diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder.ValueChecks.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder.ValueChecks.cs
index 0b6699f96cd11..2c5d439ab23ea 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder.ValueChecks.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder.ValueChecks.cs
@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@ internal bool CheckValueKind(SyntaxNode node, BoundExpression expr, BindValueKin
                 // dynamic expressions are readwrite, and can even be passed by ref (which is implemented via a temp)
                 case BoundKind.DynamicMemberAccess:
                 case BoundKind.DynamicIndexerAccess:
+                case BoundKind.DynamicObjectInitializerMember:
                     {
                         if (RequiresRefAssignableVariable(valueKind))
                         {
@@ -3144,7 +3145,11 @@ private uint GetValEscapeOfObjectInitializer(BoundObjectInitializerExpression in
                 if (expression.Kind == BoundKind.AssignmentOperator)
                 {
                     var assignment = (BoundAssignmentOperator)expression;
-                    result = Math.Max(result, GetValEscape(assignment.Right, scopeOfTheContainingExpression));
+                    var rightValEscape = assignment.IsRef
+                        ? GetRefEscape(assignment.Right, scopeOfTheContainingExpression)
+                        : GetValEscape(assignment.Right, scopeOfTheContainingExpression);
+
+                    result = Math.Max(result, rightValEscape);
 
                     var left = (BoundObjectInitializerMember)assignment.Left;
                     result = Math.Max(result, GetValEscape(left.Arguments, scopeOfTheContainingExpression));
@@ -3773,7 +3778,11 @@ private bool CheckValEscapeOfObjectInitializer(BoundObjectInitializerExpression
                 if (expression.Kind == BoundKind.AssignmentOperator)
                 {
                     var assignment = (BoundAssignmentOperator)expression;
-                    if (!CheckValEscape(expression.Syntax, assignment.Right, escapeFrom, escapeTo, checkingReceiver: false, diagnostics: diagnostics))
+                    bool valid = assignment.IsRef
+                        ? CheckRefEscape(expression.Syntax, assignment.Right, escapeFrom, escapeTo, checkingReceiver: false, diagnostics: diagnostics)
+                        : CheckValEscape(expression.Syntax, assignment.Right, escapeFrom, escapeTo, checkingReceiver: false, diagnostics: diagnostics);
+
+                    if (!valid)
                     {
                         return false;
                     }
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs
index 98ade059cd5a2..096834571c6e6 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs
@@ -4588,6 +4588,7 @@ private BoundObjectInitializerExpressionBase BindInitializerExpression(
         private BoundExpression BindInitializerExpressionOrValue(
             ExpressionSyntax syntax,
             TypeSymbol type,
+            BindValueKind rhsValueKind,
             SyntaxNode typeSyntax,
             BindingDiagnosticBag diagnostics)
         {
@@ -4599,9 +4600,10 @@ private BoundExpression BindInitializerExpressionOrValue(
                 case SyntaxKind.ObjectInitializerExpression:
                 case SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression:
                     Debug.Assert(syntax.Parent.Parent.Kind() != SyntaxKind.WithInitializerExpression);
+                    Debug.Assert(rhsValueKind == BindValueKind.RValue);
                     return BindInitializerExpression((InitializerExpressionSyntax)syntax, type, typeSyntax, isForNewInstance: false, diagnostics);
                 default:
-                    return BindValue(syntax, diagnostics, BindValueKind.RValue);
+                    return BindValue(syntax, diagnostics, rhsValueKind);
             }
         }
 
@@ -4666,44 +4668,37 @@ private BoundExpression BindInitializerMemberAssignment(
             {
                 var initializer = (AssignmentExpressionSyntax)memberInitializer;
 
-                // Bind member initializer identifier, i.e. left part of assignment
-                BoundExpression boundLeft = null;
-                var leftSyntax = initializer.Left;
+                // We use a location specific binder for binding object initializer field/property access to generate object initializer specific diagnostics:
+                //  1) CS1914 (ERR_StaticMemberInObjectInitializer)
+                //  2) CS1917 (ERR_ReadonlyValueTypeInObjectInitializer)
+                //  3) CS1918 (ERR_ValueTypePropertyInObjectInitializer)
+                // See comments in BindObjectInitializerExpression for more details.
 
-                if (initializerType.IsDynamic() && leftSyntax.Kind() == SyntaxKind.IdentifierName)
-                {
-                    {
-                        // D = { ..., <identifier> = <expr>, ... }, where D : dynamic
-                        var memberName = ((IdentifierNameSyntax)leftSyntax).Identifier.Text;
-                        boundLeft = new BoundDynamicObjectInitializerMember(leftSyntax, memberName, implicitReceiver.Type, initializerType, hasErrors: false);
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // We use a location specific binder for binding object initializer field/property access to generate object initializer specific diagnostics:
-                    //  1) CS1914 (ERR_StaticMemberInObjectInitializer)
-                    //  2) CS1917 (ERR_ReadonlyValueTypeInObjectInitializer)
-                    //  3) CS1918 (ERR_ValueTypePropertyInObjectInitializer)
-                    // See comments in BindObjectInitializerExpression for more details.
+                Debug.Assert(objectInitializerMemberBinder != null);
 
-                    Debug.Assert(objectInitializerMemberBinder != null);
-
-                    boundLeft = objectInitializerMemberBinder.BindObjectInitializerMember(initializer, implicitReceiver, diagnostics);
-                }
+                BoundExpression boundLeft = objectInitializerMemberBinder.BindObjectInitializerMember(initializer, implicitReceiver, diagnostics);
 
                 if (boundLeft != null)
                 {
                     Debug.Assert((object)boundLeft.Type != null);
 
+                    var rhsExpr = initializer.Right.CheckAndUnwrapRefExpression(diagnostics, out RefKind refKind);
+                    bool isRef = refKind == RefKind.Ref;
+                    var rhsKind = isRef ? GetRequiredRHSValueKindForRefAssignment(boundLeft) : BindValueKind.RValue;
+
                     // Bind member initializer value, i.e. right part of assignment
                     BoundExpression boundRight = BindInitializerExpressionOrValue(
-                        syntax: initializer.Right,
+                        syntax: rhsExpr,
                         type: boundLeft.Type,
+                        rhsKind,
                         typeSyntax: boundLeft.Syntax,
                         diagnostics: diagnostics);
 
                     // Bind member initializer assignment expression
-                    return BindAssignment(initializer, boundLeft, boundRight, isRef: false, diagnostics);
+                    // We don't verify escape safety of initializers against the instance because the initializers
+                    // get factored in when determining the safe-to-escape of the instance (the initializers contribute
+                    // like constructor arguments).
+                    return BindAssignment(initializer, boundLeft, boundRight, isRef, verifyEscapeSafety: false, diagnostics);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -4722,43 +4717,60 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
             LookupResultKind resultKind;
             bool hasErrors;
 
-            if (namedAssignment.Left.Kind() == SyntaxKind.IdentifierName)
-            {
-                var memberName = (IdentifierNameSyntax)namedAssignment.Left;
+            var leftSyntax = namedAssignment.Left;
+            var initializerType = implicitReceiver.Type;
+            SyntaxKind rhsKind = namedAssignment.Right.Kind();
+            bool isRef = rhsKind is SyntaxKind.RefExpression;
+            bool isRhsNestedInitializer = rhsKind is SyntaxKind.ObjectInitializerExpression or SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression;
+            BindValueKind valueKind = isRhsNestedInitializer ? BindValueKind.RValue : (isRef ? BindValueKind.RefAssignable : BindValueKind.Assignable);
 
-                // SPEC:    Each member initializer must name an accessible field or property of the object being initialized, followed by an equals sign and
-                // SPEC:    an expression or an object initializer or collection initializer.
-                // SPEC:    A member initializer that specifies an expression after the equals sign is processed in the same way as an assignment (7.17.1) to the field or property.
+            if (leftSyntax.Kind() == SyntaxKind.IdentifierName)
+            {
+                var memberName = (IdentifierNameSyntax)leftSyntax;
 
-                // SPEC VIOLATION:  Native compiler also allows initialization of field-like events in object initializers, so we allow it as well.
-
-                boundMember = BindInstanceMemberAccess(
-                    node: memberName,
-                    right: memberName,
-                    boundLeft: implicitReceiver,
-                    rightName: memberName.Identifier.ValueText,
-                    rightArity: 0,
-                    typeArgumentsSyntax: default(SeparatedSyntaxList<TypeSyntax>),
-                    typeArgumentsWithAnnotations: default(ImmutableArray<TypeWithAnnotations>),
-                    invoked: false,
-                    indexed: false,
-                    diagnostics: diagnostics);
+                if (initializerType.IsDynamic())
+                {
+                    // D = { ..., <identifier> = <expr>, ... }, where D : dynamic
+                    boundMember = new BoundDynamicObjectInitializerMember(leftSyntax, memberName.Identifier.Text, implicitReceiver.Type, initializerType, hasErrors: false);
+                    return CheckValue(boundMember, valueKind, diagnostics);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // SPEC:    Each member initializer must name an accessible field or property of the object being initialized, followed by an equals sign and
+                    // SPEC:    an expression or an object initializer or collection initializer.
+                    // SPEC:    A member initializer that specifies an expression after the equals sign is processed in the same way as an assignment (7.17.1) to the field or property.
+
+                    // SPEC VIOLATION:  Native compiler also allows initialization of field-like events in object initializers, so we allow it as well.
+
+                    boundMember = BindInstanceMemberAccess(
+                        node: memberName,
+                        right: memberName,
+                        boundLeft: implicitReceiver,
+                        rightName: memberName.Identifier.ValueText,
+                        rightArity: 0,
+                        typeArgumentsSyntax: default,
+                        typeArgumentsWithAnnotations: default,
+                        invoked: false,
+                        indexed: false,
+                        diagnostics: diagnostics);
 
-                resultKind = boundMember.ResultKind;
-                hasErrors = boundMember.HasAnyErrors || implicitReceiver.HasAnyErrors;
+                    hasErrors = boundMember.HasAnyErrors || implicitReceiver.HasAnyErrors;
 
-                if (boundMember.Kind == BoundKind.PropertyGroup)
-                {
-                    boundMember = BindIndexedPropertyAccess((BoundPropertyGroup)boundMember, mustHaveAllOptionalParameters: true, diagnostics: diagnostics);
-                    if (boundMember.HasAnyErrors)
+                    if (boundMember.Kind == BoundKind.PropertyGroup)
                     {
-                        hasErrors = true;
+                        boundMember = BindIndexedPropertyAccess((BoundPropertyGroup)boundMember, mustHaveAllOptionalParameters: true, diagnostics: diagnostics);
+                        if (boundMember.HasAnyErrors)
+                        {
+                            hasErrors = true;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
+
+                resultKind = boundMember.ResultKind;
             }
-            else if (namedAssignment.Left.Kind() == SyntaxKind.ImplicitElementAccess)
+            else if (leftSyntax.Kind() == SyntaxKind.ImplicitElementAccess)
             {
-                var implicitIndexing = (ImplicitElementAccessSyntax)namedAssignment.Left;
+                var implicitIndexing = (ImplicitElementAccessSyntax)leftSyntax;
                 boundMember = BindElementAccess(implicitIndexing, implicitReceiver, implicitIndexing.ArgumentList, diagnostics);
 
                 resultKind = boundMember.ResultKind;
@@ -4784,15 +4796,12 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
             // TODO:    If/when we have a way to version warnings, we should add a warning for this.
 
             BoundKind boundMemberKind = boundMember.Kind;
-            SyntaxKind rhsKind = namedAssignment.Right.Kind();
-            bool isRhsNestedInitializer = rhsKind == SyntaxKind.ObjectInitializerExpression || rhsKind == SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression;
-            BindValueKind valueKind = isRhsNestedInitializer ? BindValueKind.RValue : BindValueKind.Assignable;
 
             ImmutableArray<BoundExpression> arguments = ImmutableArray<BoundExpression>.Empty;
-            ImmutableArray<string> argumentNamesOpt = default(ImmutableArray<string>);
-            ImmutableArray<int> argsToParamsOpt = default(ImmutableArray<int>);
-            ImmutableArray<RefKind> argumentRefKindsOpt = default(ImmutableArray<RefKind>);
-            BitVector defaultArguments = default(BitVector);
+            ImmutableArray<string> argumentNamesOpt = default;
+            ImmutableArray<int> argsToParamsOpt = default;
+            ImmutableArray<RefKind> argumentRefKindsOpt = default;
+            BitVector defaultArguments = default;
             bool expanded = false;
 
             switch (boundMemberKind)
@@ -4805,7 +4814,7 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
                             if (!hasErrors)
                             {
                                 // TODO: distinct error code for collection initializers?  (Dev11 doesn't have one.)
-                                Error(diagnostics, ErrorCode.ERR_ReadonlyValueTypeInObjectInitializer, namedAssignment.Left, fieldSymbol, fieldSymbol.Type);
+                                Error(diagnostics, ErrorCode.ERR_ReadonlyValueTypeInObjectInitializer, leftSyntax, fieldSymbol, fieldSymbol.Type);
                                 hasErrors = true;
                             }
 
@@ -4818,14 +4827,14 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
                     break;
 
                 case BoundKind.PropertyAccess:
-                    hasErrors |= isRhsNestedInitializer && !CheckNestedObjectInitializerPropertySymbol(((BoundPropertyAccess)boundMember).PropertySymbol, namedAssignment.Left, diagnostics, hasErrors, ref resultKind);
+                    hasErrors |= isRhsNestedInitializer && !CheckNestedObjectInitializerPropertySymbol(((BoundPropertyAccess)boundMember).PropertySymbol, leftSyntax, diagnostics, hasErrors, ref resultKind);
                     break;
 
                 case BoundKind.IndexerAccess:
                     {
                         var indexer = BindIndexerDefaultArguments((BoundIndexerAccess)boundMember, valueKind, diagnostics);
                         boundMember = indexer;
-                        hasErrors |= isRhsNestedInitializer && !CheckNestedObjectInitializerPropertySymbol(indexer.Indexer, namedAssignment.Left, diagnostics, hasErrors, ref resultKind);
+                        hasErrors |= isRhsNestedInitializer && !CheckNestedObjectInitializerPropertySymbol(indexer.Indexer, leftSyntax, diagnostics, hasErrors, ref resultKind);
                         arguments = indexer.Arguments;
                         argumentNamesOpt = indexer.ArgumentNamesOpt;
                         argsToParamsOpt = indexer.ArgsToParamsOpt;
@@ -4854,6 +4863,9 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
                         break;
                     }
 
+                case BoundKind.DynamicObjectInitializerMember:
+                    break;
+
                 case BoundKind.DynamicIndexerAccess:
                     {
                         var indexer = (BoundDynamicIndexerAccess)boundMember;
@@ -4866,10 +4878,10 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
 
                 case BoundKind.ArrayAccess:
                 case BoundKind.PointerElementAccess:
-                    return boundMember;
+                    return CheckValue(boundMember, valueKind, diagnostics);
 
                 default:
-                    return BadObjectInitializerMemberAccess(boundMember, implicitReceiver, namedAssignment.Left, diagnostics, valueKind, hasErrors);
+                    return BadObjectInitializerMemberAccess(boundMember, implicitReceiver, leftSyntax, diagnostics, valueKind, hasErrors);
             }
 
             if (!hasErrors)
@@ -4885,7 +4897,7 @@ private BoundExpression BindObjectInitializerMember(
             }
 
             return new BoundObjectInitializerMember(
-                namedAssignment.Left,
+                leftSyntax,
                 boundMember.ExpressionSymbol,
                 arguments,
                 argumentNamesOpt,
@@ -5200,7 +5212,7 @@ private BoundExpression BindCollectionInitializerElement(
                     Error(diagnostics, ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidInitializerElementInitializer, elementInitializer);
                 }
 
-                var boundElementInitializer = BindInitializerExpressionOrValue(elementInitializer, initializerType, implicitReceiver.Syntax, diagnostics);
+                var boundElementInitializer = BindInitializerExpressionOrValue(elementInitializer, initializerType, BindValueKind.RValue, implicitReceiver.Syntax, diagnostics);
 
                 BoundExpression result = BindCollectionInitializerElementAddMethod(
                     elementInitializer,
@@ -5422,7 +5434,6 @@ protected BoundExpression BindClassCreationExpression(
             TypeSymbol initializerTypeOpt = null,
             bool wasTargetTyped = false)
         {
-
             BoundExpression result = null;
             bool hasErrors = type.IsErrorType();
             if (type.IsAbstract)
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Statements.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Statements.cs
index 4e0483caaf255..645d243b43017 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Statements.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Statements.cs
@@ -1445,7 +1445,6 @@ private BoundExpression BindAssignment(AssignmentExpressionSyntax node, BindingD
             }
 
             BindValueKind lhsKind;
-            BindValueKind rhsKind;
             ExpressionSyntax rhsExpr;
             bool isRef = false;
 
@@ -1453,32 +1452,18 @@ private BoundExpression BindAssignment(AssignmentExpressionSyntax node, BindingD
             {
                 isRef = true;
                 lhsKind = BindValueKind.RefAssignable;
-                rhsKind = BindValueKind.RefersToLocation;
                 rhsExpr = ((RefExpressionSyntax)node.Right).Expression;
             }
             else
             {
                 lhsKind = BindValueKind.Assignable;
-                rhsKind = BindValueKind.RValue;
                 rhsExpr = node.Right;
             }
 
             var op1 = BindValue(node.Left, diagnostics, lhsKind);
             ReportSuppressionIfNeeded(op1, diagnostics);
 
-            var lhsRefKind = RefKind.None;
-            // If the LHS is a ref (not ref-readonly), the rhs
-            // must also be value-assignable
-            if (lhsKind == BindValueKind.RefAssignable && !op1.HasErrors)
-            {
-                // We should now know that op1 is a valid lvalue
-                lhsRefKind = op1.GetRefKind();
-                if (lhsRefKind == RefKind.Ref || lhsRefKind == RefKind.Out)
-                {
-                    rhsKind |= BindValueKind.Assignable;
-                }
-            }
-
+            var rhsKind = isRef ? GetRequiredRHSValueKindForRefAssignment(op1) : BindValueKind.RValue;
             var op2 = BindValue(rhsExpr, diagnostics, rhsKind);
 
             if (op1.Kind == BoundKind.DiscardExpression)
@@ -1487,7 +1472,26 @@ private BoundExpression BindAssignment(AssignmentExpressionSyntax node, BindingD
                 op1 = InferTypeForDiscardAssignment((BoundDiscardExpression)op1, op2, diagnostics);
             }
 
-            return BindAssignment(node, op1, op2, isRef, diagnostics);
+            return BindAssignment(node, op1, op2, isRef, verifyEscapeSafety: true, diagnostics);
+        }
+
+        private static BindValueKind GetRequiredRHSValueKindForRefAssignment(BoundExpression boundLeft)
+        {
+            var rhsKind = BindValueKind.RefersToLocation;
+
+            if (!boundLeft.HasErrors)
+            {
+                // We should now know that boundLeft is a valid lvalue
+                var lhsRefKind = boundLeft.GetRefKind();
+                if (lhsRefKind is RefKind.Ref or RefKind.Out)
+                {
+                    // If the LHS is a ref (not ref-readonly), the RHS
+                    // must also be value-assignable
+                    rhsKind |= BindValueKind.Assignable;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return rhsKind;
         }
 
         private BoundExpression InferTypeForDiscardAssignment(BoundDiscardExpression op1, BoundExpression op2, BindingDiagnosticBag diagnostics)
@@ -1511,6 +1515,7 @@ private BoundAssignmentOperator BindAssignment(
             BoundExpression op1,
             BoundExpression op2,
             bool isRef,
+            bool verifyEscapeSafety,
             BindingDiagnosticBag diagnostics)
         {
             Debug.Assert(op1 != null);
@@ -1538,21 +1543,24 @@ private BoundAssignmentOperator BindAssignment(
                     op2 = BindToNaturalType(op2, diagnostics);
                 }
 
-                if (isRef)
+                if (verifyEscapeSafety)
                 {
-                    var leftEscape = GetRefEscape(op1, LocalScopeDepth);
-                    var rightEscape = GetRefEscape(op2, LocalScopeDepth);
-                    if (leftEscape < rightEscape)
+                    if (isRef)
                     {
-                        Error(diagnostics, ErrorCode.ERR_RefAssignNarrower, node, op1.ExpressionSymbol.Name, op2.Syntax);
-                        op2 = ToBadExpression(op2);
+                        var leftEscape = GetRefEscape(op1, LocalScopeDepth);
+                        var rightEscape = GetRefEscape(op2, LocalScopeDepth);
+                        if (leftEscape < rightEscape)
+                        {
+                            Error(diagnostics, ErrorCode.ERR_RefAssignNarrower, node, getName(op1), op2.Syntax);
+                            op2 = ToBadExpression(op2);
+                        }
                     }
-                }
 
-                if (op1.Type.IsRefLikeType)
-                {
-                    var leftEscape = GetValEscape(op1, LocalScopeDepth);
-                    op2 = ValidateEscape(op2, leftEscape, isByRef: false, diagnostics);
+                    if (op1.Type.IsRefLikeType)
+                    {
+                        var leftEscape = GetValEscape(op1, LocalScopeDepth);
+                        op2 = ValidateEscape(op2, leftEscape, isByRef: false, diagnostics);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -1573,6 +1581,25 @@ private BoundAssignmentOperator BindAssignment(
             }
 
             return new BoundAssignmentOperator(node, op1, op2, isRef, type, hasErrors);
+
+            static object getName(BoundExpression expr)
+            {
+                if (expr.ExpressionSymbol is { Name: var name })
+                {
+                    return name;
+                }
+                if (expr is BoundArrayAccess)
+                {
+                    return MessageID.IDS_ArrayAccess.Localize();
+                }
+                if (expr is BoundPointerElementAccess)
+                {
+                    return MessageID.IDS_PointerElementAccess.Localize();
+                }
+
+                Debug.Assert(false);
+                return "";
+            }
         }
 
         internal static PropertySymbol GetPropertySymbol(BoundExpression expr, out BoundExpression receiver, out SyntaxNode propertySyntax)
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/BoundTree/BoundExpressionExtensions.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/BoundTree/BoundExpressionExtensions.cs
index e91703598a061..74ed17495cc08 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/BoundTree/BoundExpressionExtensions.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/BoundTree/BoundExpressionExtensions.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 using System.Linq;
 using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Symbols;
 using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PooledObjects;
+using Roslyn.Utilities;
 
 namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp
 {
@@ -35,6 +36,19 @@ public static RefKind GetRefKind(this BoundExpression node)
                 case BoundKind.PropertyAccess:
                     return ((BoundPropertyAccess)node).PropertySymbol.RefKind;
 
+                case BoundKind.ObjectInitializerMember:
+                    var member = (BoundObjectInitializerMember)node;
+                    if (member.HasErrors)
+                        return RefKind.None;
+
+                    return member.MemberSymbol switch
+                    {
+                        FieldSymbol f => f.RefKind,
+                        PropertySymbol f => f.RefKind,
+                        EventSymbol => RefKind.None,
+                        var s => throw ExceptionUtilities.UnexpectedValue(s?.Kind)
+                    };
+
                 default:
                     return RefKind.None;
             }
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/CSharpResources.resx b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/CSharpResources.resx
index 18c2985c379d8..dd4aefb0a2b62 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/CSharpResources.resx
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/CSharpResources.resx
@@ -7187,4 +7187,10 @@ To remove the warning, you can use /reference instead (set the Embed Interop Typ
   <data name="IDS_FeatureFileTypes" xml:space="preserve">
     <value>file types</value>
   </data>
+  <data name="IDS_ArrayAccess" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>array access</value>
+  </data>
+  <data name="IDS_PointerElementAccess" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>pointer element access</value>
+  </data>
 </root>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Errors/MessageID.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Errors/MessageID.cs
index 17f7df349245d..10934d0db6beb 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Errors/MessageID.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Errors/MessageID.cs
@@ -257,6 +257,8 @@ internal enum MessageID
         IDS_FeatureRequiredMembers = MessageBase + 12825,
         IDS_FeatureRefFields = MessageBase + 12826,
         IDS_FeatureFileTypes = MessageBase + 12827,
+        IDS_ArrayAccess = MessageBase + 12828,
+        IDS_PointerElementAccess = MessageBase + 12829,
     }
 
     // Message IDs may refer to strings that need to be localized.
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Parser/LanguageParser.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Parser/LanguageParser.cs
index b16fda396c9e7..721bb5f3e601e 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Parser/LanguageParser.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Parser/LanguageParser.cs
@@ -12753,10 +12753,14 @@ private ExpressionSyntax ParseObjectOrCollectionInitializerMember(ref bool isObj
         {
             if (this.IsComplexElementInitializer())
             {
+                // { ... }
                 return this.ParseComplexElementInitializer();
             }
             else if (IsDictionaryInitializer())
             {
+                // [...] = { ... }
+                // [...] = ref <expr>
+                // [...] = <expr>
                 isObjectInitializer = true;
                 var initializer = this.ParseDictionaryInitializer();
                 initializer = CheckFeatureAvailability(initializer, MessageID.IDS_FeatureDictionaryInitializer);
@@ -12764,12 +12768,17 @@ private ExpressionSyntax ParseObjectOrCollectionInitializerMember(ref bool isObj
             }
             else if (this.IsNamedAssignment())
             {
+                // Name = { ... }
+                // Name = ref <expr>
+                // Name =  <expr>
                 isObjectInitializer = true;
                 return this.ParseObjectInitializerNamedAssignment();
             }
             else
             {
-                return this.ParseExpressionCore();
+                // <expr>
+                // ref <expr>
+                return this.ParsePossibleRefExpression();
             }
         }
 
@@ -12793,7 +12802,7 @@ private ExpressionSyntax ParseObjectInitializerNamedAssignment()
             }
             else
             {
-                expression = this.ParseExpressionCore();
+                expression = this.ParsePossibleRefExpression();
             }
 
             return _syntaxFactory.AssignmentExpression(SyntaxKind.SimpleAssignmentExpression, identifier, equal, expression);
@@ -12805,7 +12814,7 @@ private ExpressionSyntax ParseDictionaryInitializer()
             var equal = this.EatToken(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
             var expression = this.CurrentToken.Kind == SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken
                 ? this.ParseObjectOrCollectionInitializer()
-                : this.ParseExpressionCore();
+                : this.ParsePossibleRefExpression();
 
             var elementAccess = _syntaxFactory.ImplicitElementAccess(arguments);
             return _syntaxFactory.AssignmentExpression(
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.cs.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.cs.xlf
index 9a06122e5fad1..938e31049dea5 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.cs.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.cs.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Direktiva using se dříve zobrazovala jako globální direktiva using</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">přepsání tvůrce asynchronní metody</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="new">pattern matching ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; on constant string</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">Sestavení {0}, které obsahuje typ {1}, se odkazuje na architekturu .NET Framework, což se nepodporuje.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.de.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.de.xlf
index 612388afaf72c..1697de3432f8d 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.de.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.de.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Die Verwenden-Anweisung wurde zuvor als „Global verwenden“ angezeigt</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">Außerkraftsetzung des asynchronen Methoden-Generators</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Musterabgleich ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; bei konstanter Zeichenfolge</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">Die Assembly "{0}" mit dem Typ "{1}" verweist auf das .NET Framework. Dies wird nicht unterstützt.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.es.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.es.xlf
index 6811c80b0bef5..5778f00a7de72 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.es.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.es.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">La directiva using aparecía anteriormente como using global</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">invalidación del generador de métodos asincrónicos</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">patrón que coincide con ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; en una cadena constante</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">El ensamblado "{0}" que contiene el tipo "{1}" hace referencia a .NET Framework, lo cual no se admite.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.fr.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.fr.xlf
index 418facb9918b9..4f0faabd94fac 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.fr.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.fr.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">La directive using est apparue précédemment comme using global</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">Remplacement du générateur de méthode asynchrone</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">modèle correspondant à ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; sur une chaîne constante</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">L'assembly '{0}' contenant le type '{1}' référence le .NET Framework, ce qui n'est pas pris en charge.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.it.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.it.xlf
index ba419183967ee..6875dba223f14 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.it.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.it.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">La direttiva using è già presente come using globale</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">override del generatore di metodi asincroni</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">criterio corrispondente a ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; su stringa costante</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">L'assembly '{0}' che contiene il tipo '{1}' fa riferimento a .NET Framework, che non è supportato.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ja.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ja.xlf
index c3b893f38f869..4b140b9d62eb0 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ja.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ja.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">using ディレクティブは、以前に global using として使用されています</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">非同期メソッド ビルダーのオーバーライド</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">定数文字列の ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; に一致するパターン</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">型 '{1}' を含むアセンブリ '{0}' が .NET Framework を参照しています。これはサポートされていません。</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ko.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ko.xlf
index c89dff459f03a..3d333a7816e3e 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ko.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ko.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">using 지시문은 이전에 전역 using으로 나타났습니다.</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">비동기 메서드 빌더 재정의</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">상수 문자열에서 ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt;과 일치하는 패턴</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">'{1}' 형식을 포함하는 '{0}' 어셈블리가 지원되지 않는 .NET Framework를 참조합니다.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pl.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pl.xlf
index c1c996b81fcd4..07300af03d9ca 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pl.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pl.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Dyrektywa użycia pojawiła się wcześniej jako użycie globalne</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">zastąpienie konstruktora metodą asynchroniczną</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="new">pattern matching ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; on constant string</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">Zestaw „{0}” zawierający typ „{1}” odwołuje się do platformy .NET Framework, co nie jest obsługiwane.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pt-BR.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pt-BR.xlf
index 441149d3dc25f..fbe4cbc964cd6 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pt-BR.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.pt-BR.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">A diretiva using apareceu anteriormente como using global</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">substituição do construtor de método assíncrono</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">padrões correspondentes a ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; na cadeia de caracteres constante</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">O assembly '{0}' contendo o tipo '{1}' referencia o .NET Framework, mas não há suporte para isso.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ru.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ru.xlf
index 15223ef937245..318531f293d5f 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ru.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.ru.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Директива using ранее использовалась в качестве глобальной</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">переопределение построителя методов async</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">сопоставление шаблонов ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; в строке константы</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">Сборка "{0}", содержащая тип "{1}", ссылается на платформу .NET Framework, которая не поддерживается.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.tr.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.tr.xlf
index 5685ac56d476a..ba836b0208bbd 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.tr.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.tr.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Daha önce genel kullanım olarak görünen kullanım yönergesi</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">zaman uyumsuz yöntem oluşturucusunu geçersiz kılma</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">sabit dizede ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; ile eşleşen desen</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">'{1}' türünü içeren '{0}' bütünleştirilmiş kodu, desteklenmeyen .NET Framework'e başvuruyor.</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hans.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hans.xlf
index ecba308627fb1..e14aebea2fc44 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hans.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hans.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Using 指令在以前显示为全局使用</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">异步方法生成器替代</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="translated">与常量字符串上的 ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; 匹配的模式</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">包含类型“{1}”的程序集“{0}”引用了 .NET Framework，而此操作不受支持。</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hant.xlf b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hant.xlf
index 91e7555f8d6ee..0fcfdca7b253e 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hant.xlf
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/xlf/CSharpResources.zh-Hant.xlf
@@ -1602,6 +1602,11 @@
         <target state="translated">Using 指示詞先前顯示為全域 using</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_ArrayAccess">
+        <source>array access</source>
+        <target state="new">array access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="IDS_AsyncMethodBuilderOverride">
         <source>async method builder override</source>
         <target state="translated">非同步方法建立器覆寫</target>
@@ -1767,6 +1772,11 @@
         <target state="new">pattern matching ReadOnly/Span&lt;char&gt; on constant string</target>
         <note />
       </trans-unit>
+      <trans-unit id="IDS_PointerElementAccess">
+        <source>pointer element access</source>
+        <target state="new">pointer element access</target>
+        <note />
+      </trans-unit>
       <trans-unit id="WRN_AnalyzerReferencesFramework">
         <source>The assembly '{0}' containing type '{1}' references .NET Framework, which is not supported.</source>
         <target state="translated">包含類型 '{1}' 的組件 '{0}' 參考了 .NET Framework，此情形不受支援。</target>
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Emit/CodeGen/ObjectAndCollectionInitializerTests.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Emit/CodeGen/ObjectAndCollectionInitializerTests.cs
index ec99d6dd3ae82..8d9d8a27aea00 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Emit/CodeGen/ObjectAndCollectionInitializerTests.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Emit/CodeGen/ObjectAndCollectionInitializerTests.cs
@@ -1311,7 +1311,6 @@ static void Main()
             CompileAndVerify(comp, expectedOutput: expectedOutput);
         }
 
-
         [Fact]
         public void DictionaryInitializerTestSideeffects001a()
         {
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RecordTests.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RecordTests.cs
index 56aa2d491abbd..b1fb16a62054e 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RecordTests.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RecordTests.cs
@@ -9707,15 +9707,12 @@ public static void Main()
                 // (9,9): error CS8147: Properties which return by reference cannot have set accessors
                 //         set { }
                 Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefPropertyCannotHaveSetAccessor, "set").WithLocation(9, 9),
-                // (15,32): error CS1525: Invalid expression term 'ref'
+                // (15,28): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
                 //         var c = new C(0) { X = ref a[0] };
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "ref a[0]").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(15, 32),
-                // (15,32): error CS1073: Unexpected token 'ref'
-                //         var c = new C(0) { X = ref a[0] };
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_UnexpectedToken, "ref").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(15, 32),
-                // (17,26): error CS1073: Unexpected token 'ref'
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "X").WithLocation(15, 28),
+                // (17,22): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
                 //         c = c with { X = ref a[0] };
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_UnexpectedToken, "ref").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(17, 26)
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "X").WithLocation(17, 22)
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RefFieldTests.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RefFieldTests.cs
index 5eb42cd47025c..dfe6c6eba8e68 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RefFieldTests.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/RefFieldTests.cs
@@ -11743,5 +11743,1566 @@ public void ReturnThis_02(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
                 //     ref readonly R F3() => ref this;
                 Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnStructThis, "this").WithLocation(5, 32));
         }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_LangVer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, parseOptions: TestOptions.Regular10);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (7,12): error CS8936: Feature 'ref fields' is not available in C# 10.0. Please use language version 11.0 or greater.
+                //     public ref int field;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_FeatureNotAvailableInVersion10, "ref int").WithArguments("ref fields", "11.0").WithLocation(7, 12)
+                );
+
+            comp = CreateCompilation(source, parseOptions: TestOptions.Regular11);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_LangVer_FromMetadata()
+        {
+            var lib_cs = @"
+public ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r1 = new R() { field = ref x }; // 1
+var r2 = new R() { field = x }; // 2
+
+R r3 = default;
+_ = r3 with { field = ref x }; // 3
+";
+            var lib = CreateCompilation(lib_cs, parseOptions: TestOptions.Regular11);
+
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, references: new[] { lib.EmitToImageReference() }, parseOptions: TestOptions.Regular10);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,20): error CS8936: Feature 'ref fields' is not available in C# 10.0. Please use language version 11.0 or greater.
+                // var r1 = new R() { field = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_FeatureNotAvailableInVersion10, "field").WithArguments("ref fields", "11.0").WithLocation(3, 20),
+                // (4,20): error CS8936: Feature 'ref fields' is not available in C# 10.0. Please use language version 11.0 or greater.
+                // var r2 = new R() { field = x }; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_FeatureNotAvailableInVersion10, "field").WithArguments("ref fields", "11.0").WithLocation(4, 20),
+                // (7,15): error CS8936: Feature 'ref fields' is not available in C# 10.0. Please use language version 11.0 or greater.
+                // _ = r3 with { field = ref x }; // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_FeatureNotAvailableInVersion10, "field").WithArguments("ref fields", "11.0").WithLocation(7, 15)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static void Main()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+        System.Console.Write(r.ToString());
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(source, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: IncludeExpectedOutput("42"));
+            verifier.VerifyIL("C.Main",
+"""
+{
+  // Code size       40 (0x28)
+  .maxstack  2
+  .locals init (int V_0, //x
+                R V_1, //r
+                R V_2)
+  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s   42
+  IL_0002:  stloc.0
+  IL_0003:  ldloca.s   V_2
+  IL_0005:  initobj    "R"
+  IL_000b:  ldloc.2
+  IL_000c:  ldfld      "ref int R.field"
+  IL_0011:  ldloc.0
+  IL_0012:  stind.i4
+  IL_0013:  ldloc.2
+  IL_0014:  stloc.1
+  IL_0015:  ldloca.s   V_1
+  IL_0017:  constrained. "R"
+  IL_001d:  callvirt   "string object.ToString()"
+  IL_0022:  call       "void System.Console.Write(string)"
+  IL_0027:  ret
+}
+""");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RHSMustBeDefinitelyAssigned()
+        {
+            // The right operand must be definitely assigned at the point of the ref assignment.
+            var source = @"
+int x;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,31): error CS0165: Use of unassigned local variable 'x'
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_UseDefViolation, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(3, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RHSTypeMustMatch()
+        {
+            // The right operand must be an expression that yields an lvalue designating a value of the same type as the left operand.
+            var source = @"
+object x = null;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,31): error CS8173: The expression must be of type 'int' because it is being assigned by reference
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefAssignmentMustHaveIdentityConversion, "x").WithArguments("int").WithLocation(3, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RHSTypeMustMatch_ImplicitConversionExists()
+        {
+            // The right operand must be an expression that yields an lvalue designating a value of the same type as the left operand.
+            var source = @"
+S1 x = default;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+struct S1 { }
+struct S2
+{
+    public static implicit operator S2(S1 s1) => throw null;
+}
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref S2 field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,31): error CS8173: The expression must be of type 'S2' because it is being assigned by reference
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefAssignmentMustHaveIdentityConversion, "x").WithArguments("S2").WithLocation(3, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_StaticRefField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 0;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public static ref int field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,19): error CS1914: Static field or property 'R.field' cannot be assigned in an object initializer
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_StaticMemberInObjectInitializer, "field").WithArguments("R.field").WithLocation(3, 19),
+                // (7,27): error CS0106: The modifier 'static' is not valid for this item
+                //     public static ref int field;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_BadMemberFlag, "field").WithArguments("static").WithLocation(7, 27)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_VarInvocationReserved()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+var r = new R() { field = ref var() };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (2,31): error CS8199: The syntax 'var (...)' as an lvalue is reserved.
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref var() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_VarInvocationLvalueReserved, "var()").WithLocation(2, 31),
+                // (2,31): error CS0103: The name 'var' does not exist in the current context
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref var() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_NameNotInContext, "var").WithArguments("var").WithLocation(2, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_ReadonlyRefField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public readonly ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,19): error CS0191: A readonly field cannot be assigned to (except in a constructor or init-only setter of the type in which the field is defined or a variable initializer)
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_AssgReadonly, "field").WithLocation(3, 19)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x };
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref readonly int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyValue_Field()
+        {
+            // If the left operand is a writeable ref (i.e. it designates anything other than a `ref readonly` local or  `in` parameter), then the right operand must be a writeable lvalue.
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    ref readonly int Value() => throw null;
+
+    void M()
+    {
+        var r = new R() { field = ref Value() };
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            // Confusing error message
+            // Tracked by https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/62756
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,39): error CS8331: Cannot assign to method 'C.Value()' because it is a readonly variable
+                //         var r = new R() { field = ref Value() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_AssignReadonlyNotField, "Value()").WithArguments("method", "C.Value()").WithLocation(8, 39)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_AssignInParameter()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    static void F(in int i)
+    {
+        _ = new R1 { _f = ref i };
+        _ = new R2 { _f = ref i }; // 1
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R1
+{
+    public ref readonly int _f;
+}
+
+ref struct R2
+{
+    public ref int _f;
+}
+";
+            // Diagnostic is missing parameter name
+            // Tracked by https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/62096
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (7,31): error CS8331: Cannot assign to variable 'in int' because it is a readonly variable
+                //         _ = new R2 { _f = ref i }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_AssignReadonlyNotField, "i").WithArguments("variable", "in int").WithLocation(7, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyValue_GetOnlyProperty()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    ref readonly int Value() => throw null;
+
+    void M()
+    {
+        var r = new R() { Property = ref Value() };
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int Property { get => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,27): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         var r = new R() { Property = ref Value() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "Property").WithLocation(8, 27)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyValue_Property()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    ref readonly int Value() => throw null;
+
+    void M()
+    {
+        var r = new R() { Property = ref Value() };
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int Property { get => throw null; set => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,27): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         var r = new R() { Property = ref Value() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "Property").WithLocation(8, 27),
+                // (14,50): error CS8147: Properties which return by reference cannot have set accessors
+                //     public ref int Property { get => throw null; set => throw null; }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefPropertyCannotHaveSetAccessor, "set").WithLocation(14, 50)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyValue_Indexer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+var r = new R() { [0] = ref Value() }; // 1
+
+R r2 = default;
+r2[0] = ref Value(); // 2
+
+ref readonly int Value() => throw null;
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int this[int i] { get => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (2,19): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new R() { [0] = ref Value() }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(2, 19),
+                // (5,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2[0] = ref Value(); // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2[0]").WithLocation(5, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Indexer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+var r = new R() { [0] = ref Value() }; // 1
+
+R r2 = default;
+r2[0] = ref Value(); // 2
+
+ref int Value() => throw null;
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int this[int i] { get => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (2,19): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new R() { [0] = ref Value() }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(2, 19),
+                // (5,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2[0] = ref Value(); // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2[0]").WithLocation(5, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_ValueMustReferToLocation()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    int Value() => throw null;
+
+    void M()
+    {
+        var r = new R() { field = ref Value() };
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,39): error CS1510: A ref or out value must be an assignable variable
+                //         var r = new R() { field = ref Value() };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLvalueExpected, "Value()").WithLocation(8, 39)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefReadonlyField_RefReadonlyValue()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    ref readonly int Value() => throw null;
+
+    void M()
+    {
+        var r = new R() { field = ref Value() };
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref readonly int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnInterface_Field()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    void M<T>() where T : I, new()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var t = new T() { field = ref x };
+    }
+}
+interface I
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (12,20): error CS0525: Interfaces cannot contain instance fields
+                //     public ref int field;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InterfacesCantContainFields, "field").WithLocation(12, 20),
+                // (12,20): error CS9059: A ref field can only be declared in a ref struct.
+                //     public ref int field;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefFieldInNonRefStruct, "field").WithLocation(12, 20)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnInterface_Property()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    void M<T>() where T : I, new()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var t = new T() { Property = ref x };
+    }
+}
+
+interface I
+{
+    public ref int Property { get; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (7,27): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         var t = new T() { Property = ref x };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "Property").WithLocation(7, 27)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Collection()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+using System.Collections;
+
+int x = 42;
+int y = 43;
+var r = new R() { ref x, ref y };
+
+struct R : IEnumerable
+{
+    public void Add(ref int x) => throw null;
+    public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() => throw null;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (4,5): warning CS0219: The variable 'x' is assigned but its value is never used
+                // int x = 42;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_UnreferencedVarAssg, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(4, 5),
+                // (5,5): warning CS0219: The variable 'y' is assigned but its value is never used
+                // int y = 43;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_UnreferencedVarAssg, "y").WithArguments("y").WithLocation(5, 5),
+                // (6,19): error CS1073: Unexpected token 'ref'
+                // var r = new R() { ref x, ref y };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_UnexpectedToken, "ref").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(6, 19),
+                // (6,26): error CS1073: Unexpected token 'ref'
+                // var r = new R() { ref x, ref y };
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_UnexpectedToken, "ref").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(6, 26)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnNonRefField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { field = ref x }; // 1
+
+R r2 = default;
+r2.field = ref x; // 2
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,19): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new R() { field = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "field").WithLocation(3, 19),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2.field = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2.field").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnNonRefProperty()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { Property = ref x }; // 1
+
+R r2 = default;
+r2.Property = ref x; // 2
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public int Property { get; set; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,19): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new R() { Property = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "Property").WithLocation(3, 19),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2.Property = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2.Property").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnNonRefIndexer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R() { [0] = ref x }; // 1
+
+R r2 = default;
+r2[0] = ref x; // 2
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public int this[int i] { get => throw null; set => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,19): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new R() { [0] = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(3, 19),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2[0] = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2[0]").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnArray()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public ref struct C
+{
+    C M()
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        var c = new C { array = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    void M2()
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        C c2 = new C();
+        c2.array[0] = ref x; // 2
+    }
+
+    public int[] array;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (7,35): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         var c = new C { array = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(7, 35),
+                // (15,9): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         c2.array[0] = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "c2.array[0]").WithLocation(15, 9)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnPointer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public unsafe class C
+{
+    public int* pointer;
+
+    C M()
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        var c = new C { pointer = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    void M2()
+    {
+        int x = 0;
+        C c2 = new C();
+        c2.pointer[0] = ref x; // 2
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, options: TestOptions.UnsafeDebugDll);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (9,37): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         var c = new C { pointer = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(9, 37),
+                // (17,9): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                //         c2.pointer[0] = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "c2.pointer[0]").WithLocation(17, 9)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnEvent()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new C { a = ref x }; // 1
+
+C c = default;
+c.a = ref x; // 2
+
+class C
+{
+    public event System.Action a;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,17): error CS0070: The event 'C.a' can only appear on the left hand side of += or -= (except when used from within the type 'C')
+                // var r = new C { a = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_BadEventUsage, "a").WithArguments("C.a", "C").WithLocation(3, 17),
+                // (6,3): error CS0070: The event 'C.a' can only appear on the left hand side of += or -= (except when used from within the type 'C')
+                // c.a = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_BadEventUsage, "a").WithArguments("C.a", "C").WithLocation(6, 3)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnEvent_ThisMemberAccess()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r1 = new C { this.a = ref x }; // 1
+
+class C
+{
+    public event System.Action a;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,16): error CS1922: Cannot initialize type 'C' with a collection initializer because it does not implement 'System.Collections.IEnumerable'
+                // var r1 = new C { this.a = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_CollectionInitRequiresIEnumerable, "{ this.a = ref x }").WithArguments("C").WithLocation(3, 16),
+                // (3,18): error CS0747: Invalid initializer member declarator
+                // var r1 = new C { this.a = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidInitializerElementInitializer, "this.a = ref x").WithLocation(3, 18),
+                // (3,18): error CS0026: Keyword 'this' is not valid in a static property, static method, or static field initializer
+                // var r1 = new C { this.a = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_ThisInStaticMeth, "this").WithLocation(3, 18),
+                // (7,32): warning CS0067: The event 'C.a' is never used
+                //     public event System.Action a;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_UnreferencedEvent, "a").WithArguments("C.a").WithLocation(7, 32)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_OnMethodGroup()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new C { F = ref x }; // 1
+
+C c = default;
+c.F = ref x; // 2
+
+class C
+{
+    public void F() { }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,17): error CS1913: Member 'F' cannot be initialized. It is not a field or property.
+                // var r = new C { F = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_MemberCannotBeInitialized, "F").WithArguments("F").WithLocation(3, 17),
+                // (6,1): error CS1656: Cannot assign to 'F' because it is a 'method group'
+                // c.F = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_AssgReadonlyLocalCause, "c.F").WithArguments("F", "method group").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Nested()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    void M()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } };
+        System.Console.Write(r.item.field);
+    }
+}
+ref struct Container
+{
+    public Item item;
+}
+ref struct Item
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(comp, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: IncludeExpectedOutput("42"));
+            verifier.VerifyIL("C.M", @"
+{
+  // Code size       42 (0x2a)
+  .maxstack  2
+  .locals init (int V_0, //x
+                Container V_1)
+  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s   42
+  IL_0002:  stloc.0
+  IL_0003:  ldloca.s   V_1
+  IL_0005:  initobj    ""Container""
+  IL_000b:  ldloc.1
+  IL_000c:  ldfld      ""Item Container.item""
+  IL_0011:  ldfld      ""ref int Item.field""
+  IL_0016:  ldloc.0
+  IL_0017:  stind.i4
+  IL_0018:  ldloc.1
+  IL_0019:  ldfld      ""Item Container.item""
+  IL_001e:  ldfld      ""ref int Item.field""
+  IL_0023:  ldind.i4
+  IL_0024:  call       ""void System.Console.Write(int)""
+  IL_0029:  ret
+}
+");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Nullability()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+#nullable enable
+
+S<object> x1 = default;
+S<object?> x2 = default;
+
+_ = new R<object> { field = ref x1 };
+_ = new R<object> { field = ref x2 }; // 1
+_ = new R<object?> { field = ref x1 }; // 2
+_ = new R<object?> { field = ref x2 };
+
+_ = new R<object>() with { field = ref x1 };
+_ = new R<object>() with { field = ref x2 }; // 3
+_ = new R<object?>() with { field = ref x1 }; // 4
+_ = new R<object?>() with { field = ref x2 };
+
+struct S<T> { }
+ref struct R<T>
+{
+    public ref S<T> field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,33): warning CS8619: Nullability of reference types in value of type 'S<object?>' doesn't match target type 'S<object>'.
+                // _ = new R<object> { field = ref x2 }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_NullabilityMismatchInAssignment, "x2").WithArguments("S<object?>", "S<object>").WithLocation(8, 33),
+                // (9,34): warning CS8619: Nullability of reference types in value of type 'S<object>' doesn't match target type 'S<object?>'.
+                // _ = new R<object?> { field = ref x1 }; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_NullabilityMismatchInAssignment, "x1").WithArguments("S<object>", "S<object?>").WithLocation(9, 34),
+                // (13,40): warning CS8619: Nullability of reference types in value of type 'S<object?>' doesn't match target type 'S<object>'.
+                // _ = new R<object>() with { field = ref x2 }; // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_NullabilityMismatchInAssignment, "x2").WithArguments("S<object?>", "S<object>").WithLocation(13, 40),
+                // (14,41): warning CS8619: Nullability of reference types in value of type 'S<object>' doesn't match target type 'S<object?>'.
+                // _ = new R<object?>() with { field = ref x1 }; // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_NullabilityMismatchInAssignment, "x1").WithArguments("S<object>", "S<object?>").WithLocation(14, 41)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_RefOnNestedInitializer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new R { field = ref { item = 42 } }; // 1
+
+struct S
+{
+    public int item;
+}
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref S field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (2,5): warning CS0219: The variable 'x' is assigned but its value is never used
+                // int x = 42;
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.WRN_UnreferencedVarAssg, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(2, 5),
+                // (3,29): error CS1525: Invalid expression term '{'
+                // var r = new R { field = ref { item = 42 } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "{").WithArguments("{").WithLocation(3, 29),
+                // (3,29): error CS1003: Syntax error, ',' expected
+                // var r = new R { field = ref { item = 42 } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_SyntaxError, "{").WithArguments(",").WithLocation(3, 29),
+                // (3,29): error CS0747: Invalid initializer member declarator
+                // var r = new R { field = ref { item = 42 } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidInitializerElementInitializer, "{ item = 42 }").WithLocation(3, 29),
+                // (3,31): error CS0103: The name 'item' does not exist in the current context
+                // var r = new R { field = ref { item = 42 } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_NameNotInContext, "item").WithArguments("item").WithLocation(3, 31)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_FieldOnDynamic()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new S { D = { field = ref x } }; // 1
+
+S s = default;
+s.D.field = ref x; // 2
+
+struct S
+{
+    public dynamic D;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,23): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new S { D = { field = ref x } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "field").WithLocation(3, 23),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // s.D.field = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "s.D.field").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_DynamicField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int i = 42;
+var r = new R<dynamic> { F = ref i }; // 1
+
+ref struct R<T>
+{
+    public ref T F;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,34): error CS8173: The expression must be of type 'dynamic' because it is being assigned by reference
+                // var r = new R<dynamic> { F = ref i }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefAssignmentMustHaveIdentityConversion, "i").WithArguments("dynamic").WithLocation(3, 34)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_DynamicField_DynamicValue()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static void Main()
+    {
+        dynamic i = 42;
+        var r = new R<dynamic> { F = ref i };
+        System.Console.Write(r.F);
+
+        var r2 = new R<dynamic>(ref i);
+        System.Console.Write(r2.F);
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R<T>
+{
+    public R(ref T f) { F = ref f; }
+    public ref T F;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, options: TestOptions.DebugExe, targetFramework: TargetFramework.NetCoreAppAndCSharp);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(comp, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: IncludeExpectedOutput("4242"));
+            verifier.VerifyIL("C.Main", """
+{
+  // Code size      258 (0x102)
+  .maxstack  9
+  .locals init (object V_0, //i
+                R<dynamic> V_1, //r
+                R<dynamic> V_2, //r2
+                R<dynamic> V_3)
+  IL_0000:  nop
+  IL_0001:  ldc.i4.s   42
+  IL_0003:  box        "int"
+  IL_0008:  stloc.0
+  IL_0009:  ldloca.s   V_3
+  IL_000b:  initobj    "R<dynamic>"
+  IL_0011:  ldloc.3
+  IL_0012:  ldfld      "ref dynamic R<dynamic>.F"
+  IL_0017:  ldloc.0
+  IL_0018:  stind.ref
+  IL_0019:  ldloc.3
+  IL_001a:  stloc.1
+  IL_001b:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__0"
+  IL_0020:  brfalse.s  IL_0024
+  IL_0022:  br.s       IL_0064
+  IL_0024:  ldc.i4     0x100
+  IL_0029:  ldstr      "Write"
+  IL_002e:  ldnull
+  IL_002f:  ldtoken    "C"
+  IL_0034:  call       "System.Type System.Type.GetTypeFromHandle(System.RuntimeTypeHandle)"
+  IL_0039:  ldc.i4.2
+  IL_003a:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_003b:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo[] System.GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo>(int, bool)"
+  IL_0040:  dup
+  IL_0041:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_0042:  ldc.i4.s   33
+  IL_0044:  ldnull
+  IL_0045:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string)"
+  IL_004a:  stelem.ref
+  IL_004b:  dup
+  IL_004c:  ldc.i4.1
+  IL_004d:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_004e:  ldnull
+  IL_004f:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string)"
+  IL_0054:  stelem.ref
+  IL_0055:  call       "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.Binder.InvokeMember(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpBinderFlags, string, System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<System.Type>, System.Type, System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo>)"
+  IL_005a:  call       "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>>.Create(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder)"
+  IL_005f:  stsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__0"
+  IL_0064:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__0"
+  IL_0069:  ldfld      "System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic> System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>>.Target"
+  IL_006e:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__0"
+  IL_0073:  ldtoken    "System.Console"
+  IL_0078:  call       "System.Type System.Type.GetTypeFromHandle(System.RuntimeTypeHandle)"
+  IL_007d:  ldloc.1
+  IL_007e:  ldfld      "ref dynamic R<dynamic>.F"
+  IL_0083:  ldind.ref
+  IL_0084:  callvirt   "void System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>.Invoke(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic)"
+  IL_0089:  nop
+  IL_008a:  ldloca.s   V_0
+  IL_008c:  newobj     "R<dynamic>..ctor(ref dynamic)"
+  IL_0091:  stloc.2
+  IL_0092:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__1"
+  IL_0097:  brfalse.s  IL_009b
+  IL_0099:  br.s       IL_00db
+  IL_009b:  ldc.i4     0x100
+  IL_00a0:  ldstr      "Write"
+  IL_00a5:  ldnull
+  IL_00a6:  ldtoken    "C"
+  IL_00ab:  call       "System.Type System.Type.GetTypeFromHandle(System.RuntimeTypeHandle)"
+  IL_00b0:  ldc.i4.2
+  IL_00b1:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_00b2:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo[] System.GC.AllocateUninitializedArray<Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo>(int, bool)"
+  IL_00b7:  dup
+  IL_00b8:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_00b9:  ldc.i4.s   33
+  IL_00bb:  ldnull
+  IL_00bc:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string)"
+  IL_00c1:  stelem.ref
+  IL_00c2:  dup
+  IL_00c3:  ldc.i4.1
+  IL_00c4:  ldc.i4.0
+  IL_00c5:  ldnull
+  IL_00c6:  call       "Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo.Create(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfoFlags, string)"
+  IL_00cb:  stelem.ref
+  IL_00cc:  call       "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.Binder.InvokeMember(Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpBinderFlags, string, System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<System.Type>, System.Type, System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<Microsoft.CSharp.RuntimeBinder.CSharpArgumentInfo>)"
+  IL_00d1:  call       "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>>.Create(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSiteBinder)"
+  IL_00d6:  stsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__1"
+  IL_00db:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__1"
+  IL_00e0:  ldfld      "System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic> System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>>.Target"
+  IL_00e5:  ldsfld     "System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite<System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>> C.<>o__0.<>p__1"
+  IL_00ea:  ldtoken    "System.Console"
+  IL_00ef:  call       "System.Type System.Type.GetTypeFromHandle(System.RuntimeTypeHandle)"
+  IL_00f4:  ldloc.2
+  IL_00f5:  ldfld      "ref dynamic R<dynamic>.F"
+  IL_00fa:  ldind.ref
+  IL_00fb:  callvirt   "void System.Action<System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic>.Invoke(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallSite, System.Type, dynamic)"
+  IL_0100:  nop
+  IL_0101:  ret
+}
+""");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_SubstitutedObjectField()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static void Main()
+    {
+        object i = 42;
+        var r = new R<object> { F = ref i };
+        System.Console.Write(r.F);
+
+        var r2 = new R<object>(ref i);
+        System.Console.Write(r2.F);
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R<T>
+{
+    public R(ref T f) { F = ref f; }
+    public ref T F;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, options: TestOptions.DebugExe);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(source, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: IncludeExpectedOutput("4242"));
+            verifier.VerifyIL("C.Main", """
+{
+  // Code size       55 (0x37)
+  .maxstack  2
+  .locals init (object V_0, //i
+                R<object> V_1)
+  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s   42
+  IL_0002:  box        "int"
+  IL_0007:  stloc.0
+  IL_0008:  ldloca.s   V_1
+  IL_000a:  initobj    "R<object>"
+  IL_0010:  ldloc.1
+  IL_0011:  ldfld      "ref object R<object>.F"
+  IL_0016:  ldloc.0
+  IL_0017:  stind.ref
+  IL_0018:  ldloc.1
+  IL_0019:  ldfld      "ref object R<object>.F"
+  IL_001e:  ldind.ref
+  IL_001f:  call       "void System.Console.Write(object)"
+  IL_0024:  ldloca.s   V_0
+  IL_0026:  newobj     "R<object>..ctor(ref object)"
+  IL_002b:  ldfld      "ref object R<object>.F"
+  IL_0030:  ldind.ref
+  IL_0031:  call       "void System.Console.Write(object)"
+  IL_0036:  ret
+}
+""");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_DynamicInstance()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new dynamic { field = ref x }; // 1
+
+dynamic r2 = null;
+r2.field = ref x; // 2
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,13): error CS8386: Invalid object creation
+                // var r = new dynamic { field = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidObjectCreation, "dynamic").WithLocation(3, 13),
+                // (3,23): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new dynamic { field = ref x }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "field").WithLocation(3, 23),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // r2.field = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "r2.field").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_DynamicIndexer()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+int x = 42;
+var r = new S { D = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+
+S s = default;
+s.D[0] = ref x; // 2
+
+struct S
+{
+    public dynamic D;
+}
+ref struct R
+{
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (3,23): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var r = new S { D = { [0] = ref x } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "[0]").WithLocation(3, 23),
+                // (6,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // s.D[0] = ref x; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "s.D[0]").WithLocation(6, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_DynamicIndexer_Nested()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+dynamic x = 1;
+int i = 42;
+var a = new A() { [y: x, x: x] = { X = ref i } }; // 1
+
+A a2 = null;
+a2[y: x, x: x].X = ref i; // 2
+
+public class A
+{
+    public dynamic this[int x, int y] { get => throw null; }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (4,36): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // var a = new A() { [y: x, x: x] = { X = ref i } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "X").WithLocation(4, 36),
+                // (7,1): error CS8373: The left-hand side of a ref assignment must be a ref variable.
+                // a2[y: x, x: x].X = ref i; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefLocalOrParamExpected, "a2[y: x, x: x].X").WithLocation(7, 1)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Escape()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static R M1()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new R { field = ref x };
+        return r; // 1
+    }
+    public static R M2(ref int x)
+    {
+        var r = new R { field = ref x };
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M3()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        {
+            int x = 42;
+            r = new R { field = ref x }; // 2
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M4()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        int x = 42;
+        {
+            r = new R { field = ref x }; // 3
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static void M5(ref R r)
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        r = new R { field = ref x }; // 4
+    }
+}
+
+public ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,16): error CS8352: Cannot use variable 'r' in this context because it may expose referenced variables outside of their declaration scope
+                //         return r; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeVariable, "r").WithArguments("r").WithLocation(8, 16),
+                // (20,25): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R { field = ref x }; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(20, 25),
+                // (29,25): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R { field = ref x }; // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(29, 25),
+                // (36,21): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //         r = new R { field = ref x }; // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(36, 21)
+                );
+
+            // Initializer values behave like constructor parameters for purpose of escape analysis
+            source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static R M1()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new R(ref x);
+        return r; // 1
+    }
+    public static R M2(ref int x)
+    {
+        var r = new R(ref x);
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M3()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        {
+            int x = 42;
+            r = new R(ref x); // 2
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M4()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        int x = 42;
+        {
+            r = new R(ref x); // 3
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static void M5(ref R r)
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        r = new R(ref x); // 4
+    }
+}
+
+public ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+    public R(ref int i) { }
+}
+";
+            comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,16): error CS8352: Cannot use variable 'r' in this context because it may expose referenced variables outside of their declaration scope
+                //         return r; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeVariable, "r").WithArguments("r").WithLocation(8, 16),
+                // (20,17): error CS8347: Cannot use a result of 'R.R(ref int)' in this context because it may expose variables referenced by parameter 'i' outside of their declaration scope
+                //             r = new R(ref x); // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeCall, "new R(ref x)").WithArguments("R.R(ref int)", "i").WithLocation(20, 17),
+                // (20,27): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R(ref x); // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(20, 27),
+                // (29,17): error CS8347: Cannot use a result of 'R.R(ref int)' in this context because it may expose variables referenced by parameter 'i' outside of their declaration scope
+                //             r = new R(ref x); // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeCall, "new R(ref x)").WithArguments("R.R(ref int)", "i").WithLocation(29, 17),
+                // (29,27): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R(ref x); // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(29, 27),
+                // (36,13): error CS8347: Cannot use a result of 'R.R(ref int)' in this context because it may expose variables referenced by parameter 'i' outside of their declaration scope
+                //         r = new R(ref x); // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeCall, "new R(ref x)").WithArguments("R.R(ref int)", "i").WithLocation(36, 13),
+                // (36,23): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //         r = new R(ref x); // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(36, 23)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefInitializer_Escape_Nested()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+class C
+{
+    public static Container M3()
+    {
+        Container r = default;
+        {
+            int x = 42;
+            var r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 1
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static Container M4()
+    {
+        Container r = default;
+        int x = 42;
+        {
+            r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 2
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static void M5(ref Container r)
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 3
+    }
+    public static Container M6()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } };
+        return r; // 4
+    }
+ }
+ref struct Container
+{
+    public Item item;
+}
+ref struct Item
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (9,17): error CS0136: A local or parameter named 'r' cannot be declared in this scope because that name is used in an enclosing local scope to define a local or parameter
+                //             var r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_LocalIllegallyOverrides, "r").WithArguments("r").WithLocation(9, 17),
+                // (18,42): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(18, 42),
+                // (25,38): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //         r = new Container { item = { field = ref x } }; // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(25, 38),
+                // (31,16): error CS8352: Cannot use variable 'r' in this context because it may expose referenced variables outside of their declaration scope
+                //         return r; // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeVariable, "r").WithArguments("r").WithLocation(31, 16)
+                );
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefWith()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static void Main()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new R() with { field = ref x };
+        System.Console.Write(r.ToString());
+    }
+}
+
+ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return field.ToString();
+    }
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(source, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: IncludeExpectedOutput("42"));
+            verifier.VerifyIL("C.Main",
+"""
+{
+  // Code size       40 (0x28)
+  .maxstack  2
+  .locals init (int V_0, //x
+                R V_1, //r
+                R V_2)
+  IL_0000:  ldc.i4.s   42
+  IL_0002:  stloc.0
+  IL_0003:  ldloca.s   V_2
+  IL_0005:  initobj    "R"
+  IL_000b:  ldloc.2
+  IL_000c:  ldfld      "ref int R.field"
+  IL_0011:  ldloc.0
+  IL_0012:  stind.i4
+  IL_0013:  ldloc.2
+  IL_0014:  stloc.1
+  IL_0015:  ldloca.s   V_1
+  IL_0017:  constrained. "R"
+  IL_001d:  callvirt   "string object.ToString()"
+  IL_0022:  call       "void System.Console.Write(string)"
+  IL_0027:  ret
+}
+""");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RefWith_Escape()
+        {
+            var source = @"
+public class C
+{
+    public static R M1()
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        var r = new R() with { field = ref x };
+        return r; // 1
+    }
+    public static R M2(ref int x)
+    {
+        var r = new R() with { field = ref x };
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M3()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        {
+            int x = 42;
+            r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 2
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static R M4()
+    {
+        R r = default;
+        int x = 42;
+        {
+            r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 3
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    public static void M5(ref R r)
+    {
+        int x = 42;
+        r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 4
+    }
+}
+
+public ref struct R
+{
+    public ref int field;
+}
+";
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source);
+            comp.VerifyDiagnostics(
+                // (8,16): error CS8352: Cannot use variable 'r' in this context because it may expose referenced variables outside of their declaration scope
+                //         return r; // 1
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_EscapeVariable, "r").WithArguments("r").WithLocation(8, 16),
+                // (20,32): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 2
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(20, 32),
+                // (29,32): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //             r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 3
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(29, 32),
+                // (36,28): error CS8168: Cannot return local 'x' by reference because it is not a ref local
+                //         r = new R() with { field = ref x }; // 4
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_RefReturnLocal, "field = ref x").WithArguments("x").WithLocation(36, 28)
+                );
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/ExpressionParsingTests.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/ExpressionParsingTests.cs
index 4134f1b02832e..cce5b664d489c 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/ExpressionParsingTests.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/ExpressionParsingTests.cs
@@ -5673,9 +5673,6 @@ public void AnonymousObjectCreation_BadRef()
         public void ObjectInitializer_BadRef()
         {
             UsingExpression("new C { P = ref }",
-                // (1,13): error CS1525: Invalid expression term 'ref'
-                // new C { P = ref }
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "ref ").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(1, 13),
                 // (1,17): error CS1525: Invalid expression term '}'
                 // new C { P = ref }
                 Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "}").WithArguments("}").WithLocation(1, 17));
@@ -5717,9 +5714,6 @@ public void ObjectInitializer_BadRef()
         public void CollectionInitializer_BadRef_01()
         {
             UsingExpression("new C { ref }",
-                // (1,9): error CS1525: Invalid expression term 'ref'
-                // new C { ref }
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "ref ").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(1, 9),
                 // (1,13): error CS1525: Invalid expression term '}'
                 // new C { ref }
                 Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "}").WithArguments("}").WithLocation(1, 13));
diff --git a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/RefFieldParsingTests.cs b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/RefFieldParsingTests.cs
index e83f7be98b224..395ee4bbf2c31 100644
--- a/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/RefFieldParsingTests.cs
+++ b/src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Syntax/Parsing/RefFieldParsingTests.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
 
 using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Test.Utilities;
+using Roslyn.Test.Utilities;
 using Xunit;
 using Xunit.Abstractions;
 
@@ -414,17 +415,104 @@ public void ReadOnlyRefParameter(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
             EOF();
         }
 
-        // https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/62120: Support ref field assignment in object initializers.
-        [Theory]
+        [Theory, WorkItem(62120, "https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/62120")]
         [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
         [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
         public void ObjectInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
         {
             string source = "new S { F = ref t }";
+            UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion));
+
+            N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
+            {
+                N(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
+                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "S");
+                }
+                N(SyntaxKind.ObjectInitializerExpression);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.SimpleAssignmentExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "F");
+                        }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                            {
+                                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "t");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                }
+            }
+            EOF();
+        }
+
+        [Theory, WorkItem(62120, "https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/62120")]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
+        public void ObjectInitializer_CompoundAssignment(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
+        {
+            string source = "new S { F += ref t }";
+            UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion),
+                // (1,14): error CS1525: Invalid expression term 'ref'
+                // new S { F += ref t }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "ref t").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(1, 14)
+                );
+
+            N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
+            {
+                N(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
+                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "S");
+                }
+                N(SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.AddAssignmentExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "F");
+                        }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.PlusEqualsToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                            {
+                                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "t");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                }
+            }
+            EOF();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
+        public void RefObjectInitializer_NestedInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
+        {
+            string source = "new S { F = ref { F2 = t } }";
             UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion),
-                // (1,13): error CS1525: Invalid expression term 'ref'
-                // new S { F = ref t }
-                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "ref t").WithArguments("ref").WithLocation(1, 13));
+                // (1,17): error CS1525: Invalid expression term '{'
+                // new S { F = ref { F2 = t } }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "{").WithArguments("{").WithLocation(1, 17),
+                // (1,17): error CS1003: Syntax error, ',' expected
+                // new S { F = ref { F2 = t } }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_SyntaxError, "{").WithArguments(",").WithLocation(1, 17)
+                );
 
             N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
             {
@@ -446,11 +534,166 @@ public void ObjectInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
                         N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
                         {
                             N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                            M(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                            {
+                                M(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    M(SyntaxKind.CommaToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.ComplexElementInitializerExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.SimpleAssignmentExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                            {
+                                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "F2");
+                            }
+                            N(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
                             N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
                             {
                                 N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "t");
                             }
                         }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                    }
+                    N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                }
+            }
+            EOF();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
+        public void RefCollectionInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
+        {
+            string source = "new S { ref t }";
+            UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion));
+
+            N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
+            {
+                N(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
+                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "S");
+                }
+                N(SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "t");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                }
+            }
+            EOF();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
+        public void RefDictionaryInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
+        {
+            string source = "new S { [0] = ref t }";
+            UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion));
+
+            N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
+            {
+                N(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
+                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "S");
+                }
+                N(SyntaxKind.ObjectInitializerExpression);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.SimpleAssignmentExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.ImplicitElementAccess);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.BracketedArgumentList);
+                            {
+                                N(SyntaxKind.OpenBracketToken);
+                                N(SyntaxKind.Argument);
+                                {
+                                    N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralExpression);
+                                    {
+                                        N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralToken, "0");
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                N(SyntaxKind.CloseBracketToken);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.EqualsToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                            N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                            {
+                                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "t");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
+                }
+            }
+            EOF();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp10)]
+        [InlineData(LanguageVersion.CSharp11)]
+        public void RefComplexElementInitializer(LanguageVersion languageVersion)
+        {
+            string source = "new S { ref { 1, 2 } }";
+            UsingExpression(source, TestOptions.Regular.WithLanguageVersion(languageVersion),
+                // (1,13): error CS1525: Invalid expression term '{'
+                // new S { ref { 1, 2 } }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_InvalidExprTerm, "{").WithArguments("{").WithLocation(1, 13),
+                // (1,13): error CS1003: Syntax error, ',' expected
+                // new S { ref { 1, 2 } }
+                Diagnostic(ErrorCode.ERR_SyntaxError, "{").WithArguments(",").WithLocation(1, 13)
+                );
+
+            N(SyntaxKind.ObjectCreationExpression);
+            {
+                N(SyntaxKind.NewKeyword);
+                N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken, "S");
+                }
+                N(SyntaxKind.CollectionInitializerExpression);
+                {
+                    N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.RefExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.RefKeyword);
+                        M(SyntaxKind.IdentifierName);
+                        {
+                            M(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    M(SyntaxKind.CommaToken);
+                    N(SyntaxKind.ComplexElementInitializerExpression);
+                    {
+                        N(SyntaxKind.OpenBraceToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralToken, "1");
+                        }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.CommaToken);
+                        N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralExpression);
+                        {
+                            N(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralToken, "2");
+                        }
+                        N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
                     }
                     N(SyntaxKind.CloseBraceToken);
                 }