diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 4ff11e1..f5823a4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check manifest
         run: tox -e manifest
       - name: Check code quality with flake8
-        run: tox -e flake8
+        run: tox -e format,lint
       - name: Check package metadata with Pyroma
         run: tox -e pyroma
       - name: Check static typing with MyPy
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: [ "3.12", "3.9" ]
+        python-version: [ "3.12" ]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index a1acf3d..c57b880 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -130,3 +130,6 @@ dmypy.json
 
 # Auto-generated docs
 docs/source/api/
+tests/resources/test_1.db
+tests/resources/test_1.json.bz2
+tests/resources/test_1.pkl.gz
diff --git a/docs/source/conf.py b/docs/source/conf.py
index a793beb..3e335f8 100644
--- a/docs/source/conf.py
+++ b/docs/source/conf.py
@@ -1,43 +1,55 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-#
-# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
-#
-# This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
-# full list see the documentation:
-# http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
+"""
+Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
 
-# -- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
+This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
+full list see the documentation:
+http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
 
-# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
-# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
-# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-#
+-- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+add these directories to ``sys.path`` here. If the directory is relative to the
+documentation root, use ``os.path.abspath`` to make it absolute, like shown here.
+"""
 
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from datetime import date
 
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('../../src'))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath("../../src"))
 
 # -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
 
-project = 'pystow'
-copyright = f'{date.today().year}, Charles Tapley Hoyt'
-author = 'Charles Tapley Hoyt'
+project = "pystow"
+copyright = f"{date.today().year}, Charles Tapley Hoyt"
+author = "Charles Tapley Hoyt"
 
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '0.5.7-dev'
+release = "0.5.7-dev"
 
 # The short X.Y version.
 parsed_version = re.match(
-    '(?P<major>\d+)\.(?P<minor>\d+)\.(?P<patch>\d+)(?:-(?P<release>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?(?:\+(?P<build>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?',
+    r"(?P<major>\d+)\.(?P<minor>\d+)\.(?P<patch>\d+)(?:-(?P<release>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?(?:\+(?P<build>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?",
     release,
 )
-version = parsed_version.expand('\g<major>.\g<minor>.\g<patch>')
+version = parsed_version.expand(r"\g<major>.\g<minor>.\g<patch>")
+
+if parsed_version.group("release"):
+    tags.add("prerelease")  # noqa:F821
+
+
+# See https://about.readthedocs.com/blog/2024/07/addons-by-default/
+# Define the canonical URL if you are using a custom domain on Read the Docs
+html_baseurl = os.environ.get("READTHEDOCS_CANONICAL_URL", "")
+
+# See https://about.readthedocs.com/blog/2024/07/addons-by-default/
+# Tell Jinja2 templates the build is running on Read the Docs
+if os.environ.get("READTHEDOCS", "") == "True":
+    if "html_context" not in globals():
+        html_context = {}
+    html_context["READTHEDOCS"] = True
 
-if parsed_version.group('release'):
-    tags.add('prerelease')
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -56,32 +68,37 @@
 # extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
 # ones.
 extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.autosummary',
-    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
-    'sphinx.ext.coverage',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
+    "sphinx.ext.autosummary",
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
     "sphinx.ext.todo",
-    'sphinx.ext.mathjax',
-    'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
-    'sphinx_autodoc_typehints',
-    'sphinx_click.ext',
-    'sphinx_automodapi.automodapi',
+    "sphinx.ext.mathjax",
+    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
+    "sphinx_automodapi.automodapi",
+    "sphinx_automodapi.smart_resolver",
 ]
 
+
+extensions.append("sphinx_click.ext")
+
+
 # generate autosummary pages
-# autosummary_generate = True
+autosummary_generate = True
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ['_templates']
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
 
 # The suffix(es) of source filenames.
 # You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
 #
 # source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = {
+    ".rst": "restructuredtext",
+}
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
@@ -96,14 +113,14 @@
 exclude_patterns = []
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+pygments_style = "sphinx"
 
 # -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 #
-html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
 
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
@@ -129,13 +146,13 @@
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
 #
-if os.path.exists('logo.png'):
-    html_logo = 'logo.png'
+if os.path.exists("logo.png"):
+    html_logo = "logo.png"
 
 # -- Options for HTMLHelp output ---------------------------------------------
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'PyStowdoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "pystow_doc"
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -177,8 +194,8 @@
 man_pages = [
     (
         master_doc,
-        'pystow',
-        'PyStow Documentation',
+        "pystow",
+        "PyStow Documentation",
         [author],
         1,
     ),
@@ -192,12 +209,12 @@
 texinfo_documents = [
     (
         master_doc,
-        'pystow',
-        'PyStow Documentation',
+        "pystow",
+        "PyStow Documentation",
         author,
-        'Charles Tapley Hoyt',
-        '👜 Easily pick a place to store data for your python package.',
-        'Miscellaneous',
+        "Charles Tapley Hoyt",
+        "Easily pick a place to store data for your Python code",
+        "Miscellaneous",
     ),
 ]
 
@@ -223,11 +240,21 @@
 # -- Options for intersphinx extension ---------------------------------------
 
 # Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
+# Note: don't add trailing slashes, since sphinx adds "/objects.inv" to the end
 intersphinx_mapping = {
-    "python": ('https://docs.python.org/3/', None),
-    'rdflib': ('https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/', None),
-    'pandas': ('https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/dev', None),
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3", None),
+    "rdflib": ("https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/latest", None),
+    "pandas": ("https://pandas.pydata.org/docs", None),
+    "sklearn": ("https://scikit-learn.org/stable", None),
+    "numpy": ("https://numpy.org/doc/stable", None),
+    "scipy": ("https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy", None),
 }
 
-autoclass_content = 'both'
-autodoc_member_order = 'bysource'
+autoclass_content = "both"
+
+# Don't sort alphabetically, explained at:
+# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37209921/python-how-not-to-sort-sphinx-output-in-alphabetical-order
+autodoc_member_order = "bysource"
+
+todo_include_todos = True
+todo_emit_warnings = True
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 11a8e62..b8e3a5f 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,14 +1,244 @@
 # See https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build_meta.html
 [build-system]
 requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]
-build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta:__legacy__"
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
-[tool.black]
+[project]
+name = "pystow"
+version = "0.5.7-dev"
+description = "Easily pick a place to store data for your Python code"
+readme = "README.md"
+authors = [
+    { name = "Charles Tapley Hoyt", email = "cthoyt@gmail.com" }
+]
+maintainers = [
+    { name = "Charles Tapley Hoyt", email = "cthoyt@gmail.com" }
+]
+
+# See https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproject-toml/#classifiers
+# Search tags using the controlled vocabulary at https://pypi.org/classifiers
+classifiers = [
+    "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+    "Environment :: Console",
+    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+    "Framework :: Pytest",
+    "Framework :: tox",
+    "Framework :: Sphinx",
+    "Programming Language :: Python",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+]
+keywords = [
+    "snekpack", # please keep this keyword to credit the cookiecutter-snekpack template
+    "cookiecutter",
+    "caching",
+    "file management"
+]
+
+# License Information. This can be any valid SPDX identifiers that can be resolved
+# with URLs like https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT
+# See https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproject-toml/#license
+license = { file = "LICENSE" }
+
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+dependencies = [
+    "click",
+    "requests",
+    "tqdm",
+    "typing-extensions",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+tests = [
+    "pytest",
+    "coverage",
+    "requests_file",
+]
+docs = [
+    "sphinx>=8",
+    "sphinx-rtd-theme>=3.0",
+    "sphinx-click", 
+    "sphinx_automodapi",
+]
+rdf = [
+    "rdflib",
+]
+xml = [
+    "lxml",
+]
+pandas = [
+    "pandas",
+]
+aws = [
+    "boto3",
+]
+
+# See https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/writing-pyproject-toml/#urls
+[project.urls]
+"Bug Tracker" = "https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow/issues"
+Homepage = "https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow"
+Repository = "https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow.git"
+Documentation = "https://pystow.readthedocs.io"
+
+[tool.setuptools]
+package-dir = { "" = "src" }
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+# this implicitly sets `packages = ":find"`
+where = ["src"]  # list of folders that contain the packages (["."] by default)
+
+# See https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/datafiles.html
+[tool.setuptools.package-data]
+"*" = ["*.*"]
+
+
+[project.scripts]
+pystow = "pystow.cli:main"
+
+
+[tool.cruft]
+skip = [
+    "**/__init__.py",
+    "tests/*"
+]
+
+# MyPy, see https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_file.html
+[tool.mypy]
+plugins = [
+]
+
+# Doc8, see https://doc8.readthedocs.io/en/stable/readme.html#ini-file-usage
+[tool.doc8]
+max-line-length = 120
+
+# Pytest, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/reference/customize.html#pyproject-toml
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+markers = [
+    "slow: marks tests as slow (deselect with '-m \"not slow\"')",
+]
+
+# Coverage, see https://coverage.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html
+[tool.coverage.run]
+branch = true
+source = [
+    "pystow",
+]
+omit = [
+    "tests/*",
+    "docs/*",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.paths]
+source = [
+    "src/pystow",
+    ".tox/*/lib/python*/site-packages/pystow",
+]
+
+[tool.coverage.report]
+show_missing = true
+exclude_lines = [
+    "pragma: no cover",
+    "raise NotImplementedError",
+    "if __name__ == \"__main__\":",
+    "if TYPE_CHECKING:",
+    "def __str__",
+    "def __repr__",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff]
 line-length = 100
-target-version = ["py39", "py310", "py311", "py312"]
+extend-include = ["*.ipynb"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+# See https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules
+extend-select = [
+    "F", # pyflakes
+    "E", # pycodestyle errors
+    "W", # pycodestyle warnings
+    "C90", # mccabe
+    "I", # isort
+    "UP", # pyupgrade
+    "D", # pydocstyle
+    "DOC", # pydoclint
+    "B", # bugbear
+    "S", # bandit
+    "T20", # print
+    "N", # pep8 naming
+    "ERA", # eradicate commented out code
+    "NPY", # numpy checks
+    "RUF", # ruff rules
+    "C4", # comprehensions
+]
+ignore = [
+    "D105", # Missing docstring in magic method
+    "E203", # Black conflicts with the following
+    "S301", # yolo pickle
+    "S320", # yolo lxml
+]
+
+
+# See https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/#per-file-ignores
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+# Ignore security issues in the version.py, which are inconsistent
+"src/pystow/version.py" = ["S603", "S607"]
+# Ignore commented out code in Sphinx configuration file
+"docs/source/conf.py" = ["ERA001"]
+# Prints are okay in notebooks
+"notebooks/**/*.ipynb" = ["T201"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.pydocstyle]
+convention = "pep257"
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+relative-imports-order = "closest-to-furthest"
+known-third-party = [
+    "tqdm",
+]
+known-first-party = [
+    "pystow",
+    "tests",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+# see https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/settings/#format_docstring-code-format
+docstring-code-format = true
+
+[tool.bumpversion]
+current_version = "0.5.7-dev"
+parse = "(?P<major>\\d+)\\.(?P<minor>\\d+)\\.(?P<patch>\\d+)(?:-(?P<release>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?(?:\\+(?P<build>[0-9A-Za-z-]+(?:\\.[0-9A-Za-z-]+)*))?"
+serialize = [
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{release}+{build}",
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}+{build}",
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{release}",
+    "{major}.{minor}.{patch}",
+]
+commit = true
+tag = false
+
+[tool.bumpversion.parts.release]
+optional_value = "production"
+first_value = "dev"
+values = [
+    "dev",
+    "production",
+]
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "pyproject.toml"
+search = "version = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "version = \"{new_version}\""
+
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "docs/source/conf.py"
+search = "release = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "release = \"{new_version}\""
 
-[tool.isort]
-profile = "black"
-multi_line_output = 3
-include_trailing_comma = true
-reverse_relative = true
+[[tool.bumpversion.files]]
+filename = "src/pystow/version.py"
+search = "VERSION = \"{current_version}\""
+replace = "VERSION = \"{new_version}\""
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c841f7..0000000
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-##########################
-# Setup.py Configuration #
-##########################
-# Configuring setup()
-[metadata]
-name = pystow
-version = 0.5.7-dev
-description = Easily pick a place to store data for your python package.
-long_description = file: README.md
-long_description_content_type = text/markdown
-
-# Links
-url = https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow
-download_url = https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow/releases
-project_urls =
-    Bug Tracker = https://github.com/cthoyt/pystow/issues
-
-# Author information
-author = Charles Tapley Hoyt
-author_email = cthoyt@gmail.com
-maintainer = Charles Tapley Hoyt
-maintainer_email = cthoyt@gmail.com
-
-# License information
-license = MIT
-license_file = LICENSE
-
-# Search tags
-classifiers =
-    Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
-    Environment :: Console
-    License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
-    Operating System :: OS Independent
-    Programming Language :: Python
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
-keywords =
-    caching
-    file management
-
-[options]
-install_requires =
-    click
-    requests
-    tqdm
-    typing_extensions
-
-zip_safe = false
-python_requires = >=3.9
-
-# Where is my code
-packages = find:
-package_dir =
-    = src
-
-[options.packages.find]
-where = src
-
-[options.extras_require]
-rdf =
-    rdflib
-xml =
-    lxml
-pandas =
-    pandas
-aws =
-    boto3
-tests =
-    coverage
-    pytest
-    requests_file
-docs =
-    sphinx<8.0
-    sphinx-rtd-theme
-    sphinx-click
-    sphinx-autodoc-typehints
-    sphinx_automodapi
-
-[options.entry_points]
-console_scripts =
-    pystow = pystow.cli:main
-
-######################
-# Doc8 Configuration #
-# (doc8.ini)         #
-######################
-[doc8]
-max-line-length = 120
-
-##########################
-# Coverage Configuration #
-# (.coveragerc)          #
-##########################
-[coverage:run]
-branch = True
-source = pystow
-omit =
-    tests/*
-    docs/*
-    src/pystow/cli.py
-    src/pystow/__main__.py
-
-[coverage:paths]
-source =
-    src/pystow
-    .tox/*/lib/python*/site-packages/pystow
-
-[coverage:report]
-show_missing = True
-exclude_lines =
-    def __str__
-    def __repr__
-
-##########################
-# Darglint Configuration #
-##########################
-[darglint]
-docstring_style = sphinx
-strictness = full
-# enable = DAR104
-
-#########################
-# Flake8 Configuration  #
-# (.flake8)             #
-#########################
-[flake8]
-ignore =
-    # pickle
-    S403
-    # pickle
-    S301
-    # line break before binary operator
-    W503
-    S410
-    S320
-    # overload operator causes this
-    E704
-exclude =
-    .tox,
-    .git,
-    __pycache__,
-    docs/source/conf.py,
-    build,
-    dist,
-    tests/fixtures/*,
-    *.pyc,
-    *.egg-info,
-    .cache,
-    .eggs,
-    data
-max-line-length = 120
-max-complexity = 20
-import-order-style = pycharm
-application-import-names =
-    pystow
-    tests
diff --git a/src/pystow/__init__.py b/src/pystow/__init__.py
index 1e874e4..24c3762 100644
--- a/src/pystow/__init__.py
+++ b/src/pystow/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """PyStow: Easily pick a place to store data for your python package."""
 
 from .api import (
diff --git a/src/pystow/__main__.py b/src/pystow/__main__.py
index 350e058..4ae045e 100644
--- a/src/pystow/__main__.py
+++ b/src/pystow/__main__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # type: ignore
 
 """Command line interface for PyStow."""
diff --git a/src/pystow/api.py b/src/pystow/api.py
index 0d4c13a..3018d33 100644
--- a/src/pystow/api.py
+++ b/src/pystow/api.py
@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """API functions for PyStow."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import bz2
 import io
 import lzma
 import sqlite3
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping, Sequence
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Generator,
     Literal,
-    Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ def module(key: str, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> Module:
 def join(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     ensure_exists: bool = True,
     version: VersionHint = None,
 ) -> Path:
@@ -159,7 +155,7 @@ def open(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] = "r",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -171,7 +167,7 @@ def open(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["rb", "wb"],
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -181,9 +177,9 @@ def open(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["r", "rb", "rt", "w", "wb", "wt"] = "r",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ensure_exists: bool = False,
-) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
     """Open a file.
 
     :param key:
@@ -196,7 +192,9 @@ def open(
     :param name: The name of the file to open
     :param mode: The read or write mode, passed to :func:`open`
     :param open_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to :func:`open`
-    :param ensure_exists: Should the directory the file is in be made? Set to true on write operations.
+    :param ensure_exists:
+        Should the directory the file is in be made?
+        Set to true on write operations.
 
     :yields: An open file object
 
@@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ def open_gz(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -237,7 +235,7 @@ def open_gz(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -247,9 +245,9 @@ def open_gz(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt", "rb", "wb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ensure_exists: bool = False,
-) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
     """Open a gzipped file that exists already.
 
     :param key:
@@ -277,10 +275,10 @@ def ensure(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     version: VersionHint = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     """Ensure a file is downloaded.
 
@@ -370,11 +368,11 @@ def ensure_untar(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
-    directory: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
+    directory: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    extract_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    extract_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     """Ensure a file is downloaded and untarred.
 
@@ -418,10 +416,10 @@ def ensure_gunzip(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
     autoclean: bool = True,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Path:
     """Ensure a file is downloaded and gunzipped.
 
@@ -464,11 +462,11 @@ def ensure_open(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str],
+    name: str | None,
     force: bool,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -479,11 +477,11 @@ def ensure_open(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str],
+    name: str | None,
     force: bool,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -492,12 +490,12 @@ def ensure_open(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    mode: Union[Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"], Literal["rb", "wb"]] = "r",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] | Literal["rb", "wb"] = "r",
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
     """Ensure a file is downloaded and open it.
 
     :param key:
@@ -540,11 +538,11 @@ def ensure_open_zip(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: str = "r",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> BytesOpener:
     """Ensure a file is downloaded then open it with :mod:`zipfile`.
 
@@ -592,12 +590,12 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str],
+    name: str | None,
     force: bool,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = "rt",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
-) -> Generator["io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile]", None, None]: ...
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
+) -> Generator[io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile], None, None]: ...
 
 
 # docstr-coverage:excused `overload`
@@ -607,11 +605,11 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str],
+    name: str | None,
     force: bool,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[lzma.LZMAFile, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -620,12 +618,12 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["r", "rb", "w", "wb", "rt", "wt"] = "rt",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> Generator[Union[lzma.LZMAFile, "io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile]"], None, None]:
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> Generator[lzma.LZMAFile | io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile], None, None]:
     """Ensure a LZMA-compressed file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
     :param key:
@@ -668,11 +666,11 @@ def ensure_open_tarfile(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: str = "r",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> BytesOpener:
     """Ensure a tar file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
@@ -720,11 +718,11 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str],
+    name: str | None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
 ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -735,11 +733,11 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
 
@@ -748,12 +746,12 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["r", "rb", "w", "wb", "rt", "wt"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
     """Ensure a gzipped file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
     :param key:
@@ -795,11 +793,11 @@ def ensure_open_bz2(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[bz2.BZ2File, None, None]:
     """Ensure a BZ2-compressed file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
@@ -841,11 +839,11 @@ def ensure_csv(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """Download a CSV and open as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -877,8 +875,8 @@ def ensure_csv(
 
     >>> import pystow
     >>> import pandas as pd
-    >>> url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pykeen/pykeen/master/src/pykeen/datasets/nations/test.txt'
-    >>> df: pd.DataFrame = pystow.ensure_csv('pykeen', 'datasets', 'nations', url=url)
+    >>> url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pykeen/pykeen/master/src/pykeen/datasets/nations/test.txt"
+    >>> df: pd.DataFrame = pystow.ensure_csv("pykeen", "datasets", "nations", url=url)
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_csv(
@@ -895,8 +893,8 @@ def load_df(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """Open a pre-existing CSV as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -913,9 +911,9 @@ def load_df(
 
     >>> import pystow
     >>> import pandas as pd
-    >>> url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pykeen/pykeen/master/src/pykeen/datasets/nations/test.txt'
-    >>> pystow.ensure_csv('pykeen', 'datasets', 'nations', url=url)
-    >>> df: pd.DataFrame = pystow.load_df('pykeen', 'datasets', 'nations', name='test.txt')
+    >>> url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pykeen/pykeen/master/src/pykeen/datasets/nations/test.txt"
+    >>> pystow.ensure_csv("pykeen", "datasets", "nations", url=url)
+    >>> df: pd.DataFrame = pystow.load_df("pykeen", "datasets", "nations", name="test.txt")
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.load_df(
@@ -929,10 +927,10 @@ def dump_df(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    obj: "pd.DataFrame",
+    obj: pd.DataFrame,
     sep: str = "\t",
     index: bool = False,
-    to_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    to_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Dump a dataframe to a TSV file with :mod:`pandas`.
 
@@ -963,11 +961,11 @@ def ensure_json(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> JSON:
     """Download JSON and open with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -991,8 +989,8 @@ def ensure_json(
     Example usage::
 
     >>> import pystow
-    >>> url = 'https://maayanlab.cloud/CREEDS/download/single_gene_perturbations-v1.0.json'
-    >>> perturbations = pystow.ensure_json('bio', 'creeds', '1.0', url=url)
+    >>> url = "https://maayanlab.cloud/CREEDS/download/single_gene_perturbations-v1.0.json"
+    >>> perturbations = pystow.ensure_json("bio", "creeds", "1.0", url=url)
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_json(
@@ -1010,11 +1008,11 @@ def ensure_json_bz2(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> JSON:
     """Download BZ2-compressed JSON and open with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1038,8 +1036,8 @@ def ensure_json_bz2(
     Example usage::
 
     >>> import pystow
-    >>> url = 'https://github.com/hetio/hetionet/raw/master/hetnet/json/hetionet-v1.0.json.bz2'
-    >>> hetionet = pystow.ensure_json_bz2('bio', 'hetionet', '1.0', url=url)
+    >>> url = "https://github.com/hetio/hetionet/raw/master/hetnet/json/hetionet-v1.0.json.bz2"
+    >>> hetionet = pystow.ensure_json_bz2("bio", "hetionet", "1.0", url=url)
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_json_bz2(
@@ -1057,7 +1055,7 @@ def load_json(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> JSON:
     """Open a JSON file :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1078,8 +1076,8 @@ def dump_json(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     obj: JSON,
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    json_dump_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    json_dump_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Dump an object to a file with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1102,12 +1100,12 @@ def ensure_pickle(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     """Download a pickle file and open with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1147,8 +1145,8 @@ def load_pickle(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     """Open a pickle file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1178,8 +1176,8 @@ def dump_pickle(
     name: str,
     obj: Any,
     mode: Literal["wb"] = "wb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    pickle_dump_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    pickle_dump_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Dump an object to a file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1208,12 +1206,12 @@ def ensure_pickle_gz(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     """Download a gzipped pickle file and open with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1253,8 +1251,8 @@ def load_pickle_gz(
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
     mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     """Open a gzipped pickle file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1282,11 +1280,11 @@ def ensure_xml(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
     """Download an XML file and open it with :mod:`lxml`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1305,7 +1303,10 @@ def ensure_xml(
     :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
     :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-    .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+    .. warning::
+
+        If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+        it's better just to unzip first.
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_xml(
@@ -1322,8 +1323,8 @@ def load_xml(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+    parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
     """Load an XML file with :mod:`lxml`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1331,10 +1332,14 @@ def load_xml(
         A sequence of additional strings to join. If none are given,
         returns the directory for this module.
     :param name: The name of the file to open
-    :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
+    :param parse_kwargs:
+        Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
     :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-    .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+    .. warning::
+
+        If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+        it's better just to unzip first.
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.load_xml(
@@ -1348,9 +1353,9 @@ def dump_xml(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    obj: "lxml.etree.ElementTree",
-    open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    write_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    obj: lxml.etree.ElementTree,
+    open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    write_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Dump an XML element tree to a file with :mod:`lxml`.
 
@@ -1377,11 +1382,11 @@ def ensure_excel(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    read_excel_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    read_excel_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """Download an excel file and open as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1416,11 +1421,11 @@ def ensure_tar_df(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """Download a tar file and open an inner file as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1441,7 +1446,10 @@ def ensure_tar_df(
     :param read_csv_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`pandas.read_csv`.
     :returns: A dataframe
 
-    .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+    .. warning::
+
+        If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+        it's better just to unzip first.
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_tar_df(
@@ -1460,11 +1468,11 @@ def ensure_tar_xml(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
     """Download a tar file and open an inner file as an XML with :mod:`lxml`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1485,7 +1493,10 @@ def ensure_tar_xml(
     :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
     :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-    .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+    .. warning::
+
+        If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+        it's better just to unzip first.
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_tar_xml(
@@ -1504,11 +1515,11 @@ def ensure_zip_df(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
     """Download a zip file and open an inner file as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1546,11 +1557,11 @@ def ensure_zip_np(
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
     inner_path: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "numpy.typing.ArrayLike":
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> numpy.typing.ArrayLike:
     """Download a zip file and open an inner file as an array-like with :mod:`numpy`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1590,12 +1601,12 @@ def ensure_rdf(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     precache: bool = True,
-    parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+    parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> rdflib.Graph:
     """Download a RDF file and open with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
     :param key: The module name
@@ -1624,13 +1635,16 @@ def ensure_rdf(
     >>> url = 'https://ftp.expasy.org/databases/rhea/rdf/rhea.rdf.gz'
     >>> rdf_graph: rdflib.Graph = pystow.ensure_rdf('rhea', url=url)
 
-    If :mod:`rdflib` fails to guess the format, you can explicitly specify it using the `parse_kwargs` argument:
+    If :mod:`rdflib` fails to guess the format, you can explicitly specify
+    it using the `parse_kwargs` argument:
 
     >>> import pystow
     >>> import rdflib
     >>> url = "http://oaei.webdatacommons.org/tdrs/testdata/persistent/knowledgegraph" \
     ... "/v3/suite/memoryalpha-stexpanded/component/reference.xml"
-    >>> rdf_graph: rdflib.Graph = pystow.ensure_rdf("memoryalpha-stexpanded", url=url, parse_kwargs={"format": "xml"})
+    >>> rdf_graph: rdflib.Graph = pystow.ensure_rdf(
+    ...     "memoryalpha-stexpanded", url=url, parse_kwargs={"format": "xml"}
+    ... )
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_rdf(
@@ -1647,9 +1661,9 @@ def ensure_rdf(
 def load_rdf(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
-    parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+    name: str | None = None,
+    parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> rdflib.Graph:
     """Open an RDF file with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
     :param key:
@@ -1673,9 +1687,9 @@ def dump_rdf(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     name: str,
-    obj: "rdflib.Graph",
+    obj: rdflib.Graph,
     format: str = "turtle",
-    serialize_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    serialize_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Dump an RDF graph to a file with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
@@ -1700,8 +1714,8 @@ def ensure_from_s3(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     s3_bucket: str,
-    s3_key: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    s3_key: str | Sequence[str],
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> Path:
@@ -1730,8 +1744,10 @@ def ensure_from_s3(
 
     Example downloading ProtMapper 0.0.21:
 
-    >>> version = '0.0.21'
-    >>> ensure_from_s3('test', version, s3_bucket='bigmech', s3_key=f'protmapper/{version}/refseq_uniprot.csv')
+    >>> version = "0.0.21"
+    >>> ensure_from_s3(
+    ...     "test", version, s3_bucket="bigmech", s3_key=f"protmapper/{version}/refseq_uniprot.csv"
+    ... )
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_from_s3(
@@ -1770,7 +1786,7 @@ def ensure_from_google(
     Example downloading the WK3l-15k dataset as motivated by
     https://github.com/pykeen/pykeen/pull/403:
 
-    >>> ensure_from_google('test', name='wk3l15k.zip', file_id='1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z')
+    >>> ensure_from_google("test", name="wk3l15k.zip", file_id="1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z")
     """
     _module = Module.from_key(key, ensure_exists=True)
     return _module.ensure_from_google(*subkeys, name=name, file_id=file_id, force=force)
@@ -1798,9 +1814,9 @@ def ensure_open_sqlite(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[sqlite3.Connection, None, None]:
     """Ensure and connect to a SQLite database.
 
@@ -1842,9 +1858,9 @@ def ensure_open_sqlite_gz(
     key: str,
     *subkeys: str,
     url: str,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
     force: bool = False,
-    download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
 ) -> Generator[sqlite3.Connection, None, None]:
     """Ensure and connect to a gzipped SQLite database.
 
diff --git a/src/pystow/cache.py b/src/pystow/cache.py
index 845c847..77e50af 100644
--- a/src/pystow/cache.py
+++ b/src/pystow/cache.py
@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Utilities for caching files."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import json
 import logging
 import pickle
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
-    List,
-    MutableMapping,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
     Union,
     cast,
@@ -39,8 +36,8 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 JSONType = Union[
-    Dict[str, Any],
-    List[Any],
+    dict[str, Any],
+    list[Any],
 ]
 
 X = TypeVar("X")
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ class Cached(Generic[X], ABC):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        path: Union[str, Path],
+        path: str | Path,
         force: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """Instantiate the decorator.
@@ -134,10 +131,10 @@ def dump(self, rv: Any) -> None:
             pickle.dump(rv, file, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
 
 
-class CachedCollection(Cached[List[str]]):
+class CachedCollection(Cached[list[str]]):
     """Make a function lazily cache its return value as file."""
 
-    def load(self) -> List[str]:
+    def load(self) -> list[str]:
         """Load data from the cache as a list of strings.
 
         :returns: A list of strings loaded from the cache
@@ -145,14 +142,14 @@ def load(self) -> List[str]:
         with open(self.path) as file:
             return [line.strip() for line in file]
 
-    def dump(self, rv: List[str]) -> None:
+    def dump(self, rv: list[str]) -> None:
         """Dump data to the cache as a list of strings.
 
         :param rv: The list of strings to dump
         """
         with open(self.path, "w") as file:
             for line in rv:
-                print(line, file=file)  # noqa:T001,T201
+                print(line, file=file)
 
 
 class CachedDataFrame(Cached["pd.DataFrame"]):
@@ -160,11 +157,11 @@ class CachedDataFrame(Cached["pd.DataFrame"]):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        path: Union[str, Path],
+        path: str | Path,
         force: bool = False,
-        sep: Optional[str] = None,
-        dtype: Optional[Any] = None,
-        read_csv_kwargs: Optional[MutableMapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        sep: str | None = None,
+        dtype: Any | None = None,
+        read_csv_kwargs: MutableMapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Instantiate the decorator.
 
@@ -189,7 +186,7 @@ def __init__(
             self.read_csv_kwargs["dtype"] = dtype
         self.read_csv_kwargs.setdefault("keep_default_na", False)
 
-    def load(self) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+    def load(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Load data from the cache as a dataframe.
 
         :returns: A dataframe loaded from the cache.
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ def load(self) -> "pd.DataFrame":
             **self.read_csv_kwargs,
         )
 
-    def dump(self, rv: "pd.DataFrame") -> None:
+    def dump(self, rv: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
         """Dump data to the cache as a dataframe.
 
         :param rv: The dataframe to dump
diff --git a/src/pystow/cli.py b/src/pystow/cli.py
index 2de3bfb..ae330d3 100644
--- a/src/pystow/cli.py
+++ b/src/pystow/cli.py
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 """Command line interface for PyStow."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 from typing import Optional, Sequence
 
diff --git a/src/pystow/config_api.py b/src/pystow/config_api.py
index 34d92b4..591d259 100644
--- a/src/pystow/config_api.py
+++ b/src/pystow/config_api.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Configuration handling."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 from configparser import ConfigParser
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import dedent
-from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
 
 from .utils import getenv_path
 
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ def get_config(
     module: str,
     key: str,
     *,
-    passthrough: Optional[X] = None,
-    default: Optional[X] = None,
-    dtype: Optional[Type[X]] = None,
+    passthrough: X | None = None,
+    default: X | None = None,
+    dtype: type[X] | None = None,
     raise_on_missing: bool = False,
 ) -> Any:
     """Get a configuration value.
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ def get_config(
     return _cast(rv, dtype)
 
 
-def _cast(rv: Any, dtype: Union[None, Callable[..., Any]]) -> Any:
+def _cast(rv: Any, dtype: None | Callable[..., Any]) -> Any:
     if not isinstance(rv, str):  # if it's not a string, it doesn't need munging
         return rv
     if dtype in (None, str):  # no munging necessary
diff --git a/src/pystow/constants.py b/src/pystow/constants.py
index 408a77c..79c3fe9 100644
--- a/src/pystow/constants.py
+++ b/src/pystow/constants.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """PyStow constants."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Generator
 from io import StringIO
 from textwrap import dedent
-from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Generator
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable
 
 __all__ = [
     "PYSTOW_NAME_ENVVAR",
@@ -30,11 +31,12 @@
 
 ### ⚙️️ Configuration
 
-By default, data is stored in the `$HOME/.data` directory. By default, the `<app>` app will create the
-`$HOME/.data/<app>` folder.
+By default, data is stored in the `$HOME/.data` directory. By default, the `<app>`
+app will create the `$HOME/.data/<app>` folder.
 
-If you want to use an alternate folder name to `.data` inside the home directory, you can set the `PYSTOW_NAME`
-environment variable. For example, if you set `PYSTOW_NAME=mydata`, then the following code for the `pykeen` app will
+If you want to use an alternate folder name to `.data` inside the home directory,
+you can set the `PYSTOW_NAME` environment variable. For example, if you set
+`PYSTOW_NAME=mydata`, then the following code for the `pykeen` app will
 create the `$HOME/mydata/pykeen/` directory:
 
 ```python
@@ -49,8 +51,9 @@
 pykeen_directory = pystow.join('pykeen')
 ```
 
-If you want to specify a completely custom directory that isn't relative to your home directory, you can set
-the `PYSTOW_HOME` environment variable. For example, if you set `PYSTOW_HOME=/usr/local/`, then the following code for
+If you want to specify a completely custom directory that isn't relative to
+your home directory, you can set the `PYSTOW_HOME` environment variable. For
+example, if you set `PYSTOW_HOME=/usr/local/`, then the following code for
 the `pykeen` app will create the `/usr/local/pykeen/` directory:
 
 ```python
diff --git a/src/pystow/impl.py b/src/pystow/impl.py
index 3f2c612..82531f5 100644
--- a/src/pystow/impl.py
+++ b/src/pystow/impl.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Module implementation."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import bz2
 import gzip
 import io
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 import sqlite3
 import tarfile
 import zipfile
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping, Sequence
 from contextlib import closing, contextmanager
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -20,12 +21,8 @@
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Generator,
     Literal,
-    Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Sequence,
     Union,
     cast,
     overload,
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@
 class Module:
     """The class wrapping the directory lookup implementation."""
 
-    def __init__(self, base: Union[str, Path], ensure_exists: bool = True) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, base: str | Path, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> None:
         """Initialize the module.
 
         :param base:
@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ def __init__(self, base: Union[str, Path], ensure_exists: bool = True) -> None:
         mkdir(self.base, ensure_exists=ensure_exists)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_key(cls, key: str, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> "Module":
+    def from_key(cls, key: str, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> Module:
         """Get a module for the given directory or one of its subdirectories.
 
         :param key:
@@ -109,7 +106,7 @@ def from_key(cls, key: str, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> "Modul
             rv = rv.module(*subkeys, ensure_exists=ensure_exists)
         return rv
 
-    def module(self, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> "Module":
+    def module(self, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> Module:
         """Get a module for a subdirectory of the current module.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ def module(self, *subkeys: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> "Module":
     def join(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         ensure_exists: bool = True,
         version: VersionHint = None,
     ) -> Path:
@@ -208,10 +205,10 @@ def ensure(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         version: VersionHint = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Path:
         """Ensure a file is downloaded.
 
@@ -305,11 +302,11 @@ def ensure_untar(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        directory: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        directory: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        extract_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        extract_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Path:
         """Ensure a tar file is downloaded and unarchived.
 
@@ -352,10 +349,10 @@ def ensure_gunzip(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
         autoclean: bool = True,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Path:
         """Ensure a tar.gz file is downloaded and unarchived.
 
@@ -402,11 +399,11 @@ def ensure_open(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
     # docstr-coverage:excused `overload`
@@ -416,11 +413,11 @@ def ensure_open(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -428,12 +425,12 @@ def ensure_open(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        mode: Union[Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"], Literal["rb", "wb"]] = "r",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] | Literal["rb", "wb"] = "r",
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
         """Ensure a file is downloaded and open it.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -472,8 +469,8 @@ def _raise_for_mode_ensure_mismatch(
         :raises ValueError: In the following situations:
 
             1. If the file should be opened in write mode, and it is not ensured to exist
-            2. If the file should be opened in read mode, and it is ensured to exist. This is bad because
-               it will create a file when there previously wasn't one
+            2. If the file should be opened in read mode, and it is ensured to exist.
+               This is bad because it will create a file when there previously wasn't one
         """
         if "w" in mode and not ensure_exists:
             raise ValueError
@@ -488,7 +485,7 @@ def open(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         ensure_exists: bool,
     ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
@@ -500,7 +497,7 @@ def open(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         ensure_exists: bool,
     ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
@@ -509,10 +506,10 @@ def open(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        mode: Union[Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"], Literal["rb", "wb"]] = "r",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        mode: Literal["r", "rt", "w", "wt"] | Literal["rb", "wb"] = "r",
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         ensure_exists: bool = False,
-    ) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+    ) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
         """Open a file.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -521,7 +518,8 @@ def open(
         :param name: The name of the file to open
         :param mode: The read mode, passed to :func:`open`
         :param open_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to :func:`open`
-        :param ensure_exists: Should the directory the file is in be made? Set to true on write operations.
+        :param ensure_exists:
+            Should the directory the file is in be made? Set to true on write operations.
 
         :yields: An open file object.
 
@@ -550,7 +548,7 @@ def open_gz(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         ensure_exists: bool,
     ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
@@ -562,7 +560,7 @@ def open_gz(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         ensure_exists: bool,
     ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
@@ -572,9 +570,9 @@ def open_gz(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt", "rb", "wb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         ensure_exists: bool = False,
-    ) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+    ) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
         """Open a gzipped file that exists already.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -601,12 +599,12 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = "rt",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
-    ) -> Generator["io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile]", None, None]: ...
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
+    ) -> Generator[io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile], None, None]: ...
 
     # docstr-coverage:excused `overload`
     @overload
@@ -615,11 +613,11 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal["rb", "wb"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     ) -> Generator[lzma.LZMAFile, None, None]: ...
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -627,12 +625,12 @@ def ensure_open_lzma(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: Literal["r", "rb", "w", "wb", "rt", "wt"] = "rt",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> Generator[Union[lzma.LZMAFile, "io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile]"], None, None]:
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Generator[lzma.LZMAFile | io.TextIOWrapper[lzma.LZMAFile], None, None]:
         """Ensure a LZMA-compressed file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -666,11 +664,11 @@ def ensure_open_tarfile(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: str = "r",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> BytesOpener:
         """Ensure a tar file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
@@ -708,11 +706,11 @@ def ensure_open_zip(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: str = "r",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> BytesOpener:
         """Ensure a file is downloaded then open it with :mod:`zipfile`.
 
@@ -751,11 +749,11 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal["r", "w", "rt", "wt"] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     ) -> Generator[StringIO, None, None]: ...
 
     # docstr-coverage:excused `overload`
@@ -765,14 +763,14 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
         force: bool,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
         mode: Literal[
             "rb",
             "wb",
         ] = ...,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None,
     ) -> Generator[BytesIO, None, None]: ...
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -780,12 +778,12 @@ def ensure_open_gz(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: Literal["r", "rb", "w", "wb", "rt", "wt"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> Generator[Union[StringIO, BytesIO], None, None]:
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Generator[StringIO | BytesIO, None, None]:
         """Ensure a gzipped file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -818,11 +816,11 @@ def ensure_open_bz2(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Generator[bz2.BZ2File, None, None]:
         """Ensure a BZ2-compressed file is downloaded and open a file inside it.
 
@@ -855,11 +853,11 @@ def ensure_csv(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Download a CSV and open as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -888,8 +886,8 @@ def load_df(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Open a pre-existing CSV as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -910,10 +908,10 @@ def dump_df(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        obj: "pd.DataFrame",
+        obj: pd.DataFrame,
         sep: str = "\t",
         index: bool = False,
-        to_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        to_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Dump a dataframe to a TSV file with :mod:`pandas`.
 
@@ -939,11 +937,11 @@ def ensure_json(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> JSON:
         """Download JSON and open with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -977,11 +975,11 @@ def ensure_json_bz2(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> JSON:
         """Download BZ2-compressed JSON and open with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1015,8 +1013,8 @@ def load_json(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        json_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        json_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> JSON:
         """Open a JSON file :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1038,8 +1036,8 @@ def dump_json(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         obj: JSON,
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        json_dump_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        json_dump_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Dump an object to a file with :mod:`json`.
 
@@ -1060,12 +1058,12 @@ def ensure_pickle(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Any:
         """Download a pickle file and open with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1102,8 +1100,8 @@ def load_pickle(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Any:
         """Open a pickle file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1131,8 +1129,8 @@ def dump_pickle(
         name: str,
         obj: Any,
         mode: Literal["wb"] = "wb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        pickle_dump_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        pickle_dump_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Dump an object to a file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1158,12 +1156,12 @@ def ensure_pickle_gz(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Any:
         """Download a gzipped pickle file and open with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1200,8 +1198,8 @@ def load_pickle_gz(
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
         mode: Literal["rb"] = "rb",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        pickle_load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        pickle_load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Any:
         """Open a gzipped pickle file with :mod:`pickle`.
 
@@ -1227,11 +1225,11 @@ def ensure_excel(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        read_excel_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        read_excel_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Download an excel file and open as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1261,11 +1259,11 @@ def ensure_tar_df(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Download a tar file and open an inner file as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1285,7 +1283,10 @@ def ensure_tar_df(
         :param read_csv_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`pandas.read_csv`.
         :returns: A dataframe
 
-        .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+        .. warning::
+
+            If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+            it's better just to unzip first.
         """
         path = self.ensure(
             *subkeys, url=url, name=name, force=force, download_kwargs=download_kwargs
@@ -1298,11 +1299,11 @@ def ensure_xml(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
         """Download an XML file and open it with :mod:`lxml`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1320,7 +1321,10 @@ def ensure_xml(
         :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
         :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-        .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+        .. warning::
+
+            If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+            it's better just to unzip first.
         """
         from lxml import etree
 
@@ -1333,8 +1337,8 @@ def load_xml(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+        parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
         """Load an XML file with :mod:`lxml`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1344,7 +1348,10 @@ def load_xml(
         :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
         :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-        .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+        .. warning::
+
+            If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+            it's better just to unzip first.
         """
         from lxml import etree
 
@@ -1355,9 +1362,9 @@ def dump_xml(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        obj: "lxml.etree.ElementTree",
-        open_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        write_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        obj: lxml.etree.ElementTree,
+        open_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        write_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Dump an XML element tree to a file with :mod:`lxml`.
 
@@ -1367,7 +1374,9 @@ def dump_xml(
         :param name: The name of the file to open
         :param obj: The object to dump
         :param open_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to :func:`open`
-        :param write_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.ElementTree.write`.
+        :param write_kwargs:
+            Keyword arguments to pass through to
+            :func:`lxml.etree.ElementTree.write`.
         """
         with self.open(
             *subkeys, name=name, mode="wb", open_kwargs=open_kwargs, ensure_exists=True
@@ -1379,11 +1388,11 @@ def ensure_tar_xml(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
         """Download a tar file and open an inner file as an XML with :mod:`lxml`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1403,7 +1412,10 @@ def ensure_tar_xml(
         :param parse_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`lxml.etree.parse`.
         :returns: An ElementTree object
 
-        .. warning:: If you have lots of files to read in the same archive, it's better just to unzip first.
+        .. warning::
+
+            If you have lots of files to read in the same archive,
+            it's better just to unzip first.
         """
         path = self.ensure(
             *subkeys, url=url, name=name, force=force, download_kwargs=download_kwargs
@@ -1415,11 +1427,11 @@ def ensure_zip_df(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        read_csv_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        read_csv_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
         """Download a zip file and open an inner file as a dataframe with :mod:`pandas`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1451,11 +1463,11 @@ def ensure_zip_np(
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
         inner_path: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        load_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "numpy.typing.ArrayLike":
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        load_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> numpy.typing.ArrayLike:
         """Download a zip file and open an inner file as an array-like with :mod:`numpy`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1487,12 +1499,12 @@ def ensure_rdf(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         precache: bool = True,
-        parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+        parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> rdflib.Graph:
         """Download a RDF file and open with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1507,7 +1519,8 @@ def ensure_rdf(
             Should the download be done again, even if the path already exists?
             Defaults to false.
         :param download_kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`pystow.utils.download`.
-        :param precache: Should the parsed :class:`rdflib.Graph` be stored as a pickle for fast loading?
+        :param precache:
+            Should the parsed :class:`rdflib.Graph` be stored as a pickle for fast loading?
         :param parse_kwargs:
             Keyword arguments to pass through to :func:`pystow.utils.read_rdf` and transitively to
             :func:`rdflib.Graph.parse`.
@@ -1532,9 +1545,9 @@ def ensure_rdf(
     def load_rdf(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        parse_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    ) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+        name: str | None = None,
+        parse_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> rdflib.Graph:
         """Open an RDF file with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
         :param subkeys:
@@ -1553,9 +1566,9 @@ def dump_rdf(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         name: str,
-        obj: "rdflib.Graph",
+        obj: rdflib.Graph,
         format: str = "turtle",
-        serialize_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        serialize_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Dump an RDF graph to a file with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
@@ -1577,11 +1590,11 @@ def ensure_from_s3(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         s3_bucket: str,
-        s3_key: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
-        client: Optional["botocore.client.BaseClient"] = None,
-        client_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-        download_file_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        s3_key: str | Sequence[str],
+        name: str | None = None,
+        client: botocore.client.BaseClient | None = None,
+        client_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+        download_file_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
     ) -> Path:
         """Ensure a file is downloaded.
@@ -1629,7 +1642,7 @@ def ensure_from_google(
         name: str,
         file_id: str,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Path:
         """Ensure a file is downloaded from Google Drive.
 
@@ -1639,9 +1652,9 @@ def ensure_from_google(
         :param name:
             The name of the file
         :param file_id:
-            The file identifier of the google file. If your share link is
-            https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z/view, then your file id is
-            ``1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z``.
+            The file identifier of the Google file. If your share link is
+            https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z/view,
+            then your file ID is ``1AsPPU4ka1Rc9u-XYMGWtvV65hF3egi0z``.
         :param force:
             Should the download be done again, even if the path already exists?
             Defaults to false.
@@ -1659,9 +1672,9 @@ def ensure_open_sqlite(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Generator[sqlite3.Connection, None, None]:
         """Ensure and connect to a SQLite database.
 
@@ -1699,9 +1712,9 @@ def ensure_open_sqlite_gz(
         self,
         *subkeys: str,
         url: str,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         force: bool = False,
-        download_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        download_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Generator[sqlite3.Connection, None, None]:
         """Ensure and connect to a SQLite database that's gzipped.
 
@@ -1738,7 +1751,7 @@ def ensure_open_sqlite_gz(
             yield conn
 
 
-def _clean_csv_kwargs(read_csv_kwargs: Union[None, Mapping[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def _clean_csv_kwargs(read_csv_kwargs: None | Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     read_csv_kwargs = {} if read_csv_kwargs is None else dict(read_csv_kwargs)
     read_csv_kwargs.setdefault("sep", "\t")
     return read_csv_kwargs
diff --git a/src/pystow/utils.py b/src/pystow/utils.py
index 9e16175..284b9f6 100644
--- a/src/pystow/utils.py
+++ b/src/pystow/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Utilities."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -16,21 +14,16 @@
 import tempfile
 import urllib.error
 import zipfile
+from collections.abc import Collection, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping
 from functools import partial
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
 from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
-from subprocess import check_output  # noqa: S404
+from subprocess import check_output
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Collection,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
     Literal,
-    Mapping,
     NamedTuple,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
     cast,
 )
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
@@ -64,6 +57,7 @@
     # Exceptions
     "HexDigestError",
     "UnexpectedDirectory",
+    "UnexpectedDirectoryError",
     # Functions
     "get_offending_hexdigests",
     "get_hashes",
@@ -112,7 +106,6 @@
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-
 #: Represents an available backend for downloading
 DownloadBackend: TypeAlias = Literal["urllib", "requests"]
 
@@ -143,7 +136,7 @@ def __init__(self, offending_hexdigests: Collection[HexDigestMismatch]):
         """
         self.offending_hexdigests = offending_hexdigests
 
-    def __str__(self) -> str:  # noqa:D105
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
         return "\n".join(
             (
                 "Hexdigest of downloaded file does not match the expected ones!",
@@ -155,7 +148,7 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:  # noqa:D105
         )
 
 
-class UnexpectedDirectory(FileExistsError):
+class UnexpectedDirectoryError(FileExistsError):
     """Thrown if a directory path is given where file path should have been."""
 
     def __init__(self, path: Path):
@@ -165,12 +158,16 @@ def __init__(self, path: Path):
         """
         self.path = path
 
-    def __str__(self) -> str:  # noqa:D105
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
         return f"got directory instead of file: {self.path}"
 
 
+#: Backwards compatible name
+UnexpectedDirectory = UnexpectedDirectoryError
+
+
 def get_hexdigests_remote(
-    hexdigests_remote: Optional[Mapping[str, str]], hexdigests_strict: bool = False
+    hexdigests_remote: Mapping[str, str] | None, hexdigests_strict: bool = False
 ) -> Mapping[str, str]:
     """Process hexdigests via URLs.
 
@@ -191,10 +188,10 @@ def get_hexdigests_remote(
 
 
 def get_offending_hexdigests(
-    path: Union[str, Path],
-    chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
-    hexdigests: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-    hexdigests_remote: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    path: str | Path,
+    chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    hexdigests: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    hexdigests_remote: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     hexdigests_strict: bool = False,
 ) -> Collection[HexDigestMismatch]:
     """
@@ -243,10 +240,10 @@ def get_offending_hexdigests(
 
 
 def get_hashes(
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    path: str | Path,
     names: Iterable[str],
     *,
-    chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    chunk_size: int | None = None,
 ) -> Mapping[str, Hash]:
     """Calculate several hexdigests of hash algorithms for a file concurrently.
 
@@ -277,8 +274,8 @@ def get_hashes(
 def raise_on_digest_mismatch(
     *,
     path: Path,
-    hexdigests: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-    hexdigests_remote: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    hexdigests: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    hexdigests_remote: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     hexdigests_strict: bool = False,
 ) -> None:
     """Raise a HexDigestError if the digests do not match.
@@ -315,7 +312,7 @@ def update_to(
         self,
         blocks: int = 1,
         block_size: int = 1,
-        total_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        total_size: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Update the internal state based on a urllib report hook.
 
@@ -330,15 +327,15 @@ def update_to(
 
 def download(
     url: str,
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    path: str | Path,
     force: bool = True,
     clean_on_failure: bool = True,
     backend: DownloadBackend = "urllib",
-    hexdigests: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
-    hexdigests_remote: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    hexdigests: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    hexdigests_remote: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     hexdigests_strict: bool = False,
     progress_bar: bool = True,
-    tqdm_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    tqdm_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> None:
     """Download a file from a given URL.
@@ -358,8 +355,10 @@ def download(
         Set to true to show a progress bar while downloading
     :param tqdm_kwargs:
         Override the default arguments passed to :class:`tadm.tqdm` when progress_bar is True.
-    :param kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to :func:`urllib.request.urlretrieve` or to `requests.get`
-        depending on the backend chosen. If using 'requests' backend, `stream` is set to True by default.
+    :param kwargs:
+        The keyword arguments to pass to :func:`urllib.request.urlretrieve`
+        or to `requests.get` depending on the backend chosen. If using 'requests' backend,
+        `stream` is set to True by default.
 
     :raises Exception: Thrown if an error besides a keyboard interrupt is thrown during download
     :raises KeyboardInterrupt: If a keyboard interrupt is thrown during download
@@ -370,7 +369,7 @@ def download(
     path = Path(path).resolve()
 
     if path.is_dir():
-        raise UnexpectedDirectory(path)
+        raise UnexpectedDirectoryError(path)
     if path.is_file() and not force:
         raise_on_digest_mismatch(
             path=path,
@@ -381,15 +380,15 @@ def download(
         logger.debug("did not re-download %s from %s", path, url)
         return
 
-    _tqdm_kwargs = dict(
-        unit="B",
-        unit_scale=True,
-        unit_divisor=1024,
-        miniters=1,
-        disable=not progress_bar,
-        desc=f"Downloading {path.name}",
-        leave=False,
-    )
+    _tqdm_kwargs = {
+        "unit": "B",
+        "unit_scale": True,
+        "unit_divisor": 1024,
+        "miniters": 1,
+        "disable": not progress_bar,
+        "desc": f"Downloading {path.name}",
+        "leave": False,
+    }
     if tqdm_kwargs:
         _tqdm_kwargs.update(tqdm_kwargs)
 
@@ -495,7 +494,8 @@ def mkdir(path: Path, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> None:
     """Make a directory (or parent directory if a file is given) if flagged with ``ensure_exists``.
 
     :param path: The path to a directory
-    :param ensure_exists: Should the directories leading to the path be created if they don't already exist?
+    :param ensure_exists:
+        Should the directories leading to the path be created if they don't already exist?
     """
     if ensure_exists:
         path.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
@@ -535,8 +535,10 @@ def getenv_path(envvar: str, default: Path, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> Path:
     """Get an environment variable representing a path, or use the default.
 
     :param envvar: The environmental variable name to check
-    :param default: The default path to return if the environmental variable is not set
-    :param ensure_exists: Should the directories leading to the path be created if they don't already exist?
+    :param default:
+        The default path to return if the environmental variable is not set
+    :param ensure_exists:
+        Should the directories leading to the path be created if they don't already exist?
     :return: A path either specified by the environmental variable or by the default.
     """
     rv = Path(os.getenv(envvar, default=default)).expanduser()
@@ -552,9 +554,7 @@ def n() -> str:
     return str(uuid4())
 
 
-def get_df_io(
-    df: "pandas.DataFrame", sep: str = "\t", index: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
-) -> BytesIO:
+def get_df_io(df: pandas.DataFrame, sep: str = "\t", index: bool = False, **kwargs: Any) -> BytesIO:
     """Get the dataframe as bytes.
 
     :param df: A dataframe
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ def get_df_io(
     return bio
 
 
-def get_np_io(arr: "numpy.typing.ArrayLike", **kwargs: Any) -> BytesIO:
+def get_np_io(arr: numpy.typing.ArrayLike, **kwargs: Any) -> BytesIO:
     """Get the numpy object as bytes.
 
     :param arr: Array-like
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ def get_np_io(arr: "numpy.typing.ArrayLike", **kwargs: Any) -> BytesIO:
 
 def write_pickle_gz(
     obj: Any,
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    path: str | Path,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> None:
     """Write an object to a gzipped pickle.
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@ def write_pickle_gz(
 
 
 def write_lzma_csv(
-    df: "pandas.DataFrame",
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    df: pandas.DataFrame,
+    path: str | Path,
     sep: str = "\t",
     index: bool = False,
     **kwargs: Any,
@@ -624,8 +624,8 @@ def write_lzma_csv(
 
 
 def write_zipfile_csv(
-    df: "pandas.DataFrame",
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    df: pandas.DataFrame,
+    path: str | Path,
     inner_path: str,
     sep: str = "\t",
     index: bool = False,
@@ -649,8 +649,8 @@ def write_zipfile_csv(
 
 
 def read_zipfile_csv(
-    path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, sep: str = "\t", **kwargs: Any
-) -> "pandas.DataFrame":
+    path: str | Path, inner_path: str, sep: str = "\t", **kwargs: Any
+) -> pandas.DataFrame:
     """Read an inner CSV file from a zip archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the zip archive
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ def read_zipfile_csv(
 
 
 def write_zipfile_xml(
-    element_tree: "lxml.etree.ElementTree",
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    element_tree: lxml.etree.ElementTree,
+    path: str | Path,
     inner_path: str,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> None:
@@ -687,9 +687,7 @@ def write_zipfile_xml(
             file.write(etree.tostring(element_tree, **kwargs))
 
 
-def read_zipfile_xml(
-    path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any
-) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+def read_zipfile_xml(path: str | Path, inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
     """Read an inner XML file from a zip archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the zip archive
@@ -705,8 +703,8 @@ def read_zipfile_xml(
 
 
 def write_zipfile_np(
-    arr: "numpy.typing.ArrayLike",
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    arr: numpy.typing.ArrayLike,
+    path: str | Path,
     inner_path: str,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> None:
@@ -725,7 +723,7 @@ def write_zipfile_np(
             file.write(bytes_io.read())
 
 
-def read_zip_np(path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> "numpy.typing.ArrayLike":
+def read_zip_np(path: str | Path, inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> numpy.typing.ArrayLike:
     """Read an inner numpy array-like from a zip archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the zip archive
@@ -740,13 +738,13 @@ def read_zip_np(path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> "nump
             return cast(np.typing.ArrayLike, np.load(file, **kwargs))
 
 
-def read_zipfile_rdf(path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+def read_zipfile_rdf(path: str | Path, inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> rdflib.Graph:
     """Read an inner RDF file from a zip archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the zip archive
     :param inner_path: The path inside the zip archive to the dataframe
     :param kwargs: Additional kwargs to pass to :func:`pandas.read_csv`.
-    :return: A dataframe
+    :return: A graph
     """
     import rdflib
 
@@ -758,8 +756,8 @@ def read_zipfile_rdf(path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) ->
 
 
 def write_tarfile_csv(
-    df: "pandas.DataFrame",
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    df: pandas.DataFrame,
+    path: str | Path,
     inner_path: str,
     sep: str = "\t",
     index: bool = False,
@@ -784,8 +782,8 @@ def write_tarfile_csv(
 
 
 def read_tarfile_csv(
-    path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, sep: str = "\t", **kwargs: Any
-) -> "pandas.DataFrame":
+    path: str | Path, inner_path: str, sep: str = "\t", **kwargs: Any
+) -> pandas.DataFrame:
     """Read an inner CSV file from a tar archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the tar archive
@@ -801,9 +799,7 @@ def read_tarfile_csv(
             return pd.read_csv(file, sep=sep, **kwargs)
 
 
-def read_tarfile_xml(
-    path: Union[str, Path], inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any
-) -> "lxml.etree.ElementTree":
+def read_tarfile_xml(path: str | Path, inner_path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> lxml.etree.ElementTree:
     """Read an inner XML file from a tar archive.
 
     :param path: The path to the tar archive
@@ -818,7 +814,7 @@ def read_tarfile_xml(
             return etree.parse(file, **kwargs)
 
 
-def read_rdf(path: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any) -> "rdflib.Graph":
+def read_rdf(path: str | Path, **kwargs: Any) -> rdflib.Graph:
     """Read an RDF file with :mod:`rdflib`.
 
     :param path: The path to the RDF file
@@ -837,7 +833,7 @@ def read_rdf(path: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any) -> "rdflib.Graph":
     return graph
 
 
-def write_sql(df: "pandas.DataFrame", name: str, path: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+def write_sql(df: pandas.DataFrame, name: str, path: str | Path, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
     """Write a dataframe as a SQL table.
 
     :param df: A dataframe
@@ -880,10 +876,10 @@ def get_commit(org: str, repo: str, provider: str = "git") -> str:
 
 def download_from_google(
     file_id: str,
-    path: Union[str, Path],
+    path: str | Path,
     force: bool = True,
     clean_on_failure: bool = True,
-    hexdigests: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    hexdigests: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Download a file from google drive.
 
@@ -903,7 +899,7 @@ def download_from_google(
     path = Path(path).resolve()
 
     if path.is_dir():
-        raise UnexpectedDirectory(path)
+        raise UnexpectedDirectoryError(path)
     if path.is_file() and not force:
         raise_on_digest_mismatch(path=path, hexdigests=hexdigests)
         logger.debug("did not re-download %s from Google ID %s", path, file_id)
@@ -936,10 +932,10 @@ def _get_confirm_token(res: requests.Response) -> str:
 def download_from_s3(
     s3_bucket: str,
     s3_key: str,
-    path: Union[str, Path],
-    client: Union[None, "botocore.client.BaseClient"] = None,
-    client_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
-    download_file_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    path: str | Path,
+    client: None | botocore.client.BaseClient = None,
+    client_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    download_file_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     force: bool = True,
     clean_on_failure: bool = True,
 ) -> None:
@@ -964,7 +960,7 @@ def download_from_s3(
     path = Path(path).resolve()
 
     if path.is_dir():
-        raise UnexpectedDirectory(path)
+        raise UnexpectedDirectoryError(path)
     if path.is_file() and not force:
         logger.debug("did not re-download %s from %s %s", path, s3_bucket, s3_key)
         return
@@ -993,7 +989,7 @@ def download_from_s3(
         raise
 
 
-def _unlink(path: Union[str, Path]) -> None:
+def _unlink(path: str | Path) -> None:
     # python 3.6 does not have pathlib.Path.unlink, smh
     try:
         os.remove(path)
@@ -1048,8 +1044,7 @@ def get_base(key: str, ensure_exists: bool = True) -> Path:
         <key>_HOME where key is uppercased is checked first before using
         the default home directory.
     :param ensure_exists:
-        Should all directories be created automatically?
-        Defaults to true.
+        Should all directories be created automatically? Defaults to true.
     :returns:
         The path to the given
 
@@ -1078,17 +1073,18 @@ def ensure_readme() -> None:
     except PermissionError as e:
         raise PermissionError(
             "PyStow was not able to create its home directory in due to a lack of "
-            "permissions. This can happen, e.g., if you're working on a server where you don't have full "
-            "rights. See https://pystow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#configuration for instructions "
-            "on choosing a different home folder location for PyStow to somewhere where you have write permissions."
+            "permissions. This can happen, e.g., if you're working on a server where you don't "
+            "have full rights. See https://pystow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#"
+            "configuration for instructions on choosing a different home folder location for "
+            "PyStow to somewhere where you have write permissions."
         ) from e
     if readme_path.is_file():
         return
     with readme_path.open("w", encoding="utf8") as file:
-        print(README_TEXT, file=file)  # noqa:T001,T201
+        print(README_TEXT, file=file)
 
 
-def path_to_sqlite(path: Union[str, Path]) -> str:
+def path_to_sqlite(path: str | Path) -> str:
     """Convert a path to a SQLite connection string.
 
     :param path: A path to a SQLite database file
@@ -1098,7 +1094,7 @@ def path_to_sqlite(path: Union[str, Path]) -> str:
     return f"sqlite:///{path.as_posix()}"
 
 
-def gunzip(source: Union[str, Path], target: Union[str, Path]) -> None:
+def gunzip(source: str | Path, target: str | Path) -> None:
     """Unzip a file in the source to the target.
 
     :param source: The path to an input file
diff --git a/src/pystow/version.py b/src/pystow/version.py
index a53c59e..08444f8 100644
--- a/src/pystow/version.py
+++ b/src/pystow/version.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Version information for PyStow."""
 
 __all__ = [
diff --git a/tests/test_api.py b/tests/test_api.py
index 9a24d73..794bdc6 100644
--- a/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/tests/test_api.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Test for API completeness."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import inspect
 import unittest
 
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ def test_exposed(self):
                 )
                 self.assertTrue(
                     hasattr(pystow.api, name),
-                    msg=f"`Module.{name} should be exposed as a top-level function in `pystow.api`.",
+                    msg=f"`Module.{name} should be exposed as a top-level "
+                    f"function in `pystow.api`.",
                 )
                 self.assertTrue(
                     hasattr(pystow, name),
diff --git a/tests/test_caching.py b/tests/test_caching.py
index b19c132..f46151c 100644
--- a/tests/test_caching.py
+++ b/tests/test_caching.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Tests for caching."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import tempfile
 import unittest
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ def _f1():
             _f1()
         self.assertFalse(
             path.is_file(),
-            msg="the function should throw an exception because of the flag, and no file should be created",
+            msg="the function should throw an exception "
+            "because of the flag, and no file should be created",
         )
 
         raise_flag = False
diff --git a/tests/test_config.py b/tests/test_config.py
index e16da5d..c47b525 100644
--- a/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_config.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Test configuration loading."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/tests/test_module.py b/tests/test_module.py
index 476bcf0..d9c749c 100644
--- a/tests/test_module.py
+++ b/tests/test_module.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Tests for PyStow."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import bz2
 import contextlib
 import itertools as itt
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 import shutil
 import tempfile
 import unittest
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import ContextManager, Mapping, Union
 from unittest import mock
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.directory.cleanup()
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def mock_directory(self) -> ContextManager[Path]:
+    def mock_directory(self) -> contextlib.AbstractContextManager[Path]:
         """Use this test case's temporary directory as a mock environment variable.
 
         :yield: The mock directory's path
@@ -150,20 +150,20 @@ def mock_download():
         :return: A patch object that can be applied to the pystow download function
         """
 
-        def _mock_get_data(url: str, path: Union[str, Path], **_kwargs) -> Path:
+        def _mock_get_data(url: str, path: str | Path, **_kwargs) -> Path:
             return shutil.copy(MOCK_FILES[url], path)
 
         return mock.patch("pystow.utils.download", side_effect=_mock_get_data)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def mock_download_once(local_path: Union[str, Path]):
+    def mock_download_once(local_path: str | Path):
         """Mock connection to the internet using local resource files.
 
         :param local_path: the path to the file to mock
         :return: A patch object that can be applied to the pystow download function
         """
 
-        def _mock_get_data(path: Union[str, Path], **_kwargs) -> Path:
+        def _mock_get_data(path: str | Path, **_kwargs) -> Path:
             return shutil.copy(local_path, path)
 
         return mock.patch("pystow.utils.download", side_effect=_mock_get_data)
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def test_ensure_open_lzma(self):
             with self.mock_download_once(path):
                 with lzma.open(path, "wt") as file:
                     for row in TEST_TSV_ROWS:
-                        print(*row, sep="\t", file=file)  # noqa:T001,T201
+                        print(*row, sep="\t", file=file)
                 with pystow.ensure_open_lzma("test", url=n()) as file:
                     df = pd.read_csv(file, sep="\t")
                     self.assertEqual(3, len(df.columns))
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/test_utils.py
index 53bb430..4250fd9 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 """Tests for utilities."""
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import hashlib
 import os
 import tempfile
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ def setUp(self) -> None:
         self.directory = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
         self.path = Path(self.directory.name).joinpath("test.tsv")
 
-        md5 = hashlib.md5()  # noqa:S303,S324
+        md5 = hashlib.md5()  # noqa: S324
         with TEST_TXT.open("rb") as file:
             md5.update(file.read())
         self.expected_md5 = md5.hexdigest()
@@ -425,14 +425,16 @@ def test_hexdigest_urls(self):
             hexdigests["md5"],
         )
 
-        # Live test case
-        # hexdigests = get_hexdigests_remote(
-        #     {"md5": "https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/baseline/pubmed22n0001.xml.gz.md5"},
-        #     hexdigests_strict=False,
-        # )
-        # self.assertEqual(
-        #     {
-        #         "md5": "0f08d8f3947dde1f3bced5e1f450c0da",
-        #     },
-        #     hexdigests,
-        # )
+    @unittest.skip
+    def test_live(self) -> None:
+        """Test live."""
+        hexdigests = get_hexdigests_remote(
+            {"md5": "https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/baseline/pubmed22n0001.xml.gz.md5"},
+            hexdigests_strict=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {
+                "md5": "0f08d8f3947dde1f3bced5e1f450c0da",
+            },
+            hexdigests,
+        )
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index dbb7610..056fcb6 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -7,100 +7,113 @@
 # To use a PEP 517 build-backend you are required to configure tox to use an isolated_build:
 # https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example/package.html
 isolated_build = True
+
 # These environments are run in order if you just use `tox`:
 envlist =
     # always keep coverage-clean first
-    #coverage-clean
-    # code linters/stylers
+    coverage-clean
+    # code formatters
+    format
+    # format-docs
+    # Code quality assessment
     manifest
-    lint
-    flake8
     pyroma
+    lint
     mypy
-    # documentation linters/checkers
+    # Documentation quality assurance
     doc8
     docstr-coverage
     docs-test
     # the actual tests
     py
+    doctests
     # always keep coverage-report last
-    #coverage-report
+    # coverage-report
 
 [testenv]
+description = Run unit and integration tests.
+# Runs on the "tests" directory by default, or passes the positional
+# arguments from `tox -e py <posargs_1> ... <posargs_n>
 commands =
     coverage run -p -m pytest --durations=20 {posargs:tests}
     coverage combine
     coverage xml
-passenv =
-    HOME
 extras =
+    # See the [project.optional-dependencies] entry in pyproject.toml for "tests"
     tests
     pandas
     rdf
     xml
-allowlist_externals =
-    /bin/cat
-    /bin/cp
-    /bin/mkdir
-    /usr/bin/cat
-    /usr/bin/cp
-    /usr/bin/mkdir
-    /usr/bin/git
-    /usr/local/bin/git
-
-[testenv:coverage-xml]
-deps = coverage
-skip_install = true
-commands = coverage xml
 
 [testenv:coverage-clean]
+description = Remove testing coverage artifacts.
 deps = coverage
 skip_install = true
 commands = coverage erase
 
+[testenv:doctests]
+description = Test that documentation examples run properly.
+commands =
+    xdoctest -m src
+deps =
+    xdoctest
+    pygments
+
+[testenv:treon]
+description = Test that notebooks can run to completion
+commands =
+    treon notebooks/
+deps =
+    treon
+
+[testenv:format]
+description = Format the code in a deterministic way using ruff. Note that ruff check should come before ruff format when using --fix (ref: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/blob/main/README.md)
+deps =
+    ruff
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+    ruff check --fix
+    ruff format
+
+[testenv:format-docs]
+description = Run documentation linters.
+# note that this doesn't work with sphinx-click
+# or any other extension that adds extra directives
+deps =
+    rstfmt
+extras =
+    # See the [project.optional-dependencies] entry in pyproject.toml for "docs"
+    docs
+skip_install = true
+commands =
+    rstfmt docs/source/
+
 [testenv:manifest]
 deps = check-manifest
 skip_install = true
 commands = check-manifest
+description = Check that the MANIFEST.in is written properly and give feedback on how to fix it.
 
-[testenv:pre-commit]
-skip_install = true
-deps =
-    pre-commit
-commands = pre-commit run -a
-usedevelop = true
-description = Run the pre-commit tool
+[testenv:lint]
+description = Check code quality using ruff and other tools.
 
-[testenv:flake8]
 skip_install = true
 deps =
-    flake8
-    flake8-bandit
-    flake8-colors
-    flake8-docstrings
-    flake8-isort
-    flake8-bugbear
-    flake8-broken-line
-    flake8-black
-    flake8-print
-    pep8-naming
-    pydocstyle
-    darglint
+    ruff
 commands =
-    flake8 src/pystow/ tests/
-description = Run the flake8 tool with several plugins (bandit, docstrings, import order, pep8 naming).
+    ruff check
+    ruff format --check
 
-[testenv:lint]
+[testenv:pyroma]
 deps =
-    black
-    isort
+    pygments
+    pyroma
 skip_install = true
-commands =
-    black src/ tests/
-    isort src/ tests/
-description = Run linters.
+commands = pyroma --min=10 .
+description = Run the pyroma tool to check the package friendliness of the project.
 
 [testenv:mypy]
+description = Run the mypy tool to check static typing on the project.
 deps =
     mypy
     types-requests
@@ -108,49 +121,37 @@ extras =
     pandas
     rdf
     xml
-commands =
-    mypy --install-types --non-interactive --ignore-missing-imports --strict src/pystow/
-description = Run the mypy tool to check static typing on the project.
-
-[testenv:pyroma]
-deps =
-    pygments
-    pyroma
-skip_install = true
-commands = pyroma --min=10 .
-description = Run the pyroma tool to check the package friendliness of the project.
+commands = mypy --install-types --non-interactive --ignore-missing-imports --strict src/
 
 [testenv:doc8]
 skip_install = true
 deps =
-    sphinx
     doc8
+extras =
+    docs
 commands =
     doc8 docs/source/
 description = Run the doc8 tool to check the style of the RST files in the project docs.
 
 [testenv:docstr-coverage]
+description = Run the docstr-coverage tool to check documentation coverage.
 skip_install = true
 deps =
     docstr-coverage
 commands =
-    docstr-coverage src/pystow/ tests/ --skip-private --skip-magic
-description = Run the docstr-coverage tool to check documentation coverage
-
+    docstr-coverage src/ tests/ --skip-private --skip-magic
 
 [testenv:docs]
-description = Build the documentation locally.
+description = Build the documentation locally, allowing warnings.
 extras =
+    # See the [project.optional-dependencies] entry in pyproject.toml for "docs"
     docs
-    rdf
-    xml
-    pandas
-    aws
+    # You might need to add additional extras if your documentation covers it
 commands =
-    python -m sphinx -W -b html -d docs/build/doctrees docs/source docs/build/html
+    python -m sphinx -b html -d docs/build/doctrees docs/source docs/build/html
 
 [testenv:docs-test]
-description = Test building the documentation in an isolated environment.
+description = Test building the documentation in an isolated environment. Warnings are considered as errors via -W.
 changedir = docs
 extras =
     {[testenv:docs]extras}
@@ -158,20 +159,22 @@ commands =
     mkdir -p {envtmpdir}
     cp -r source {envtmpdir}/source
     python -m sphinx -W -b html     -d {envtmpdir}/build/doctrees {envtmpdir}/source {envtmpdir}/build/html
-    python -m sphinx -W -b coverage -d {envtmpdir}/build/doctrees {envtmpdir}/source {envtmpdir}/build/coverage
-    cat {envtmpdir}/build/coverage/c.txt
-    cat {envtmpdir}/build/coverage/python.txt
+    # python -m sphinx -W -b coverage -d {envtmpdir}/build/doctrees {envtmpdir}/source {envtmpdir}/build/coverage
+    # cat {envtmpdir}/build/coverage/c.txt
+    # cat {envtmpdir}/build/coverage/python.txt
 allowlist_externals =
-    /bin/cp
-    /bin/cat
-    /bin/mkdir
-    # for compatibility on GitHub actions
-    /usr/bin/cp
-    /usr/bin/cat
-    /usr/bin/mkdir
+    cp
+    cat
+    mkdir
+
+[testenv:coverage-xml]
+deps = coverage[toml]
+skip_install = true
+commands = coverage xml
 
 [testenv:coverage-report]
-deps = coverage
+# TODO this is broken
+deps = coverage[toml]
 skip_install = true
 commands =
     coverage combine
@@ -182,54 +185,115 @@ commands =
 ####################
 
 [testenv:bumpversion]
-commands = bump2version {posargs}
+description = Bump the version number
+commands = bump-my-version bump {posargs}
 skip_install = true
 passenv = HOME
 deps =
-    bump2version
+    bump-my-version
 
 [testenv:bumpversion-release]
-commands = bump2version release --tag
+description = Remove the -dev tag from the version
+commands = bump-my-version bump release --tag
 skip_install = true
 passenv = HOME
 deps =
-    bump2version
+    bump-my-version
 
 [testenv:build]
 skip_install = true
 deps =
-    wheel
-    build
+    uv
     setuptools
 commands =
-    python -m build --sdist --wheel --no-isolation
+    uv build --sdist --wheel --no-build-isolation
+
+############
+# Releases #
+############
+
+# In order to make a release to PyPI, you'll need to take the following steps:
+#
+# 1. Navigate to https://pypi.org/account/register/ to register for Test PyPI
+# 2. Navigate to https://pypi.org/manage/account/ and request to re-send a verification email.
+#    This is not sent by default, and is required to set up 2-Factor Authentication.
+# 3. Get account recovery codes
+# 4. Set up 2-Factor Authentication
+# 5. Get an API token from https://pypi.org/manage/account/token/
+# 6. Install keyring with `uv tool install keyring`
+# 7. Add your token to keyring with `keyring set https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/ __token__`
 
 [testenv:release]
+description = Release the code to PyPI so users can pip install it
 skip_install = true
-passenv =
-    TWINE_USERNAME
-    TWINE_PASSWORD
 deps =
     {[testenv:build]deps}
-    twine >= 1.5.0
+    uv
+    keyring
 commands =
     {[testenv:build]commands}
-    twine upload --non-interactive --skip-existing dist/*
+    uv publish --username __token__ --keyring-provider subprocess --publish-url https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/
 
 [testenv:finish]
+description =
+    Run a workflow that removes -dev from the version, creates a tagged release on GitHub,
+    creates a release on PyPI, and bumps the version again.
 skip_install = true
 passenv =
     HOME
-    TWINE_USERNAME
-    TWINE_PASSWORD
 deps =
     {[testenv:release]deps}
-    bump2version
+    bump-my-version
 commands =
-    bump2version release --tag
+    {[testenv:bumpversion-release]commands}
     {[testenv:release]commands}
     git push --tags
-    bump2version patch
+    bump-my-version bump patch
+    git push
+allowlist_externals =
+    git
+
+#################
+# Test Releases #
+#################
+
+# In order to test making a release to Test PyPI, you'll need to take the following steps:
+#
+# 1. Navigate to https://test.pypi.org/account/register/ to register for Test PyPI
+# 2. Navigate to https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/ and request to re-send a verification email.
+#    This is not sent by default, and is required to set up 2-Factor Authentication.
+# 3. Get account recovery codes
+# 4. Set up 2-Factor Authentication
+# 5. Get an API token from https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/token/
+# 6. Install keyring with `uv tool install keyring`
+# 7. Add your token to keyring with `keyring set https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ __token__`
+
+[testenv:testrelease]
+description = Release the code to the test PyPI site
+skip_install = true
+deps =
+    {[testenv:build]deps}
+    uv
+    keyring
+commands =
+    {[testenv:build]commands}
+    uv publish --username __token__ --keyring-provider subprocess --publish-url https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+
+[testenv:testfinish]
+description =
+    Run a workflow that removes -dev from the version, creates a tagged release on GitHub,
+    creates a release on Test PyPI, and bumps the version again.
+skip_install = true
+passenv =
+    HOME
+deps =
+    {[testenv:testrelease]deps}
+    bump-my-version
+commands =
+    {[testenv:bumpversion-release]commands}
+    {[testenv:testrelease]commands}
+    git push --tags
+    bump-my-version bump patch
     git push
 allowlist_externals =
-    /usr/bin/git
+    git