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03-collocation.qmd
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03-collocation.qmd
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---
title: "Collocation"
author:
- name:
given: "Gede Primahadi Wijaya"
family: "Rajeg"
url: https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/people/gede-rajeg
orcid: 0000-0002-2047-8621
affiliation:
- '<a href="https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/people/gede-rajeg" target="_blank" style="color:DodgerBlue;">University of Oxford</a> / <a href="https://www.cirhss.org/" target="_blank" style="color:DodgerBlue;">CIRHSS</a> & <a href="https://github.com/complexico" target="_blank" style="color:DodgerBlue;">CompLexico</a>, Udayana University'
format:
revealjs:
slide-number: true
preview-links: auto
css: styles.css
date: 2024-07-22
date-modified: now
editor: visual
bibliography: references.bib
csl: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/citation-style-language/styles/master/unified-style-sheet-for-linguistics.csl"
---
## Roadmap
::: incremental
1. Collocation: A brief history & basic notion
2. Two methodological perspectives on “collocation”
3. Why is collocation useful?
4. Practice
:::
## Collocation: A brief history & basic notion {.scrollable}
::: incremental
- First used by J. R. Firth (1957):
> “I propose to bring forward as a technical term, meaning by *collocation*, and apply the test of *collocability*.” [Firth 1957: 194, cited from @xiao2015, 107]
- “Collocations of a given word are statements of the habitual or customary places of that word” [@firth1962, 12]
- NOT just a “mere juxtaposition”, but “an order of *mutual expectancy*” [@firth1962, 12]
- Aspect of the “[Neo-Firthian Corpus Linguistics]{style="color:crimson"}” [@mcenery2012, Ch. 6]
- leading figure: John Sinclair
- [Firth's idea meets corpus linguistics]{style="color:crimson"}
- Two central approaches: **collocation** & **discourse**
- meaning by collocation:
- an important aspect of word meaning does not exist in isolation but subsists in the features of association that word participates in with other words and/or structures it frequently co-occurs [@mcenery2012, 123]
- broad definition:
> “co-occurrence patterns observed in corpus data” [@mcenery2012, 123]
- but how is this “co-occurrence” identified?
- there are two broad methodological/operational perspectives
:::
## Roadmap
::: nonincremental
~~1. Collocation: A brief history & basic notion~~
2. Two methodological perspectives on “collocation”
3. Why is collocation useful?
4. Practice
:::
## Two methodological perspectives on “collocation” {.scrollable}
::: columns
::: {.column width="50%"}
“collocation via concordance”
- manual scanning of concordance lines
- linguist's intuition + linguistic skill
- e.g., Sinclair's classic study on *naked eye*.
- my experience:
- focus on syntactically relevant words of the node
- I use it to study metaphoric construction and conceptual metaphor for emotion
:::
::: {.column width="50%"}
:::
:::
## Two methodological perspectives on “collocation” {.scrollable}
::: columns
::: {.column .suppressedtextcolour width="50%"}
“collocation via concordance”
- manual scanning of concordance lines
- linguist's intuition + linguistic skill
- e.g., Sinclair's classic study on *naked eye*.
- my experience:
- focus on syntactically relevant words of the node
- I use it to study metaphoric construction and conceptual metaphor for emotion
:::
::: {.column width="50%"}
“collocation via significance”
- statistical test on the co-occurrence frequency
- commonly available in modern corpus tools
- mainly ignore syntactic relation
- relying on linear span of words around the node [cf. @hunston2002, 69]
- but cf. SkE's *Word Sketch*
- there is also syntactically-oriented collocation [cf. @stefanowitsch2009]
- e.g., *Collostructional Analysis* [@stefanowitsch2013]
- manual inspection is still used
- or SkE's Word Sketch
- in a click of a button
:::
:::
::: r-stack
[See McEnery and Hardie [-@mcenery2012, 123*ff* for details]]{style="color:Thistle"}
:::
## Roadmap
::: nonincremental
~~1. Collocation: A brief history & basic notion~~
~~2. Two methodological perspectives on “collocation”~~
3. Why is collocation useful?
4. Practice
:::
## Why is collocation useful? {.scrollable}
::: incremental
- to detect [different senses of a word]{style="color:#DE3163"} based on its collocate types [@hunston2002]
- [For instance, the different sense of *deep*]{style="color:#34495E"} (<https://ske.li/16i>)
- to reveal [phraseology]{style="color:#DE3163"} of a given node word [@hunston2002, 77-78]
- [We could use an n-gram tool, another kind of co-occurrence concept]{style="color:#34495E"} [@mcenery2012, 123]
- [For example, the phraseology for the word *shoulder*]{style="color:#34495E"} (<https://ske.li/16l>)
- to unpack [variation in the usage patterns of near-synonyms]{style="color:#DE3163"} [@xiao2015]
- [For instance, distinct co-occurrence patterns of *happiness* and *joy*]{style="color:#34495E"} (<https://ske.li/16j>) [cf. @stefanowitsch2004]
- to obtain the [profile of semantic field]{style="color:#DE3163"} of a word [@hunston2002]
- Example 1: the semantic field of the EXPERIENCER ([fig](https://github.com/complexico/anger-mad-coca/blob/main/figs/08-fig3-8-Experiencer-collocates.png)) noun-collocates of *angry* vs. *mad* [@suari2024] (cf. the repository for data and code [here](https://github.com/complexico/anger-mad-coca/tree/main))
![The semantic field of EXPERIENCER collocates for *angry* and *mad* in COCA in the pattern \[*angry*/*mad* NOUN\].](img/08-fig3-8-Experiencer-collocates.png)
- the semantic categorisation for these collocates refers to the cross-linguistic semantic catalogue called the [*Concepticon*](https://concepticon.clld.org) [@list2016]
- Example 2: the semantic field profile of *bribe* and *bribery* [see @hunston2002, 78]
:::
## Roadmap
::: nonincremental
~~1. Collocation: A brief history & basic notion~~
~~2. Two methodological perspectives on “collocation”~~
~~3. Why is collocation useful?~~
4. Practice
:::
# End of `Collocation`
- source files for all materials:
- <https://github.com/complexico/dipscorling2024>
- pdf version as a handout [here](https://github.com/complexico/dipscorling2024/blob/main/03-collocation.pdf)
- How to cite these materials:
> Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya. 2024. Materials for the *Diponegoro Summer Course in Corpus Linguistics* (*DipSCORLING 2024*) (22 - 27 July 2024). R Quarto. Zenodo. [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12793922](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12793922). (22 July, 2024).
## References