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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
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<title>ComSpeech: Can We Achieve High-quality Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation Without Parallel Speech Data?
</title>
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<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Can We Achieve High-quality Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation without Parallel Speech Data?</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<!-- Paper authors -->
<strong>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://fangqingkai.github.io/" target="_blank">Qingkai Fang</a><sup>1,3</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://zhangshaolei1998.github.io/" target="_blank">Shaolei Zhang</a><sup>1,3</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=dUgq6tEAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">Zhengrui Ma</a><sup>1,3</sup>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=CncXH-YAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">Min Zhang</a><sup>4</sup>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://people.ucas.edu.cn/~yangfeng?language=en" target="_blank">Yang Feng</a><sup>1,2,3,*</sup>
</span>
</div>
</strong>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<sup>1</sup><a href="https://iip.ict.ac.cn/">Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing<br>Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICT/CAS)</a>
<br>
<sup>2</sup><a>Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>
<br>
<sup>3</sup><a href="https://www.ucas.ac.cn/">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>
<br>
<sup>4</sup><a href="https://www.suda.edu.cn/">School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University</a>
<br>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5">
<p style="color: red;">ACL 2024 main conference</p>
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.07289" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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<span>Paper</span>
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<a href="https://github.com/ictnlp/ComSpeech" target="_blank"
class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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<i class="fab fa-github"></i>
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<span>Code</span>
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</section>
<!-- Paper abstract -->
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<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
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<p>
Recently proposed two-pass direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) models decompose the task into speech-to-text translation (S2TT) and text-to-speech (TTS) within an end-to-end model, yielding promising results. However, the training of these models still relies on parallel speech data, which is extremely challenging to collect. In contrast, S2TT and TTS have accumulated a large amount of data and pretrained models, which have not been fully utilized in the development of S2ST models. Inspired by this, in this paper, we first introduce a composite S2ST model named ComSpeech, which can seamlessly integrate any pretrained S2TT and TTS models into a direct S2ST model. Furthermore, to eliminate the reliance on parallel speech data, we propose a novel training method ComSpeech-ZS that solely utilizes S2TT and TTS data. It aligns representations in the latent space through contrastive learning, enabling the speech synthesis capability learned from the TTS data to generalize to S2ST in a zero-shot manner. Experimental results on the CVSS dataset show that when the parallel speech data is available, ComSpeech surpasses previous two-pass models like UnitY and Translatotron 2 in both translation quality and decoding speed. When there is no parallel speech data, ComSpeech-ZS lags behind \name by only 0.7 ASR-BLEU and outperforms the cascaded models.
</p>
</div>
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</section>
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<!-- Begin paper intro -->
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<h2 class="title is-3 has-text-centered">Introduction</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
<strong>ComSpeech</strong> is a novel two-pass S2ST model architecture that can seamlessly integrate any S2TT and TTS models into a direct S2ST model. The key component is a <strong>CTC-based vocabulary adaptor</strong>, which addresses the vocabulary mismatch between the S2TT and TTS models. This allows us to fully leverage existing pre-trained S2TT and TTS models, thereby benefiting from the latest advancements in the S2TT and TTS research communities.
</p>
<center>
<img src="static/images/comspeech-method.png" width="50%">
</center>
<p>
<strong>ComSpeech-ZS</strong> is a novel training method for ComSpeech that relies solely on S2TT and TTS data, <strong>without any parallel speech data</strong>. The key idea is to achieve representation alignment through contrastive learning within the representation space of the TTS encoder, thereby <strong>zero-shot generalizing the model's TTS capabilities to S2ST</strong>. This significantly reduces the difficulty of collecting S2ST training data and allows for the full utilization of existing S2TT and TTS data.
<center>
<img src="static/images/comspeech-zs.png" width="100%">
</center>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End paper intro -->
<!-- Begin paper experiment -->
<section class="section hero is-light">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<h2 class="title is-3 has-text-centered">Experiments</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<center>
<img src="static/images/comspeech-result.png" width="90%">
</center>
<p><strong>In the supervised learning scenario</strong>, we find that:</p>
<ol>
<li>ComSpeech outperforms Translatotron 2 and UnitY in translation quality across all three language pairs (A1-A2 vs. A5-A6).</li>
<li>Benefiting from the parallel decoding capability of FastSpeech 2, ComSpeech achieves a 3.40× decoding speedup compared with Translatotron 2.</li>
<li>Compared to DASpeech, which also employs FastSpeech 2 as the TTS module, ComSpeech shows a 3.1 ASR-BLEU improvement in translation quality.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>In the zero-shot learning scenario</strong>, we find that:</p>
<ol>
<li>Despite not using any S2ST data, the translation quality of ComSpeech-ZS is comparable to that of ComSpeech in the supervised learning scenario, with only a 0.7 ASR-BLEU difference (A6 vs. B2).</li>
<li>ComSpeech-ZS also surpasses the performance of Translatotron 2, UnitY, S2UT, and DASpeech (A1-A4 vs. B2).</li>
<li>The translation quality of ComSpeech-ZS surpasses that of the cascaded system, possibly due to avoiding error accumulation.</li>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Begin audio samples -->
<section class="section hero is-small">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<h2 class="title is-3 has-text-centered">Audio Samples</h2>
<h2 class="title is-4 has-text-centered">Fr-En</h2>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tr>
<th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Sample id</th>
<th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Ground truth</th>
<th colspan="4" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Predictions</th>
</tr>
<!-- 1 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>fr_17330818 </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> La parole est à Madame la ministre déléguée. </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> our honorable deputy minister has the floor to speak </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the floor is open to missus the delegated minister </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> i shall give the floor to madame deputy minister </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/1966/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> our deputy minister has the floor to speak </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> our honorable deputy minister has the floor to speak </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> i shall give the floor to missus the delegated minister </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> </td>
</tr>
<!-- 2 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>fr_17305981 </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> "La civilisation Maya est très ancienne et mérite qu'on y porte plus d'attention." </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> men civilization is very old and deserves more attention to it </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the ancient mayan civilization is more careful </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the main civilization is an ancient in america carries more attention to it </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/2250/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the mayan civilization is very old and deserves more attention </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> mayan civilization is very old and deserves more attention to it </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the maya civilization very old in merits have more attention </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> </td>
</tr>
<!-- 3 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>fr_17976517 </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> La parole est à Monsieur Dominique Tian, pour soutenir l’amendement numéro cent cinq. </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> dominique t n may now speak in support of amendment number one hundred and five </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the floor is now open to mister dominique tien to support the one hundred fifth amendment </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the floor is to mister dominique tan to defend the amendment number one hundred and five </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/fr-en/12486/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> mr dominique tian may now speak in support of amendment number five hundred </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> dominicue dan may now speak in support of amendment number one hundred and five </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> the floor is now open to mister dam and ichtion to support the one hundred fifth amendment </td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section hero is-small">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<h2 class="title is-4 has-text-centered">De-En</h2>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tr>
<th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Sample id</th>
<th colspan="1" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Ground truth</th>
<th colspan="4" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Predictions</th>
</tr>
<!-- 1 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">common_voice_<br>de_19769879</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Deutschland folgte mit acht, dahinter Russland mit sechs Goldmedaillen.</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">germany followed with eight days of russia with six gold medals</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">germany was followed by eight because he joined by great medals</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">pursued at the rosland as well as six gold medals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/1118/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">germany followed with eight right before russia with six gold medals</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">germany followed with eight days behind russia with six gold medal</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">on average there followed six gold medals with the eight days</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<!-- 2 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">common_voice_<br>de_17881788</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Der Hefeteig wird ein paar Stunden brauchen.</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the madman will take a few hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the hostile mother is awaiting something</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the ponetic transcription will occur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/2946/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the yeast dough will take a few hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the madman will take a few hours</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">the safe was already unlocked when i came in</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<!-- 3 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">common_voice_<br>de_19268197</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Foster war zunächst als Modell in der Modebranche tätig.</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">forster initially worked as a model in fashion design</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">forster was initially working as a model in the fashion store</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">forster was initially a model in the fashion industry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Model</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">Audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/de-en/9002/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">foster initially worked as a model in fashion industry</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">ASR</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">forster initially worked as a model in fashion design</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;">forster was initially active as a model in the fashion design</td>
<td style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section hero is-small">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<h2 class="title is-4 has-text-centered">Es-En</h2>
<table style="border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;">
<tr>
<th colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Sample id</th>
<th colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Ground truth</th>
<th colspan="4" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Predictions</th>
</tr>
<!-- 1 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>es_19678239 </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> El Atom fue elegido por su diseño ligero y eficiente. </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the act was chosen for its light and efficient design </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the atam was chosen by his light designed and efficient </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the act was chosen by its like design and official </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/1926/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the atom was chosen for its light and efficient design </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the act was chosen for its light and efficient design </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> the act was chosen by its light design and efficient </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<!-- 2 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>es_19326109 </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Se encuentra en pastizales, márgenes de campos y caminos. </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> it can be found in pastures fields and roads </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> they are found in pastures fields margins and rots </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> it is located in pastures seas of fields and roads </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/8537/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> it can be found in pastures field margins and roads </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> it can be found in pastures fields and roads </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> they are found in pastures fields images and paths </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<!-- 3 -->
<tr>
<td rowspan="6" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> common_voice_<br>es_19958814 </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Source audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">UnitY</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Translatotron 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/src.mp3" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/comspeech.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/unity.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/translatotron2.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Primer profesor peruano de áreas protegidas y manejo de fauna. </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> first peruvian professor of protected areas and booming </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> it has a peruvian professor of protected areas in the state of hang </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> he is a peruvian professor of artists and masterpiece </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Target audio</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Model </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">ComSpeech-ZS</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">Cascade</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/ref.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> Audio </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/comspeech_zs.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;">
<center><audio controls style="width: 140px;"><source src="wav/es-en/9169/cascade.wav" type="audio/wav"></audio></center>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> first peruvian professor of protected areas and fauna management </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> ASR </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> first peruvian professor of protected areas in this area </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"> he serves as a peruvian professor and maines delphin </td>
<td style="border: 1px solid black; text-align: center; padding: 8px;"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</section>
<!-- End audio samples -->
<!--BibTex citation -->
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>@inproceedings{fang-etal-2024-can,
title = {Can We Achieve High-quality Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation Without Parallel Speech Data?},
author = {Fang, Qingkai and Zhang, Shaolei and Ma, Zhengrui and Zhang, Min and Feng, Yang},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
year = {2024},
}</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<!--End BibTex citation -->
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