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{
"title": "Critically Conscious Computing: Methods for Secondary Education",
"authors": [
"[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]",
"[Anne Beitlers|https://education.uw.edu/people/annes]",
"[Brett Wortzman|https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~brettwo]",
"[Matt Davidson|http://mattjohndavidson.github.io]",
"[Alannah Oleson|http://alannaholeson.com]",
"[Mara Kirdani-Ryan|https://marakr.com]",
"[Stefania Druga|https://stefania11.github.io]"
],
"license": "[Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0|https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/]",
"images": {
"cover": "|Book_Cover.png|Several applications of computing, including VR, news, robotics, information, and automation.|Computing is everywhere, for better and worse.|@jessie|",
"references": "|Appendix_References.png|A magenta silhouette of a person walking down an aisle of library stacks, each glowing with binary digits.|Looking for something to read?|@ashley|",
"glossary": "|Appendix_Glossary.png|An open book and a magnifying glass focused on the word glossary.|Words in this book and what they mean.|@ashley|",
"index": "|Appendix_Index.png|A series of labeled file folders, with a miniature boy sitting a top the M's.|So many words, so little time.|@jessie|",
"search": "|Appendix_WebSearch.png|A girl looking through a telescope at the stars, but the stars are nodes and edges.|What are you looking for?|@jessie|",
"media": "|Book_Cover.png|Several applications of computing, including VR, news, robotics, information, and automation.|Computing is everywhere, for better and worse.|@jessie|",
"unknown": "|Appendix_Unknown.png|A question mark with a globe inside and a face melted into its side, a 404 on the left, and a small person looking up to the question mark face.|Something's missing.|@jessie|"
},
"description": "Computer science (CS) is often taught as a utopian discipline, full of powerful abstractions that can transform lives and society for the better. However, as computing has reshaped every part of society in both highly visible and highly invisible ways, it has become clear that the foundational ideas in CS carry explicit values: ones of automation, replacement, standardization, centralization, and amplification. These values have positioned it as a discipline of power, and due to the ignorance with which it is often applied, often one of oppression. In this book, we reconsider the technical and pedagogical foundations of CS and CS education from this lens, and offer teaching methods for secondary education that foster students' critical consciousness of computing, with the hope of fostering a more equitable, culturally sustaining, and just future of computing. \n\nThis book is a living document: 1) [submit|https://github.com/amyjko/critically-conscious-computing/issues] feedback on the book's GitHub page and 2) sign up for [email notifications|https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScFV9VgAoLUD-MKJSeEuw4kHrkMq9TbzfiEMLHX_jd5W0_3pA/viewform?usp=sf_link] of major revisions and new resources.",
"acknowledgements": "Thank you to the excellent [Jessie Huynh|https://www.jessiehuynh.com] and [Ashley Wang|https://www.linkedin.com/in/ashleyewang] for sharing their creativity and design talents; they created all of the images for the book, as well as conceived of the book's visual design. Our deepest thanks also to everyone who has read and shared feedback on the book, including Caroline Hardin, Alexi Brooks, Tom Ball, and Dorothea Salo. We hope this list keeps growing! This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants [2031265|https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2031265], [2100296|https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2100296&HistoricalAwards=false], [2137312|https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2137312&HistoricalAwards=false], and [2137834|https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2137834&HistoricalAwards=false], as well as unrestricted gifts from Google.",
"chapters": [
{
"id": "introduction",
"title": "Introduction",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter00_Cover_Hello.png|The phrase 'Hello World', with a boy on the left speaking through a can to a girl on the right, who is looking away.|Let's talk about computing.|@jessie|",
"numbered": false
},
{
"id": "history",
"title": "Critical CS Education History",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter01_Cover_Faces.png|Several red outline boxes, some with faces, including Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, Ada Lovelace, Seymour Papert, and many other influential people in CS history.|People make computing.|@jessie|",
"section": "Foundations"
},
{
"id": "pedagogy",
"title": "Critical CS Education Pedagogy",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter02_Cover_Classroom.png|A teacher is in the middle of the classroom, in dialogue with students who are seated at their desks around her.|Critical CS pedagogy is about dialogue more than development.|@jessie|",
"section": "Foundations"
},
{
"id": "assessment",
"title": "Critical CS Education Assessment",
"authors": ["[Matt Davidson|http://mattjohndavidson.github.io]", "[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter03_Cover_Feedback.png|An overhead shot of hands writing on paper with blue marks annotating a drawing.|Assessment is about more than grades, it's about learning and agency.|@jessie|",
"section": "Foundations"
},
{
"id": "justice",
"title": "CS, Equity, and Justice",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Anne Beitlers|https://education.uw.edu/people/annes]"],
"image": "|Chapter04_Cover_Harm.png|On the left, the form of a face being analyzed by facial recognition, on the bottom, a row of men in prison jump suits against a fence, and above, the Amazon smile logo representing the sun.|Computing is as much about prisons as it is profits.|@jessie|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "design",
"title": "CS and Design",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Alannah Oleson|http://alannaholeson.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter05_Cover_Tension.png|A girl walking an enlarged rope like a tightrope, with abstract green shapes dancing in the backdrop.|Designing software is like walking a tightrope between technical and social constraints.|@jessie|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "intelligence",
"title": "Encoding Intelligence",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter06_Cover_AIApproximation.png|A faceless human face made of lines and dots with a dress color and tie.|Can machines be smart? How?|@jessie|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "information",
"title": "Encoding Information",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter07_Cover_Earth.png|Earth, in a cracked chalice, whose base is rows of bits.|Bits can model anything, but not without consequences.|@ashley|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "computers",
"title": "Computers",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter08_Cover_Mimic.png|On the left, a child drawing a graph and on the right, an large interconnected network of lines.|Computers were human first.|@jessie|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "operating",
"title": "Operating Systems",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Mara Kirdani-Ryan|https://marakr.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter09_Cover_PunchCards.png|A line of gray scale people entering punch cards into a machine, with a punchcard in the background.|Operating systems, before they were automated.|@jessie|",
"section": "Computing"
},
{
"id": "languages",
"title": "Programming Languages",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Brett Wortzman|https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~brettwo]"],
"image": "|Chapter10_Cover_ProgrammingLanguages.png|Photographs of programming language inventors, each in a blue circle.|Programming languages come from people.|@jessie|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "control",
"title": "Control Structures",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Brett Wortzman|https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~brettwo]"],
"image": "|Chapter11_Cover_NoChoice.png|Three boxes connected by lines with small people inside, trying to get out.|When algorithms decide, some people find they have few options.|@jessie|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "data",
"title": "Data Structures",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Brett Wortzman|https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~brettwo]"],
"image": "|Chapter12_Cover_Structure.png|A Black person looks left, viewing a black cube, with a more detailed cube below, out of view.|Data is an alternate reality.|@jessie|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "algorithms",
"title": "Algorithms",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter13_Cover_Blackbox.png|Several purple cubes of different rotations with people standing on them and in them.|The mysteries of black boxes.|@jessie|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "abstractions",
"title": "Abstractions",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter14_Cover_Abstraction.png|Three faces, left to right: a detailed photo of a White man, an illustrative sketch, and a smiley face.|Removing details from ideas through abstraction can enable expression at the loss of nuance. With computing it is no different.|@jessie|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "ai",
"title": "Artificial Intelligence",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Stefania Druga|https://stefania11.github.io]"],
"image": "|Chapter15_Cover_SciFi.png|A large crowd of small people gathered in protest of a very large humanoid robot, backset by stock tickers.|Depending on who you are, AI can be magical or horrifying.|@ashley|@ashley|",
"section": "Code"
},
{
"id": "programming",
"title": "Programming",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]", "[Brett Wortzman|https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~brettwo]"],
"image": "|Chapter16_Cover_Furniture.png|An Asian man measuring and cutting wood amidst sketches and assemblies of a wooden chair.|Programming is a craft like any other.|@jessie|",
"section": "Skills"
},
{
"id": "verification",
"title": "Verification and Debugging",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter17_Cover_FixingCar.png|A women fixing a car engine that is steaming pixelated orange, with a gas canister that says DATA nearby.|Everything breaks, including software.|@jessie|",
"section": "Skills"
},
{
"id": "tools",
"title": "Tools",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter18_Cover_Pencil.png|Depictions of sign language, feather quills, pencils, stone tablets, and other creative tools.|All creativity involves tools of some kind. The tools of code just happen to be complex and ever-changing.|@jessie|",
"section": "Skills"
},
{
"id": "projects",
"title": "Projects",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Chapter19_Cover_MargaretHamilton.png|Margaret Hamilton standing atop the moon with printouts of code and illustrations of rockets in the background.|As Margaret Hamilton first observed, all software projects are software engineering projects.|@jessie|",
"section": "Skills"
},
{
"id": "humanities",
"title": "CS + Humanities",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|question.jpg|TODO|Placeholder|Amy J. Ko|",
"section": "Integration",
"forthcoming": true
},
{
"id": "arts",
"title": "CS + Arts",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|question.jpg|TODO|Placeholder|Amy J. Ko|",
"section": "Integration",
"forthcoming": true
},
{
"id": "math",
"title": "CS + Mathematics",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|question.jpg|TODO|Placeholder|Amy J. Ko|",
"section": "Integration",
"forthcoming": true
},
{
"id": "science",
"title": "CS + Science",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|question.jpg|TODO|Placeholder|Amy J. Ko|",
"section": "Integration",
"forthcoming": true
},
{
"id": "engineering",
"title": "CS + Engineering",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|question.jpg|TODO|Placeholder|Amy J. Ko|",
"section": "Integration",
"forthcoming": true
},
{
"id": "conclusion",
"title": "Conclusion",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Book_Conclusion.png|A Black man and a woman staring at a tablet while colored streams of technical and sociotechnical ideas flow in and out of the device.|More just computing education is ours to imagine.|@ashley|",
"section": "Conclusion",
"forthcoming": false
},
{
"id": "standards",
"title": "Standards",
"authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://amyjko.com]"],
"image": "|Appendix_Standards.png|A laptop showing code, surrounded by a ring of bits, circuits, and other related stem concepts.|There's so much to know about CS!|@ashley|",
"numbered": false,
"section": "Appendix"
}
],
"revisions": [
],
"sources": {
"chi": "ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)",
"sigcse": "ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)",
"toce": "ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)",
"icer": "ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER)",
"cse": "Computer Science Education (CSE)",
"iticse": "ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE)"
},
"references": {
"ahadi13": [
"Alireza Ahadi, Raymond Lister",
2013,
"Geek genes, prior knowledge, stumbling points and learning edge momentum: parts of the one elephant?",
"#icer",
"https://doi.org/10.1145/2493394.2493416"
],
"ahmadzadeh05": [
"Marzieh Ahmadzadeh, Dave Elliman, Colin Higgins",
2005,
"An analysis of patterns of debugging among novice computer science students",
"#iticse",
"https://doi.org/10.1145/1067445.1067472"
],
"ambler02": [
"Scott Ambler",
2002,
"Agile Modeling: Effective Practices for EXtreme Programming and the Unified Process",
"Wiley",
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Agile_Modeling/uh_jSk2FSa0C?hl=en&gbpv=0"
],
"amdahl64": [
"Gene M. Amdahl, Gerrit A. Blaauw, and Frederick P. Brooks",
1964,
"Architecture of the IBM System/360",
"IBM Journal of Research and Development",
"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.82.0087"
],
"ames19": [
"Morgan G. Ames",
2019,
"The charisma machine: The life, death, and legacy of One Laptop per Child",
"MIT Press",
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Charisma_Machine/yYy5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"
],
"ananny16": [
"Mike Ananny, Kate Crawford",
2016,
"Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability",
"New Media & Society",
"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444816676645"
],
"andrus12": [
"Jeremy Andrus, Jason Nieh",
2012,
"Teaching operating systems using Android",
"#sigcse",
"https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157312"
],
"anthopoulos16": [
"Leonidas Anthopoulos, Christopher G. Reddick, Irene Giannakidou, Nikolaos Mavridism",
2016,
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2011,
"Teaching CS unplugged in the high school (with limited success)",
"#iticse",
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"felleisen18": [
"Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi",
2018,
"How to Design Programs: An Introduction to Programming and Computing",
"MIT Press",
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/P6hcDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"
],
"ferreira21": [
"Rodrigo Ferreira, Moshe Y. Vardi",
2021,
"Deep Tech Ethics: An Approach to Teaching Social Justice in Computer Science",
"#sigcse",
"https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432449"
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"fiesler20": [
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2020,
"What Do We Teach When We Teach Tech Ethics? A Syllabi Analysis",
"#sigcse",
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2021,
"Integrating Ethics into Introductory Programming Classes",
"#sigcse",
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"ford16": [
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2016,
"Paradise unplugged: identifying barriers for female participation on stack overflow",
"ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE)",
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"francois21": [
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2021,
"Preparing and Sustaining Social Justice Educators",
"Harvard Education Press",
"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Preparing_and_Sustaining_Social_Justice/zkNozgEACAAJ?hl=en"
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"The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence",
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"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046855"
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"Pedagogy of the oppressed",
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"friedman19": [
"Batya Friedman, David G. Hendry",
2019,
"Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination",
"MIT Press",