From a92196b5b7bd30c9dda1740bbaa595cfd84f2f04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 22:23:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/19] fix "integer with autoincrement" introspect for SQLite

---
 src/Persistence/Sql/Sqlite/PlatformTrait.php | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/Persistence/Sql/Sqlite/PlatformTrait.php b/src/Persistence/Sql/Sqlite/PlatformTrait.php
index 26d0fa4ad..885c6c49c 100644
--- a/src/Persistence/Sql/Sqlite/PlatformTrait.php
+++ b/src/Persistence/Sql/Sqlite/PlatformTrait.php
@@ -4,11 +4,20 @@
 
 namespace Atk4\Data\Persistence\Sql\Sqlite;
 
+use Atk4\Data\Persistence\Sql\PlatformFixColumnCommentTypeHintTrait;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\ForeignKeyConstraint;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\TableDiff;
 
 trait PlatformTrait
 {
+    // remove (and related property) once https://github.com/doctrine/dbal/pull/6411 is merged and released
+    use PlatformFixColumnCommentTypeHintTrait;
+
+    /** @var list<string> */
+    private $requireCommentHintTypes = [
+        'bigint',
+    ];
+
     public function __construct()
     {
         $this->disableSchemaEmulation(); // @phpstan-ignore method.deprecated

From 32a3fea28f47e62efd664c404a1511f7030ae4ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Thu, 23 May 2024 14:08:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/19] improve migrator test

---
 tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
index 19d8a2e35..12201dfb0 100644
--- a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
@@ -389,13 +389,16 @@ public function testIntrospectTableToModelSetPersistence(): void
         $this->createMigrator()
             ->table('t')
             ->id()
+            ->field('a')
             ->create();
 
         $model = (new Migrator($this->getConnection()))->introspectTableToModel('t');
+        self::assertSame(['id', 'a'], array_keys($model->getFields()));
         self::assertFalse($model->issetPersistence());
 
         $model = $this->createMigrator()->introspectTableToModel('t');
         self::assertTrue($model->issetPersistence());
+        self::assertSame(['id', 'a'], array_keys($model->getFields()));
     }
 }
 

From dd2bd9ade3719257f2f502cad4467c505512ca22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 14:01:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/19] create "bigint" column for "integer" in Migrator

---
 src/Schema/Migrator.php       | 8 ++++++--
 tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Schema/Migrator.php b/src/Schema/Migrator.php
index 21f033564..d2ebf63c3 100644
--- a/src/Schema/Migrator.php
+++ b/src/Schema/Migrator.php
@@ -240,18 +240,22 @@ public function field(string $fieldName, array $options = []): self
         $refType = $options['ref_type'] ?? self::REF_TYPE_NONE;
         unset($options['ref_type']);
 
+        if ($type === 'integer') {
+            $type = 'bigint';
+        }
+
         $column = $this->table->addColumn($this->getDatabasePlatform()->quoteSingleIdentifier($fieldName), $type);
 
         if (($options['nullable'] ?? true) && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_PRIMARY) {
             $column->setNotnull(false);
         }
 
-        if ($type === 'integer' && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_NONE) {
+        if ($type === 'bigint' && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_NONE) {
             $column->setUnsigned(true);
         }
 
         // TODO remove, hack for createForeignKey so ID columns are unsigned
-        if ($type === 'integer' && str_ends_with($fieldName, '_id')) {
+        if ($type === 'bigint' && str_ends_with($fieldName, '_id')) {
             $column->setUnsigned(true);
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
index 12201dfb0..fb38afd12 100644
--- a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
@@ -339,6 +339,10 @@ public function testIntrospectTableToModelBasic(): void
             ];
         }
 
+        // "integer" DBAL type in Migrator is mapped to "bigint"
+        $expectedFields['id']['type'] = 'bigint';
+        $expectedFields['bar']['type'] = 'bigint';
+
         // TODO fix DBAL column comment type hint
         // see PlatformFixColumnCommentTypeHintTrait trait used for MSSQL and Oracle platforms
         if ($this->getDatabasePlatform() instanceof SQLitePlatform) {

From 44667097f21850d10d80f7704b680480f471e2d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 15:27:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/19] fix "bigint" to int php type typecasting

---
 src/Persistence.php | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index 9e0eb20cf..3b2231dbb 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -507,6 +507,7 @@ protected function _typecastSaveField(Field $field, $value)
         }
 
         $res = Type::getType($field->type)->convertToDatabaseValue($value, $this->getDatabasePlatform());
+
         if (is_resource($res) && get_resource_type($res) === 'stream') {
             $res = stream_get_contents($res);
         }
@@ -556,7 +557,10 @@ protected function _typecastLoadField(Field $field, $value)
         }
 
         $res = Type::getType($field->type)->convertToPHPValue($value, $this->getDatabasePlatform());
-        if (is_resource($res) && get_resource_type($res) === 'stream') {
+
+        if ($field->type === 'bigint' && $res === (string) (int) $res) { // once DBAL 3.x support is dropped, it should no longer be needed
+            $res = (int) $res;
+        } elseif (is_resource($res) && get_resource_type($res) === 'stream') {
             $res = stream_get_contents($res);
         }
 

From 3547a174d5d84e56591a5ec67a3052aca270ab75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 14:52:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/19] fix Field::required for smallint/bigint

---
 src/Field.php       | 2 ++
 tests/FieldTest.php | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/Field.php b/src/Field.php
index 76a247515..d13f16669 100644
--- a/src/Field.php
+++ b/src/Field.php
@@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ public function normalize($value)
                     }
 
                     break;
+                case 'smallint':
                 case 'integer':
+                case 'bigint':
                 case 'float':
                 case 'decimal':
                 case 'atk4_money':
diff --git a/tests/FieldTest.php b/tests/FieldTest.php
index d6c5d64a8..2e3be5b99 100644
--- a/tests/FieldTest.php
+++ b/tests/FieldTest.php
@@ -159,7 +159,9 @@ public function testRequiredNumericZeroException(string $type): void
      */
     public static function provideRequiredNumericZeroExceptionCases(): iterable
     {
+        yield ['smallint'];
         yield ['integer'];
+        yield ['bigint'];
         yield ['float'];
         yield ['decimal'];
         yield ['atk4_money'];

From 242be9b26a2ca32b28320d2fe93afc0ec177ee5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 16:03:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/19] add smallint/bigint "Must be numeric" ex

---
 src/Persistence.php |  2 ++
 tests/FieldTest.php | 49 ++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index 3b2231dbb..7161140dd 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -361,7 +361,9 @@ private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
 
             switch ($field->type) {
                 case 'boolean':
+                case 'smallint':
                 case 'integer':
+                case 'bigint':
                 case 'float':
                 case 'decimal':
                 case 'atk4_money':
diff --git a/tests/FieldTest.php b/tests/FieldTest.php
index 2e3be5b99..e72e5a5c0 100644
--- a/tests/FieldTest.php
+++ b/tests/FieldTest.php
@@ -672,32 +672,14 @@ public function testNormalizeStringBoolException(): void
         $m->set('foo', false);
     }
 
-    public function testNormalizeIntegerNumericException(): void
-    {
-        $m = new Model();
-        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => 'integer']);
-        $m = $m->createEntity();
-
-        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Must be numeric');
-        $m->set('foo', '1x');
-    }
-
-    public function testNormalizeFloatNumericException(): void
-    {
-        $m = new Model();
-        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => 'float']);
-        $m = $m->createEntity();
-
-        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Must be numeric');
-        $m->set('foo', '1x');
-    }
-
-    public function testNormalizeAtk4MoneyNumericException(): void
+    /**
+     * @dataProvider provideNormalizeNumericExceptionCases
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideNormalizeNumericExceptionCases')]
+    public function testNormalizeNumericException(string $type): void
     {
         $m = new Model();
-        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
+        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => $type]);
         $m = $m->createEntity();
 
         $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
@@ -705,15 +687,18 @@ public function testNormalizeAtk4MoneyNumericException(): void
         $m->set('foo', '1x');
     }
 
-    public function testNormalizeBooleanNumericException(): void
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<list<mixed>>
+     */
+    public static function provideNormalizeNumericExceptionCases(): iterable
     {
-        $m = new Model();
-        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => 'boolean']);
-        $m = $m->createEntity();
-
-        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
-        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Must be numeric');
-        $m->set('foo', '1x');
+        yield ['boolean'];
+        yield ['smallint'];
+        yield ['integer'];
+        yield ['bigint'];
+        yield ['float'];
+        yield ['decimal'];
+        yield ['atk4_money'];
     }
 
     public function testNormalizeDateException(): void

From 7a7b26dbe986167745592b8fb80a7dedbacdcf49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 15:50:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/19] add smallint/bigint cast to null

---
 src/Persistence.php       | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/TypecastingTest.php | 10 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index 7161140dd..489037c55 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -359,21 +359,37 @@ private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
                     break;
             }
 
-            switch ($field->type) {
-                case 'boolean':
-                case 'smallint':
-                case 'integer':
-                case 'bigint':
-                case 'float':
-                case 'decimal':
-                case 'atk4_money':
-                    if ($value === '') {
+            if ($value === '') {
+                // TODO should be handled by DBAL types itself like "json" type already does
+                // https://github.com/doctrine/dbal/blob/4.0.2/src/Types/JsonType.php#L55
+                switch ($field->type) {
+                    case 'boolean':
+                    case 'smallint':
+                    case 'integer':
+                    case 'bigint':
+                    case 'float':
+                    case 'decimal':
+                    case 'atk4_money':
+                    case 'object':
                         $value = null;
-                    } elseif (!is_numeric($value)) {
-                        throw new Exception('Must be numeric');
-                    }
 
-                    break;
+                        break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                switch ($field->type) {
+                    case 'boolean':
+                    case 'smallint':
+                    case 'integer':
+                    case 'bigint':
+                    case 'float':
+                    case 'decimal':
+                    case 'atk4_money':
+                        if (!is_numeric($value)) {
+                            throw new Exception('Must be numeric');
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
             }
         } elseif ($value !== null) {
             switch ($field->type) {
@@ -529,11 +545,6 @@ protected function _typecastLoadField(Field $field, $value)
     {
         $value = $this->_typecastPreField($field, $value, true);
 
-        // TODO casting optionally to null should be handled by type itself solely
-        if ($value === '' && in_array($field->type, ['boolean', 'integer', 'float', 'decimal', 'datetime', 'date', 'time', 'json', 'object'], true)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-
         // native DBAL DT types have no microseconds support
         if (in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
             && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')) {
diff --git a/tests/TypecastingTest.php b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
index 262f58368..12fc4b1e1 100644
--- a/tests/TypecastingTest.php
+++ b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
                     'datetime' => '',
                     'time' => '',
                     'boolean' => '',
+                    'smallint' => '',
                     'integer' => '',
+                    'bigint' => '',
                     'money' => '',
                     'float' => '',
                     'decimal' => '',
@@ -177,7 +179,9 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
         $m->addField('datetime', ['type' => 'datetime']);
         $m->addField('time', ['type' => 'time']);
         $m->addField('boolean', ['type' => 'boolean']);
+        $m->addField('smallint', ['type' => 'smallint']);
         $m->addField('integer', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $m->addField('bigint', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $m->addField('money', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
         $m->addField('float', ['type' => 'float']);
         $m->addField('decimal', ['type' => 'decimal']);
@@ -192,7 +196,9 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
         self::assertNull($mm->get('datetime'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('time'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('boolean'));
+        self::assertNull($mm->get('smallint'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('integer'));
+        self::assertNull($mm->get('bigint'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('money'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('float'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('decimal'));
@@ -210,7 +216,9 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
         self::assertNull($mm->get('datetime'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('time'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('boolean'));
+        self::assertNull($mm->get('smallint'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('integer'));
+        self::assertNull($mm->get('bigint'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('money'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('float'));
         self::assertNull($mm->get('decimal'));
@@ -241,7 +249,9 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
             'datetime' => null,
             'time' => null,
             'boolean' => null,
+            'smallint' => null,
             'integer' => null,
+            'bigint' => null,
             'money' => null,
             'float' => null,
             'decimal' => null,

From 6418ba8daf434bfcd868a8b5c85132f8bf384737 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 16:04:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/19] add "Must be true" test

---
 tests/FieldTest.php | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/FieldTest.php b/tests/FieldTest.php
index e72e5a5c0..5ca8904a0 100644
--- a/tests/FieldTest.php
+++ b/tests/FieldTest.php
@@ -167,6 +167,17 @@ public static function provideRequiredNumericZeroExceptionCases(): iterable
         yield ['atk4_money'];
     }
 
+    public function testRequiredBooleanZeroException(): void
+    {
+        $m = new Model();
+        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => 'boolean', 'required' => true]);
+        $m = $m->createEntity();
+
+        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Must be true');
+        $m->set('foo', 0);
+    }
+
     public function testNotNullableNullInsertException(): void
     {
         $this->setDb([

From 08ce766f7cf60f672dbd18dbc85399fdcaef0191 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 10:30:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/19] fix empty strong load DT types

---
 src/Persistence.php       | 15 ++++++++++-----
 tests/TypecastingTest.php |  7 -------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index 489037c55..97cf7f16a 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ public function typecastLoadRow(Model $model, array $row): array
     /**
      * @param mixed $value
      *
-     * @return ($value is scalar ? scalar : mixed)
+     * @return ($value is scalar ? scalar|null : mixed)
      */
     private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
     {
@@ -370,6 +370,9 @@ private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
                     case 'float':
                     case 'decimal':
                     case 'atk4_money':
+                    case 'datetime':
+                    case 'date':
+                    case 'time':
                     case 'object':
                         $value = null;
 
@@ -505,8 +508,9 @@ protected function _typecastSaveField(Field $field, $value)
         }
 
         // native DBAL DT types have no microseconds support
-        if (in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
-            && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')) {
+        if ($value !== null && in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
+            && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')
+        ) {
             if ($value === '') {
                 return null;
             } elseif (!$value instanceof \DateTimeInterface) {
@@ -546,8 +550,9 @@ protected function _typecastLoadField(Field $field, $value)
         $value = $this->_typecastPreField($field, $value, true);
 
         // native DBAL DT types have no microseconds support
-        if (in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
-            && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')) {
+        if ($value !== null && in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
+            && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')
+        ) {
             $format = ['date' => 'Y-m-d', 'datetime' => 'Y-m-d H:i:s', 'time' => 'H:i:s'][$field->type];
             if (str_contains($value, '.')) { // time possibly with microseconds, otherwise invalid format
                 $format = preg_replace('~(?<=H:i:s)(?![. ]*u)~', '.u', $format);
diff --git a/tests/TypecastingTest.php b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
index 12fc4b1e1..3d4ab8424 100644
--- a/tests/TypecastingTest.php
+++ b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
 
         $dbData = [
             'types' => [
-                '_types' => ['date' => 'date', 'datetime' => 'datetime', 'time' => 'time', 'decimal' => 'decimal', 'json' => 'json'],
                 1 => $row = [
                     'id' => 1,
                     'string' => '',
@@ -230,13 +229,7 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
 
         $mm->save();
 
-        unset($dbData['types']['_types']);
         $dbData['types'][1]['id'] = '1';
-        $dbData['types'][1]['date'] = null;
-        $dbData['types'][1]['datetime'] = null;
-        $dbData['types'][1]['time'] = null;
-        $dbData['types'][1]['decimal'] = null;
-        $dbData['types'][1]['json'] = null;
         $dbData['types'] = [$dbData['types'][1]];
         self::assertSame($fixEmptyStringForOracleFx($dbData['types']), $m->export(null, null, false));
 

From ee4293c33c02631c3073de704fcfe7a4086f0064 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 10:39:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/19] rm empty string to null save typecasting

---
 src/Persistence.php       | 4 ----
 tests/TypecastingTest.php | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index 97cf7f16a..de748d85d 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -503,10 +503,6 @@ protected function _typecastSaveField(Field $field, $value)
     {
         $value = $this->_typecastPreField($field, $value, false);
 
-        if (in_array($field->type, ['json', 'object'], true) && $value === '') { // TODO remove later
-            return null;
-        }
-
         // native DBAL DT types have no microseconds support
         if ($value !== null && in_array($field->type, ['datetime', 'date', 'time'], true)
             && str_starts_with(get_class(Type::getType($field->type)), 'Doctrine\DBAL\Types\\')
diff --git a/tests/TypecastingTest.php b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
index 3d4ab8424..233eeab06 100644
--- a/tests/TypecastingTest.php
+++ b/tests/TypecastingTest.php
@@ -206,7 +206,8 @@ public function testEmptyValues(): void
         self::assertNull($mm->get('local-object'));
 
         unset($row['id']);
-        unset($row['local-object']);
+        $row['json'] = null;
+        $row['local-object'] = null;
         $mm->setMulti($row);
 
         self::assertSame($fixEmptyStringForOracleFx(''), $mm->get('string'));

From 15c6d556f08262521dd2b163dffd107e09743774 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 10:50:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/19] minor variable name refactor

---
 src/Persistence/Static_.php | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence/Static_.php b/src/Persistence/Static_.php
index ee27d3408..b3223486e 100644
--- a/src/Persistence/Static_.php
+++ b/src/Persistence/Static_.php
@@ -44,28 +44,28 @@ public function __construct(array $data = [])
                 }
 
                 if (is_bool($v)) {
-                    $fieldType = 'boolean';
+                    $type = 'boolean';
                 } elseif (is_int($v)) {
-                    $fieldType = 'integer';
+                    $type = 'integer';
                 } elseif (is_float($v)) {
-                    $fieldType = 'float';
+                    $type = 'float';
                 } elseif ($v instanceof \DateTimeInterface) {
-                    $fieldType = 'datetime';
+                    $type = 'datetime';
                 } elseif (is_array($v)) {
-                    $fieldType = 'json';
+                    $type = 'json';
                 } elseif (is_object($v)) {
-                    $fieldType = 'object';
+                    $type = 'object';
                 } elseif ($v !== null) {
-                    $fieldType = 'string';
+                    $type = 'string';
                 } else {
-                    $fieldType = null;
+                    $type = null;
                 }
 
-                $fieldTypes[$k] = $fieldType;
+                $fieldTypes[$k] = $type;
             }
         }
-        foreach ($fieldTypes as $k => $fieldType) {
-            if ($fieldType === null) {
+        foreach ($fieldTypes as $k => $type) {
+            if ($type === null) {
                 $fieldTypes[$k] = 'string';
             }
         }
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ public function __construct(array $data = [])
         $defTypes = [];
         $keyOverride = [];
         $mustOverride = false;
-        foreach ($fieldTypes as $k => $fieldType) {
-            $defTypes[$k] = ['type' => $fieldType];
+        foreach ($fieldTypes as $k => $type) {
+            $defTypes[$k] = ['type' => $type];
 
             // id information present, use it instead
             if ($k === 'id') {

From c5ee7e1db38de20f93f2b733a1ad98c1bd662690 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 10:58:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/19] fix whitespace/comma removal for smallint/bigint

---
 src/Persistence.php | 2 ++
 tests/FieldTest.php | 8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index de748d85d..b105c868a 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -347,7 +347,9 @@ private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
         if (is_string($value)) {
             switch ($field->type) {
                 case 'boolean':
+                case 'smallint':
                 case 'integer':
+                case 'bigint':
                     $value = preg_replace('~\s+|,~', '', $value);
 
                     break;
diff --git a/tests/FieldTest.php b/tests/FieldTest.php
index 5ca8904a0..33fd7066a 100644
--- a/tests/FieldTest.php
+++ b/tests/FieldTest.php
@@ -613,7 +613,9 @@ public function testNormalize(): void
 
         $m->addField('string', ['type' => 'string']);
         $m->addField('text', ['type' => 'text']);
+        $m->addField('smallint', ['type' => 'smallint']);
         $m->addField('integer', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $m->addField('bigint', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $m->addField('money', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
         $m->addField('float', ['type' => 'float']);
         $m->addField('boolean', ['type' => 'boolean']);
@@ -645,9 +647,15 @@ public function testNormalize(): void
         self::assertSame("Two\nLines", $m->get('text'));
 
         // integer, money, float
+        $m->set('smallint', '12,345.67676767');
+        self::assertSame(12345, $m->get('smallint'));
+
         $m->set('integer', '12,345.67676767');
         self::assertSame(12345, $m->get('integer'));
 
+        $m->set('bigint', '12,345.67676767');
+        self::assertSame(12345, (int) $m->get('bigint')); // once DBAL 3.x support is dropped, the explicit cast should no longer be needed
+
         $m->set('money', '12,345.67676767');
         self::assertSame(12345.6768, $m->get('money'));
 

From cddb296d0638d5c0de17424d563eaa5eda5f6070 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Tue, 28 May 2024 11:07:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/19] fix "must be scalar" ex for smallint/bigint

---
 src/Persistence.php |  7 ++++++-
 tests/FieldTest.php | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence.php b/src/Persistence.php
index b105c868a..58ec8bbac 100644
--- a/src/Persistence.php
+++ b/src/Persistence.php
@@ -400,12 +400,17 @@ private function _typecastPreField(Field $field, $value, bool $fromLoad)
             switch ($field->type) {
                 case 'string':
                 case 'text':
+                case 'boolean':
+                case 'smallint':
                 case 'integer':
+                case 'bigint':
                 case 'float':
                 case 'decimal':
                 case 'atk4_money':
                     if (is_bool($value)) {
-                        throw new Exception('Must not be bool type');
+                        if ($field->type !== 'boolean') {
+                            throw new Exception('Must not be bool type');
+                        }
                     } elseif (is_int($value)) {
                         if ($fromLoad) {
                             $value = (string) $value;
diff --git a/tests/FieldTest.php b/tests/FieldTest.php
index 33fd7066a..806a19554 100644
--- a/tests/FieldTest.php
+++ b/tests/FieldTest.php
@@ -680,6 +680,35 @@ public function testNormalizeStringArrayException(): void
         $m->set('foo', []);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @dataProvider provideNormalizeNumericNonScalarExceptionCases
+     */
+    #[DataProvider('provideNormalizeNumericNonScalarExceptionCases')]
+    public function testNormalizeNumericNonScalarException(string $type): void
+    {
+        $m = new Model();
+        $m->addField('foo', ['type' => $type]);
+        $m = $m->createEntity();
+
+        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Must be scalar');
+        $m->set('foo', []);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<list<mixed>>
+     */
+    public static function provideNormalizeNumericNonScalarExceptionCases(): iterable
+    {
+        yield ['boolean'];
+        yield ['smallint'];
+        yield ['integer'];
+        yield ['bigint'];
+        yield ['float'];
+        yield ['decimal'];
+        yield ['atk4_money'];
+    }
+
     public function testNormalizeStringBoolException(): void
     {
         $m = new Model();

From a9cbb9349fed946b09364ad04f02910f40967316 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 09:59:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/19] imply "bigint" from "int" php type

---
 src/Persistence/Static_.php      |  2 +-
 src/Schema/TestCase.php          |  4 ++--
 tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php | 10 +++++-----
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Persistence/Static_.php b/src/Persistence/Static_.php
index b3223486e..de165d7cc 100644
--- a/src/Persistence/Static_.php
+++ b/src/Persistence/Static_.php
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public function __construct(array $data = [])
                 if (is_bool($v)) {
                     $type = 'boolean';
                 } elseif (is_int($v)) {
-                    $type = 'integer';
+                    $type = 'bigint';
                 } elseif (is_float($v)) {
                     $type = 'float';
                 } elseif ($v instanceof \DateTimeInterface) {
diff --git a/src/Schema/TestCase.php b/src/Schema/TestCase.php
index 6855039c0..d913ac58a 100644
--- a/src/Schema/TestCase.php
+++ b/src/Schema/TestCase.php
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ public function setDb(array $dbData, bool $importData = true): void
                     if (is_bool($v)) {
                         $type = 'boolean';
                     } elseif (is_int($v)) {
-                        $type = 'integer';
+                        $type = 'bigint';
                     } elseif (is_float($v)) {
                         $type = 'float';
                     } elseif ($v !== null) {
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ public function setDb(array $dbData, bool $importData = true): void
                 }
             }
             if (!isset($fieldTypes[$idField])) {
-                $fieldTypes = array_merge([$idField => 'integer'], $fieldTypes);
+                $fieldTypes = array_merge([$idField => 'bigint'], $fieldTypes);
             }
 
             $model = new Model(null, ['table' => $tableName, 'idField' => $idField]);
diff --git a/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php b/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
index abd885408..35b84e5c5 100644
--- a/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
+++ b/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public function testFieldTypes(): void
         $m = new Model($p);
 
         self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('test_int')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('test_int')->type);
         self::assertSame('float', $m->getField('test_float')->type);
         // self::assertSame('datetime', $m->getField('test_date')->type);
         // self::assertSame('json', $m->getField('test_array')->type);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ public function testFieldTypesBasicInteger(): void
         $p = new Persistence\Static_([1 => 'hello', 'world']);
         $m = new Model($p);
 
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('id')->type);
         self::assertSame('string', $m->getField('name')->type);
     }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ public function testFieldTypesIntegerNullFirst(): void
         $m = new Model($p);
 
         self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('foo')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('foo')->type);
     }
 
     public function testFieldTypesBasicIntegerNullFirst(): void
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ public function testFieldTypesBasicIntegerNullFirst(): void
         $p = new Persistence\Static_([1 => null, 2 => 1, 3 => null]);
         $m = new Model($p);
 
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('name')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('id')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('name')->type);
     }
 }
 

From 2e73861a9aee74094a3cd7d0bb54bbf5ae711aaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 10:26:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/19] create implicit Model ID field with "bigint" type

---
 docs/aggregates.md               |  2 +-
 docs/joins.md                    |  4 ++--
 docs/persistence.md              |  2 +-
 docs/references.md               |  4 ++--
 docs/typecasting.md              | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 src/Model.php                    |  2 +-
 src/Persistence/Array_.php       |  6 ++++--
 tests/JoinSqlTest.php            |  6 +++---
 tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php |  4 ++--
 tests/ReferenceSqlTest.php       | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/ReferenceTest.php          | 12 ++++++------
 11 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/aggregates.md b/docs/aggregates.md
index 3bea1963c..293f640d6 100644
--- a/docs/aggregates.md
+++ b/docs/aggregates.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ in various ways to fine-tune aggregation. Below is one sample use:
 $aggregate = new AggregateModel($orders);
 $aggregate->addField('country');
 $aggregate->setGroupBy(['country_id'], [
-        'count' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'integer'],
+        'count' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         'total_amount' => ['expr' => 'sum([amount])', 'type' => 'atk4_money'],
     ],
 );
diff --git a/docs/joins.md b/docs/joins.md
index 6d1e2a746..c8a5193f2 100644
--- a/docs/joins.md
+++ b/docs/joins.md
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ but you wouldn't want that adding a new user would create a new country:
 
 ```
 $user->addField('username');
-$user->addField('country_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+$user->addField('country_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 $jCountry = $user->join('country', ['weak' => true, 'prefix' => 'country_']);
 $jCountry->addField('code');
 $jCountry->addField('name');
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ $jCreditCard = $user->join('credit_card', [
     'prefix' => 'cc_',
     'masterField' => 'default_credit_card_id',
 ]);
-$jCreditCard->addField('integer'); // creates cc_number
+$jCreditCard->addField('bigint'); // creates cc_number
 $jCreditCard->addField('name'); // creates cc_name
 ```
 
diff --git a/docs/persistence.md b/docs/persistence.md
index 1f6a04c38..d77fa551f 100644
--- a/docs/persistence.md
+++ b/docs/persistence.md
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ $m->onHook(Model::HOOK_BEFORE_SAVE, function (Model $entity) {
     $arc = $this->withPersistence($entity->getApp()->archive_db);
 
     // add some audit fields
-    $arc->addField('original_id', ['type' => 'integer'])->set($this->getId());
+    $arc->addField('original_id', ['type' => 'bigint'])->set($this->getId());
     $arc->addField('saved_by')->set($this->getApp()->user);
 
     $arc->saveAndUnload();
diff --git a/docs/references.md b/docs/references.md
index ff67d1511..2131932e6 100644
--- a/docs/references.md
+++ b/docs/references.md
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ select * from user where id in
 By passing options to hasOne() you can also differentiate field name:
 
 ```
-$o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+$o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 $o->hasOne('User', ['model' => $u, 'ourField' => 'user_id']);
 
 $o->load(1)->ref('User')['name'];
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ No condition will be applied by default so it's all up to you:
 $m->addReference('Archive', ['model' => static function (Persistence $persistence) use ($m) {
     $archive = new $m(null, ['table' => $m->table . '_archive']);
 
-    $m->addField('original_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+    $m->addField('original_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
     if ($m->isLoaded())) {
         $archive->addCondition('original_id', $m->getId());
diff --git a/docs/typecasting.md b/docs/typecasting.md
index 903e1041a..2d4c919b5 100644
--- a/docs/typecasting.md
+++ b/docs/typecasting.md
@@ -101,17 +101,17 @@ a different type.
 
 ### Supported types
 
-- 'string' - for storing short strings, such as name of a person. Normalize will trim the value.
-- 'text' - for storing long strings, suchas notes or description. Normalize will trim the value.
-- 'boolean' - normalize will cast value to boolean.
-- 'integer' - normalize will cast value to integer.
-- 'atk4_money' - normalize will round value with 4 digits after dot.
-- 'float' - normalize will cast value to float.
-- 'date' - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
-- 'datetime' - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
-- 'time' - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
-- 'json' - no normalization by default
-- 'object' - no normalization by default
+- `string` - for storing short strings, such as name of a person. Normalize will trim the value.
+- `text` - for storing long strings, suchas notes or description. Normalize will trim the value.
+- `boolean` - normalize will cast value to boolean.
+- `smallint`, `integer`, `bigint` - normalize will cast value to integer.
+- `atk4_money` - normalize will round value with 4 digits after dot.
+- `float` - normalize will cast value to float.
+- `date` - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
+- `datetime` - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
+- `time` - normalize will convert value to DateTime object.
+- `json` - no normalization by default
+- `object` - no normalization by default
 
 ### Types and UI
 
diff --git a/src/Model.php b/src/Model.php
index 2e47e6eaa..7d9624d31 100644
--- a/src/Model.php
+++ b/src/Model.php
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ protected function init(): void
 
         if ($this->idField) {
             if (!$this->hasField($this->idField)) {
-                $this->addField($this->idField, ['type' => 'integer']);
+                $this->addField($this->idField, ['type' => 'bigint']);
             }
             $this->getIdField()->required = true;
             $this->getIdField()->system = true;
diff --git a/src/Persistence/Array_.php b/src/Persistence/Array_.php
index d4ab2ae52..2f6d3f1b6 100644
--- a/src/Persistence/Array_.php
+++ b/src/Persistence/Array_.php
@@ -306,10 +306,12 @@ public function generateNewId(Model $model)
 
         $type = $model->idField
             ? $model->getIdField()->type
-            : 'integer';
+            : 'bigint';
 
         switch ($type) {
+            case 'smallint':
             case 'integer':
+            case 'bigint':
                 $nextId = ($this->maxSeenIdByTable[$model->table] ?? 0) + 1;
                 $this->maxSeenIdByTable[$model->table] = $nextId;
 
@@ -319,7 +321,7 @@ public function generateNewId(Model $model)
 
                 break;
             default:
-                throw (new Exception('Unsupported id field type. Array supports type=integer or type=string only'))
+                throw (new Exception('Unsupported ID field type'))
                     ->addMoreInfo('type', $type);
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/JoinSqlTest.php b/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
index 7315ba7d9..9443ac206 100644
--- a/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
+++ b/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ public function testJoinHasOneHasMany(): void
         // main user model joined to contact table
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $user->addField('name');
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $this->createMigrator()->createForeignKey($j);
 
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ public function testJoinHasOneHasMany(): void
 
         // hasMany token model (uses default ourField, theirField)
         $token = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'token']);
-        $token->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $token->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $token->addField('token');
         $refMany = $j->hasMany('Token', ['model' => $token]); // hasMany on JOIN (use default ourField, theirField)
         $this->createMigrator()->createForeignKey($refMany);
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ public function testJoinHasOneHasMany(): void
 
         // hasMany email model (uses custom ourField, theirField)
         $email = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'email']);
-        $email->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $email->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $email->addField('address');
         $refMany = $j->hasMany('Email', ['model' => $email, 'ourField' => 'contact_id', 'theirField' => 'contact_id']); // hasMany on JOIN (use custom ourField, theirField)
         $this->createMigrator()->createForeignKey($refMany);
diff --git a/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php b/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
index 35b84e5c5..3739a95a2 100644
--- a/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
+++ b/tests/Persistence/StaticTest.php
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ public function testFieldTypes(): void
         ]]);
         $m = new Model($p);
 
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('id')->type);
         self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('test_int')->type);
         self::assertSame('float', $m->getField('test_float')->type);
         // self::assertSame('datetime', $m->getField('test_date')->type);
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ public function testFieldTypesIntegerNullFirst(): void
         $p = new Persistence\Static_([1 => ['foo' => null], 2 => ['foo' => 1], 3 => ['foo' => null]]);
         $m = new Model($p);
 
-        self::assertSame('integer', $m->getField('id')->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('id')->type);
         self::assertSame('bigint', $m->getField('foo')->type);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/ReferenceSqlTest.php b/tests/ReferenceSqlTest.php
index db33c6d65..2fa868b02 100644
--- a/tests/ReferenceSqlTest.php
+++ b/tests/ReferenceSqlTest.php
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public function testBasic(): void
 
         $o = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'order']);
         $o->addField('amount', ['type' => 'integer']);
-        $o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $u->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $o]);
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function testRefLink(): void
 
         $o = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'order']);
         $o->addField('amount');
-        $o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $o->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $u->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $o]);
 
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ public function testRelatedExpression(): void
         $i->addField('ref_no');
 
         $l = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'invoice_line']);
-        $l->addField('invoice_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $l->addField('invoice_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $l->addField('total_net');
         $l->addField('total_vat');
         $l->addField('total_gross');
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ public function testAggregateHasMany(): void
         $i->addField('ref_no');
 
         $l = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'invoice_line']);
-        $l->addField('invoice_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $l->addField('invoice_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $l->addField('total_net', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
         $l->addField('total_vat', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
         $l->addField('total_gross', ['type' => 'atk4_money']);
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ public function testOtherAggregates(): void
         $l->addField('name');
 
         $i = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'item']);
-        $i->addField('list_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $i->addField('list_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $i->addField('name');
         $i->addField('code');
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ protected function setupDbForTraversing(): Model
 
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $user->addField('name');
-        $user->addField('company_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('company_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $company = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'company']);
         $company->addField('name');
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ protected function setupDbForTraversing(): Model
         $user->hasOne('Company', ['model' => $company, 'ourField' => 'company_id', 'theirField' => 'id']);
 
         $order = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'order']);
-        $order->addField('company_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $order->addField('company_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $order->addField('description');
         $order->addField('amount', ['default' => 20, 'type' => 'float']);
 
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ public function testHasOneIdFieldAsOurField(): void
 
         $s = (new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'stadium']));
         $s->addField('name');
-        $s->addField('player_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $s->addField('player_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $p = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'player']);
         $p->addField('name');
diff --git a/tests/ReferenceTest.php b/tests/ReferenceTest.php
index 5ca3c303c..975892930 100644
--- a/tests/ReferenceTest.php
+++ b/tests/ReferenceTest.php
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public function testBasicReferences(): void
 
         $order = new Model(null, ['table' => 'order']);
         $order->addField('amount', ['default' => 20]);
-        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $r1 = $user->getModel()->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $order, 'caption' => 'My Orders']);
         $o = $user->ref('Orders')->createEntity();
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public function testBasicReferences(): void
         $r2 = $user->getModel()->hasMany('BigOrders', ['model' => static function () {
             $m = new Model(null, ['table' => 'big_order']);
             $m->addField('amount', ['default' => 100]);
-            $m->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+            $m->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
             return $m;
         }]);
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public function testModelCaption(): void
 
         $order = new Model(null, ['table' => 'order']);
         $order->addField('amount', ['default' => 20]);
-        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $user->getModel()->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $order, 'caption' => 'My Orders']);
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public function testTheirFieldNameGuessTableWithSchema(): void
     {
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'db1.user']);
         $order = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'db2.orders']);
-        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $user->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $order, 'caption' => 'My Orders']);
         self::assertSame('user_id', $user->getReference('Orders')->getTheirFieldName());
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ protected function init(): void
         self::assertSame(['id' => 'date'], array_map(static fn (Field $f) => $f->type, $userModel->getFields()));
         self::assertSame(['id' => 'date'], array_map(static fn (Field $f) => $f->type, $order->ref('a')->getFields()));
         self::assertSame(['id' => 'date', 'x' => 'float'], array_map(static fn (Field $f) => $f->type, $order->ref('b')->getFields()));
-        self::assertSame(['id' => 'integer', 'user_id' => 'date', 'a' => 'date', 'b' => 'float'], array_map(static fn (Field $f) => $f->type, $order->getFields()));
+        self::assertSame(['id' => 'bigint', 'user_id' => 'date', 'a' => 'date', 'b' => 'float'], array_map(static fn (Field $f) => $f->type, $order->getFields()));
     }
 
     public function testRefTypeMismatchWithDisabledCheck(): void
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ public function testRefTypeMismatchWithDisabledCheck(): void
 
         self::assertSame('user', $order->ref('placed_by')->table);
         self::assertSame('string', $order->getField('placed_by_user_id')->type);
-        self::assertSame('integer', $order->ref('placed_by')->getIdField()->type);
+        self::assertSame('bigint', $order->ref('placed_by')->getIdField()->type);
     }
 
     public function testCreateTheirModelMissingModelSeedException(): void

From 9606f6de7ce6b411d818666a934bcde798931407 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 10:38:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/19] do not imply "bigint" from "integer" implicitly in
 Migrator

---
 src/Schema/Migrator.php       | 10 +++-------
 tests/JoinSqlTest.php         | 18 +++++++++---------
 tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php |  4 ----
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Schema/Migrator.php b/src/Schema/Migrator.php
index d2ebf63c3..328bac475 100644
--- a/src/Schema/Migrator.php
+++ b/src/Schema/Migrator.php
@@ -240,22 +240,18 @@ public function field(string $fieldName, array $options = []): self
         $refType = $options['ref_type'] ?? self::REF_TYPE_NONE;
         unset($options['ref_type']);
 
-        if ($type === 'integer') {
-            $type = 'bigint';
-        }
-
         $column = $this->table->addColumn($this->getDatabasePlatform()->quoteSingleIdentifier($fieldName), $type);
 
         if (($options['nullable'] ?? true) && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_PRIMARY) {
             $column->setNotnull(false);
         }
 
-        if ($type === 'bigint' && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_NONE) {
+        if (in_array($type, ['smallint', 'integer', 'bigint'], true) && $refType !== self::REF_TYPE_NONE) {
             $column->setUnsigned(true);
         }
 
         // TODO remove, hack for createForeignKey so ID columns are unsigned
-        if ($type === 'bigint' && str_ends_with($fieldName, '_id')) {
+        if (in_array($type, ['smallint', 'integer', 'bigint'], true) && str_ends_with($fieldName, '_id')) {
             $column->setUnsigned(true);
         }
 
@@ -279,7 +275,7 @@ public function field(string $fieldName, array $options = []): self
     public function id(string $name = 'id', array $options = []): self
     {
         $options = array_merge([
-            'type' => 'integer',
+            'type' => 'bigint',
             'ref_type' => self::REF_TYPE_PRIMARY,
             'nullable' => false,
         ], $options);
diff --git a/tests/JoinSqlTest.php b/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
index 9443ac206..43d189fd0 100644
--- a/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
+++ b/tests/JoinSqlTest.php
@@ -107,14 +107,14 @@ public function testJoinSaving1(): void
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $this->setDb([
             'user' => [
-                '_types' => ['name' => 'string', 'contact_id' => 'integer'],
+                '_types' => ['name' => 'string', 'contact_id' => 'bigint'],
             ],
             'contact' => [
                 '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string'],
             ],
         ]);
 
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $this->assertMigratorResolveRelation('user.contact_id', 'contact.id', $j);
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ public function testJoinSaving2(): void
                 '_types' => ['name' => 'string'],
             ],
             'contact' => [
-                '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'integer'],
+                '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'bigint'],
             ],
         ]);
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public function testJoinSaving3(): void
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $this->setDb([
             'user' => [
-                '_types' => ['name' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'integer'],
+                '_types' => ['name' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'bigint'],
             ],
             'contact' => [
                 '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string'],
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ public function testJoinUpdate(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $this->createMigrator()->createForeignKey($j);
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ public function testJoinDelete(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $this->createMigrator()->createForeignKey($j);
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ public function testDoubleSaveHook(): void
                 '_types' => ['name' => 'string'],
             ],
             'contact' => [
-                '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'integer'],
+                '_types' => ['contact_phone' => 'string', 'test_id' => 'bigint'],
             ],
         ]);
 
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ public function testDoubleJoin(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $jContact = $user->join('contact');
         $this->assertMigratorResolveRelation('user.contact_id', 'contact.id', $jContact);
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ public function testJoinActualFieldNamesAndPrefix(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($this->db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer', 'actual' => $contactForeignIdFieldName]);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint', 'actual' => $contactForeignIdFieldName]);
         $user->addField('name', ['actual' => 'first_name']);
         // normal join
         $j = $user->join('contact', ['prefix' => 'j1_']);
diff --git a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
index fb38afd12..12201dfb0 100644
--- a/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
+++ b/tests/Schema/MigratorTest.php
@@ -339,10 +339,6 @@ public function testIntrospectTableToModelBasic(): void
             ];
         }
 
-        // "integer" DBAL type in Migrator is mapped to "bigint"
-        $expectedFields['id']['type'] = 'bigint';
-        $expectedFields['bar']['type'] = 'bigint';
-
         // TODO fix DBAL column comment type hint
         // see PlatformFixColumnCommentTypeHintTrait trait used for MSSQL and Oracle platforms
         if ($this->getDatabasePlatform() instanceof SQLitePlatform) {

From c5b7b5aa16ac437541464e1707149c17bfb3de2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 11:33:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/19] create implicit Join ID field with "bigint" type

---
 src/Model/Join.php           | 2 +-
 src/Persistence/Sql/Join.php | 4 ++--
 tests/JoinArrayTest.php      | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/Model/Join.php b/src/Model/Join.php
index 679b8c840..d9ba26565 100644
--- a/src/Model/Join.php
+++ b/src/Model/Join.php
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ protected function createFakeForeignModel(): Model
             }
         }
         if ($fakeModel->idField !== $this->foreignField) {
-            $fakeModel->addField($this->foreignField, ['type' => 'integer']);
+            $fakeModel->addField($this->foreignField, ['type' => 'bigint']);
         }
 
         return $fakeModel;
diff --git a/src/Persistence/Sql/Join.php b/src/Persistence/Sql/Join.php
index 35dad6b38..3428f68a2 100644
--- a/src/Persistence/Sql/Join.php
+++ b/src/Persistence/Sql/Join.php
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ protected function init(): void
         // TODO this mutates the owner model/joins!
         if (!$this->reverse && !$this->getOwner()->hasField($this->masterField)) {
             $owner = $this->hasJoin() ? $this->getJoin() : $this->getOwner();
-            $field = $owner->addField($this->masterField, ['type' => 'integer', 'system' => true, 'readOnly' => true]);
+            $field = $owner->addField($this->masterField, ['type' => 'bigint', 'system' => true, 'readOnly' => true]);
             $this->masterField = $field->shortName; // TODO this mutates the join!
         } elseif ($this->reverse && !$this->getOwner()->hasField($this->foreignField) && $this->hasJoin()) {
             $owner = $this->getJoin();
-            $field = $owner->addField($this->foreignField, ['type' => 'integer', 'system' => true, 'readOnly' => true, 'actual' => $this->masterField]);
+            $field = $owner->addField($this->foreignField, ['type' => 'bigint', 'system' => true, 'readOnly' => true, 'actual' => $this->masterField]);
             $this->foreignField = $field->shortName; // TODO this mutates the join!
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/JoinArrayTest.php b/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
index dd3a370b6..4cacc4e51 100644
--- a/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
+++ b/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public function testJoinSaving1(): void
         $db = new Persistence\Array_(['user' => [], 'contact' => []]);
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $user->addField('name');
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
 

From 1d4534f15d41bbb35f2824f96e889793b1648a21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 11:48:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/19] minor test improvements

---
 tests/JoinArrayTest.php        | 12 ++++++------
 tests/Model/Smbo/Transfer.php  |  2 +-
 tests/ModelAggregateTest.php   | 10 +++++-----
 tests/ModelNestedArrayTest.php |  2 +-
 tests/ModelNestedSqlTest.php   |  2 +-
 tests/ReferenceTest.php        |  4 ++--
 tests/SmboTransferTest.php     |  6 +++---
 7 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/JoinArrayTest.php b/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
index 4cacc4e51..9b472eecc 100644
--- a/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
+++ b/tests/JoinArrayTest.php
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public function testJoinSaving2(): void
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact.test_id');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
-        $j->addField('test_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $j->addField('test_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $user2 = $user->createEntity();
         $user2->set('name', 'John');
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public function testJoinSaving3(): void
         $db = new Persistence\Array_(['user' => [], 'contact' => []]);
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
         $user->addField('name');
-        $user->addField('test_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('test_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $j = $user->join('contact', ['masterField' => 'test_id']);
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
 
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public function testJoinLoading(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public function testJoinUpdate(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ public function testJoinDelete(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ public function testLoadMissingException(): void
         ]);
 
         $user = new Model($db, ['table' => 'user']);
-        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $user->addField('contact_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
         $user->addField('name');
         $j = $user->join('contact');
         $j->addField('contact_phone');
diff --git a/tests/Model/Smbo/Transfer.php b/tests/Model/Smbo/Transfer.php
index c1ae9fd0d..881b19d4e 100644
--- a/tests/Model/Smbo/Transfer.php
+++ b/tests/Model/Smbo/Transfer.php
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ protected function init(): void
             $this->addCondition('transfer_document_id', '!=', null);
         }
 
-        $this->addField('destination_account_id', ['type' => 'integer', 'neverPersist' => true]);
+        $this->addField('destination_account_id', ['type' => 'bigint', 'neverPersist' => true]);
 
         $this->onHookShort(self::HOOK_BEFORE_SAVE, function () {
             // only for new records and when destination_account_id is set
diff --git a/tests/ModelAggregateTest.php b/tests/ModelAggregateTest.php
index 092acf76f..a338d4a97 100644
--- a/tests/ModelAggregateTest.php
+++ b/tests/ModelAggregateTest.php
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public function testGroupBy(): void
         $aggregate = $this->createInvoiceAggregate();
 
         $aggregate->setGroupBy(['client_id'], [
-            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'integer'],
+            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         ]);
 
         self::assertSameExportUnordered([
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public function testGroupSelect(): void
         $aggregate->addField('client');
 
         $aggregate->setGroupBy(['client_id'], [
-            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'integer'],
+            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         ]);
         self::fixAllNonAggregatedFieldsInGroupBy($aggregate);
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ public function testGroupSelectExpression(): void
         $aggregate->setGroupBy(['client_id'], [
             's' => ['expr' => 'sum([amount])', 'type' => 'atk4_money'],
             'amount' => ['expr' => 'sum([])', 'type' => 'atk4_money'],
-            'sum_hasone' => ['expr' => 'sum([order])', 'type' => 'integer'],
+            'sum_hasone' => ['expr' => 'sum([order])', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         ]);
         self::fixAllNonAggregatedFieldsInGroupBy($aggregate);
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ public function testGroupSelectRef(): void
         $aggregate->addField('client');
 
         $aggregate->setGroupBy(['client_id'], [
-            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'integer'],
+            'c' => ['expr' => 'count(*)', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         ]);
         self::fixAllNonAggregatedFieldsInGroupBy($aggregate);
 
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ public function testAggregateFieldExpressionSql(): void
 
         $aggregate->setGroupBy([$aggregate->expr('{}', ['abc'])], [
             'xyz' => ['expr' => 'sum([amount])'],
-            'sum_hasone' => ['expr' => 'sum([order])', 'type' => 'integer'],
+            'sum_hasone' => ['expr' => 'sum([order])', 'type' => 'bigint'],
         ]);
 
         $this->assertSameSql(
diff --git a/tests/ModelNestedArrayTest.php b/tests/ModelNestedArrayTest.php
index e7da8a9b2..1e3ffea41 100644
--- a/tests/ModelNestedArrayTest.php
+++ b/tests/ModelNestedArrayTest.php
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public function atomic(\Closure $fx)
         ]);
         $mInner->removeField('_id');
         $mInner->idField = 'uid';
-        $mInner->addField('uid', ['actual' => '_id', 'type' => 'integer']);
+        $mInner->addField('uid', ['actual' => '_id', 'type' => 'bigint']);
         $mInner->addField('name');
         $mInner->addField('y', ['actual' => '_birthday', 'type' => 'date']);
         $mInner->addCondition('uid', '!=', 3);
diff --git a/tests/ModelNestedSqlTest.php b/tests/ModelNestedSqlTest.php
index fca1cc8c1..4f264b963 100644
--- a/tests/ModelNestedSqlTest.php
+++ b/tests/ModelNestedSqlTest.php
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public function atomic(\Closure $fx)
         ]);
         $mInner->removeField('id');
         $mInner->idField = 'uid';
-        $mInner->addField('uid', ['actual' => '_id', 'type' => 'integer']);
+        $mInner->addField('uid', ['actual' => '_id', 'type' => 'bigint']);
         $mInner->addField('name');
         $mInner->addField('y', ['actual' => '_birthday', 'type' => 'date']);
         $mInner->addCondition('uid', '!=', 3);
diff --git a/tests/ReferenceTest.php b/tests/ReferenceTest.php
index 975892930..58afc5891 100644
--- a/tests/ReferenceTest.php
+++ b/tests/ReferenceTest.php
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public function testHasManyDuplicateNameException(): void
     {
         $user = new Model(null, ['table' => 'user']);
         $order = new Model();
-        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'integer']);
+        $order->addField('user_id', ['type' => 'bigint']);
 
         $user->hasMany('Orders', ['model' => $order]);
 
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ protected function init(): void
                 $this->addField('name');
 
                 $this->hasMany('orders', ['model' => [self::$orderModelClass], 'theirField' => 'user_id'])
-                    ->addField('orders_count', ['type' => 'integer', 'aggregate' => 'count']);
+                    ->addField('orders_count', ['type' => 'bigint', 'aggregate' => 'count']);
 
                 $this->analysingOrderModelFields = $this->getReference('orders')->createAnalysingTheirModel()->getFields();
 
diff --git a/tests/SmboTransferTest.php b/tests/SmboTransferTest.php
index 946e8450d..8a1c062e5 100644
--- a/tests/SmboTransferTest.php
+++ b/tests/SmboTransferTest.php
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ protected function setUp(): void
 
         $this->createMigrator()->table('payment')
             ->id()
-            ->field('document_id', ['type' => 'integer'])
-            ->field('account_id', ['type' => 'integer'])
+            ->field('document_id', ['type' => 'bigint'])
+            ->field('account_id', ['type' => 'bigint'])
             ->field('cheque_no')
             ->field('misc_payment', ['type' => 'boolean'])
-            ->field('transfer_document_id', ['type' => 'integer'])
+            ->field('transfer_document_id', ['type' => 'bigint'])
             ->create();
     }
 

From ef718fae22edade7dc93cc5a6e91332cfd21111b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Michael=20Vo=C5=99=C3=AD=C5=A1ek?= <mvorisek@mvorisek.cz>
Date: Wed, 29 May 2024 12:44:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/19] improve docs about historical model reuse for load

---
 docs/design.md | 25 ++-----------------------
 docs/fields.md |  3 ---
 docs/model.md  | 15 +--------------
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/design.md b/docs/design.md
index b22f7a8ea..fae1fc2dc 100644
--- a/docs/design.md
+++ b/docs/design.md
@@ -374,26 +374,8 @@ $order = new Model_Order($db);
 $order = $order->load(10);
 ```
 
-In scenario above we loaded a specific record. Agile Data does not create a
-separate object when loading, instead the same object is re-used. This is done
-to preserve some memory.
-
-So in the code above `$order` is not created for the record, but it can load
-any record from the DataSet. Think of it as a "window" into a large table of
-Orders:
-
-```
-$sum = 0;
-$order = new Model_Order($db);
-$order = $order->load(10);
-$sum += $order->get('amount');
-
-$order = $order->load(11);
-$sum += $order->get('amount');
-
-$order = $order->load(13);
-$sum += $order->get('amount');
-```
+In scenario above we loaded a specific record. Agile Data creates a separate
+object/entity when loading by cloning the original object/model.
 
 You can iterate over the DataSet:
 
@@ -404,9 +386,6 @@ foreach (new Model_Order($db) as $order) {
 }
 ```
 
-You must remember that the code above will only create a single object and
-iterating it will simply make it load different values.
-
 At this point, I'll jump ahead a bit and will show you an alternative code:
 
 ```
diff --git a/docs/fields.md b/docs/fields.md
index 0e433da7d..9cd5b5e50 100644
--- a/docs/fields.md
+++ b/docs/fields.md
@@ -31,9 +31,6 @@ $model->set('name', 'John');
 echo $model->get('name'); // John
 ```
 
-Just like you can reuse {php:class}`Model` to access multiple data records,
-{php:class}`Field` object will be reused also.
-
 ## Purpose of Field
 
 Implementation of Field in Agile Data is a very powerful and distinctive feature.
diff --git a/docs/model.md b/docs/model.md
index 306b6030e..c8a2d3027 100644
--- a/docs/model.md
+++ b/docs/model.md
@@ -216,20 +216,7 @@ $model->addField('name');
 var_dump($model->getField('name'));
 ```
 
-Other persistence framework will use "properties", because individual objects may impact
-performance. In ATK Data this is not an issue, because "Model" is re-usable:
-
-```
-foreach (new User($db) as $user) {
-    // will be the same object every time!!
-    var_dump($user->getField('name'));
-
-    // this is also the same object every time!!
-    var_dump($user);
-}
-```
-
-Instead, Field handles many very valuable operations which would otherwise fall on the
+Field handles many very valuable operations which would otherwise fall on the
 shoulders of developer (Read more here {php:class}`Field`)
 
 :::{php:method} addField($name, $seed)