16 @@ class SummaryObs
    long countHeaders(std::vector< Observation > &obs_vector);
    long countSummaryHeaders();
    time_t getValidTime(const std::string &time_string) const;
-   TimeSummaryInfo getSummaryInfo();
+   TimeSummaryInfo getSummaryInfo() const;
    void setSummaryInfo(const TimeSummaryInfo &summary_info);
    StringArray getObsNames() const;
    StringArray getObsUnits() const;
    StringArray getObsDescs() const;
 
-protected:
+private:
 
   static const float FILL_VALUE;
 
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Protected members //
-  ///////////////////////
-
   bool dataSummarized;
   TimeSummaryInfo summaryInfo;
 
@@ -76,6 +71,8 @@ class SummaryObs
   StringArray obs_units;
   StringArray obs_descs;
 
+protected:
+
   ///////////////////////
   // Protected methods //
   ///////////////////////
@@ -263,7 +260,7 @@ inline StringArray           SummaryObs::getObsUnits() const    { return obs_uni
 inline StringArray           SummaryObs::getObsDescs() const    { return obs_descs;           }
 inline void                  SummaryObs::setSummaryInfo(const TimeSummaryInfo &summary_info)
                                                                 { summaryInfo = summary_info; }
-inline TimeSummaryInfo       SummaryObs::getSummaryInfo()       { return summaryInfo;         }
+inline TimeSummaryInfo       SummaryObs::getSummaryInfo() const { return summaryInfo;         }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
diff --git a/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/pair_data_genesis.cc b/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/pair_data_genesis.cc
index bed92a9e49..c79f60c27b 100644
--- a/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/pair_data_genesis.cc
+++ b/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/pair_data_genesis.cc
@@ -241,15 +241,14 @@ void PairDataGenesis::add_fcst_gen(const GenesisInfo *fgi) {
 
    if(!fgi) return;
 
-   GenesisPairDiff diff;
-
    // Add the unmatched forecast
    NPair++;
    BestStormId.add(na_str);
    InitTime.add(fgi->init());
    LeadTime.add(fgi->genesis_lead());
    FcstGen.emplace_back(fgi);
-   BestGen.emplace_back((GenesisInfo *) 0);
+   BestGen.emplace_back(nullptr);
+   GenesisPairDiff diff;
    GenDiff.emplace_back(diff);
 
    return;
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ void PairDataGenesis::add_best_gen(const GenesisInfo *bgi,
          BestStormId.add(bgi->storm_id());
          InitTime.add(init_ut);
          LeadTime.add(bgi->genesis_time() - init_ut);
-         FcstGen.emplace_back((GenesisInfo *) 0);
+         FcstGen.emplace_back(nullptr);
          BestGen.emplace_back(bgi);
          GenDiff.emplace_back(diff);
       }
@@ -313,7 +312,6 @@ void PairDataGenesis::add_gen_pair(const GenesisInfo *fgi,
    if(!fgi || !bgi) return;
 
    int i_case;
-   GenesisPairDiff diff;
 
    // Update an existing case
    if(has_case(bgi->storm_id(), fgi->init(), i_case)) {
@@ -328,6 +326,7 @@ void PairDataGenesis::add_gen_pair(const GenesisInfo *fgi,
       LeadTime.add(fgi->genesis_lead());
       FcstGen.emplace_back(fgi);
       BestGen.emplace_back(bgi);
+      GenesisPairDiff diff;
       GenDiff.emplace_back(diff);
    }
    
diff --git a/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/track_info.cc b/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/track_info.cc
index d2e6561294..a169146ece 100644
--- a/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/track_info.cc
+++ b/src/libcode/vx_tc_util/track_info.cc
@@ -192,11 +192,10 @@ ConcatString TrackInfo::serialize() const {
 ConcatString TrackInfo::serialize_r(int n, int indent_depth) const {
    Indent prefix(indent_depth);
    ConcatString s;
-   int i;
 
    s << prefix << "[" << n << "] " << serialize() << ", Points:\n";
 
-   for(i=0; i<NPoints; i++)
+   for(int i=0; i<NPoints; i++)
       s << Point[i].serialize_r(i+1, indent_depth+1);
 
    return s;
@@ -206,7 +205,6 @@ ConcatString TrackInfo::serialize_r(int n, int indent_depth) const {
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 void TrackInfo::assign(const TrackInfo &t) {
-   int i;
 
    clear();
 
@@ -238,7 +236,7 @@ void TrackInfo::assign(const TrackInfo &t) {
 
    extend(t.NPoints);
 
-   for(i=0; i<t.NPoints; i++) Point[i] = t.Point[i];
+   for(int i=0; i<t.NPoints; i++) Point[i] = t.Point[i];
 
    NPoints = t.NPoints;
 
@@ -522,13 +520,12 @@ bool TrackInfo::add(const ATCFTrackLine &l, bool check_dup, bool check_anly) {
 
 void TrackInfo::add_watch_warn(const ConcatString &ww_sid,
                                WatchWarnType ww_type, unixtime ww_ut) {
-   int i;
 
    // Check for a matching storm id
    if(storm_id() != ww_sid) return;
 
    // Loop over the TrackPoints
-   for(i=0; i<NPoints; i++) Point[i].set_watch_warn(ww_type, ww_ut);
+   for(int i=0; i<NPoints; i++) Point[i].set_watch_warn(ww_type, ww_ut);
 
    return;
 }
@@ -784,11 +781,10 @@ void TrackInfoArray::clear() {
 
 void TrackInfoArray::dump(ostream &out, int indent_depth) const {
    Indent prefix(indent_depth);
-   int i;
 
    out << prefix << "NTracks = " << Track.size() << "\n";
 
-   for(i=0; i<Track.size(); i++) {
+   for(int i=0; i<Track.size(); i++) {
       out << prefix << "TrackInfo[" << i+1 << "]:" << "\n";
       Track[i].dump(out, indent_depth+1);
    }
@@ -816,11 +812,10 @@ ConcatString TrackInfoArray::serialize() const {
 ConcatString TrackInfoArray::serialize_r(int indent_depth) const {
    Indent prefix(indent_depth);
    ConcatString s;
-   int i;
 
    s << prefix << serialize() << ", Tracks:\n";
 
-   for(i=0; i<Track.size(); i++)
+   for(int i=0; i<Track.size(); i++)
       s << Track[i].serialize_r(i+1, indent_depth+1) << "\n";
 
    return s;
@@ -830,11 +825,10 @@ ConcatString TrackInfoArray::serialize_r(int indent_depth) const {
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
 void TrackInfoArray::assign(const TrackInfoArray &t) {
-   int i;
 
    clear();
 
-   for(i=0; i<t.n(); i++) Track.emplace_back(t[i]);
+   for(int i=0; i<t.n(); i++) Track.emplace_back(t[i]);
 
    return;
 }
@@ -938,10 +932,9 @@ bool TrackInfoArray::has(const ATCFTrackLine &l) const {
 
 bool TrackInfoArray::erase_storm_id(const ConcatString &s) {
    bool status = false;
-   int i;
 
    // Erase all tracks with this storm id
-   for(i=0; i<Track.size(); i++) {
+   for(int i=0; i<Track.size(); i++) {
       if(Track[i].storm_id() == s) {
          Track.erase(Track.begin()+i);
          i--;
diff --git a/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/file_handler.h b/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/file_handler.h
index 0bb848acab..914f7540a6 100644
--- a/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/file_handler.h
+++ b/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/file_handler.h
@@ -68,19 +68,10 @@ class FileHandler
   void setSummaryInfo(const TimeSummaryInfo &summary_info);
   void setValidTimeRange(const time_t &valid_beg, const time_t valid_end);
 
-protected:
-
-  /////////////////////////
-  // Protected constants //
-  /////////////////////////
+privte:
 
   static const float FILL_VALUE;
 
-
-  ///////////////////////
-  // Protected members //
-  ///////////////////////
-
   std::string _programName;
 
   // Variables for writing output NetCDF file
@@ -119,6 +110,8 @@ class FileHandler
   int num_observations_in_range;
   int num_observations_out_of_range;
 
+protected:
+
   ///////////////////////
   // Protected methods //
   ///////////////////////
diff --git a/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/uscrn_handler.h b/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/uscrn_handler.h
index 4254366209..efe15f3e7a 100644
--- a/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/uscrn_handler.h
+++ b/src/tools/other/ascii2nc/uscrn_handler.h
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ class UscrnHandler : public FileHandler {
    public:
 
       explicit UscrnHandler(const std::string &program_name);
-      virtual ~UscrnHandler() final = default;
+      ~UscrnHandler() final = default;
 
-      virtual bool isFileType(LineDataFile &ascii_file) const final;
+      bool isFileType(LineDataFile &ascii_file) const final;
 
       static std::string getFormatString() { return "uscrn"; }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class UscrnHandler : public FileHandler {
 
       // Read the observations and add them to the
       // _observations vector
-      virtual bool _readObservations(LineDataFile &ascii_file) final;
+      bool _readObservations(LineDataFile &ascii_file) final;
 
 };