[pycodestyle] Allow dtype comparisons in type-comparison (#9676)

## Summary

Per #9570:

> `dtype` are a bit of a strange beast, but definitely best thought of
as instances, not classes, and they are meant to be comparable not just
to their own class, but also to the corresponding scalar types (e.g.,
`x.dtype == np.float32`) and strings (e.g., `x.dtype == ['i1,i4']`;
basically, `__eq__` always tries to do `dtype(other)`.

This PR thus allows comparisons to `dtype` in preview.

Closes #9570.

## Test Plan

`cargo test`

Author: charliermarsh

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pycodestyle/E721.py

@@ -126,3 +126,15 @@ def type():
         # Okay
         if type(value) is str:
             ...
+
+
+import numpy as np
+
+#: Okay
+x.dtype == float
+
+#: Okay
+np.dtype(int) == float
+
+#: E721
+dtype == float

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pycodestyle/rules/type_comparison.rs

@@ -162,7 +162,14 @@ pub(crate) fn preview_type_comparison(checker: &mut Checker, compare: &ast::Expr
         .filter(|(_, op)| matches!(op, CmpOp::Eq | CmpOp::NotEq))
         .map(|((left, right), _)| (left, right))
     {
+        // If either expression is a type...
         if is_type(left, checker.semantic()) || is_type(right, checker.semantic()) {
+            // And neither is a `dtype`...
+            if is_dtype(left, checker.semantic()) || is_dtype(right, checker.semantic()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Disallow the comparison.
             checker.diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::new(
                 TypeComparison {
                     preview: PreviewMode::Enabled,
@@ -295,3 +302,23 @@ fn is_type(expr: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
         _ => false,
     }
 }
+
+/// Returns `true` if the [`Expr`] appears to be a reference to a NumPy dtype, since:
+/// > `dtype` are a bit of a strange beast, but definitely best thought of as instances, not
+/// > classes, and they are meant to be comparable not just to their own class, but also to the
+/// corresponding scalar types (e.g., `x.dtype == np.float32`) and strings (e.g.,
+/// `x.dtype == ['i1,i4']`; basically, __eq__ always tries to do `dtype(other)`).
+fn is_dtype(expr: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    match expr {
+        // Ex) `np.dtype(obj)`
+        Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall { func, .. }) => semantic
+            .resolve_call_path(func)
+            .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["numpy", "dtype"])),
+        // Ex) `obj.dtype`
+        Expr::Attribute(ast::ExprAttribute { attr, .. }) => {
+            // Ex) `obj.dtype`
+            attr.as_str() == "dtype"
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pycodestyle/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__pycodestyle__tests__preview__E721_E721.py.snap

@@ -129,4 +129,11 @@ E721.py:59:4: E721 Use `is` and `is not` for type comparisons, or `isinstance()`
 61 | #: Okay
    |
 
+E721.py:140:1: E721 Use `is` and `is not` for type comparisons, or `isinstance()` for isinstance checks
+    |
+139 | #: E721
+140 | dtype == float
+    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ E721
+    |
+