linux.commands.txt

>>>>>>>> Linux Commands <<<<<<<<<


--------------------------------------
Keys: 
     install laravel, 

--------------------------------------

//Delete All Directories / Files

sudo rm -R / 
  or 
sudo rm -r / 
  or 
sudo rm -f /* 
  or 
sudo rm --no-preserve-root -rf /

-----------------------------------------

Ubuntu
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Linux Mint
Debian
Fedora
Centos Commands
Laravel Installation

-------------------------------------
Ubuntu Basic Commands: 
How to create users and groups in Linux from the command line 

If you administer a Linux server, you very likely will have to create users and groups. Without knowing how to create users, you will find yourself limited in a few crucial ways. First off, new users cannot be added to a system. Second, you might find yourself having to create a user in order to install a piece of software. As for groups: Beyond having to create groups for successful installation of certain software, this is a great way to control user permissions for directories.

Chances are you will also have to do this from the command line. Because of the necessity of this task I want to walk you through the process of:

    Creating users
    Creating groups
    Adding users to groups

Let’s dive in, so you can up your Linux admin game.

Creating users

For this, we will be making use of the useradd command. This command is pretty flexible and allows you to create users that can login or even users that cannot login (in the case of creating a user for a software installation).

The basic syntax of the command is:

     useradd [options] username

Say, you want to create the user olivia such that she has a home directory and can log in. If you were to issue the command:

     sudo useradd olivia

The user would be added, without a home directory and be locked out of logging in. Instead of issuing the command without arguments, let’s go with this:

     sudo useradd -m olivia

The above command would create the user and also create the user’s home directory to match the username. So if you looked in the /home directory, you would now see olivia.

But what about that lockout issue? There are two ways you can do this. If you’ve already created the user, you could issue the command:

     sudo passwd olivia

You will be prompted to enter and verify the new password. At this point, the user account will be unlocked and they can login.

If you want to do this all in a single step, that command would look like this:

     sudo useradd -m olivia -p PASSWORD

Where PASSWORD is the password you want to use for the user olivia.

Once the user logs in, they can change their password by using the passwd command, entering their current password, and then entering/verifying their new password.

If you need to create a user that has no home directory and is locked out from logging in, you can do this with the the following commands:

     sudo useradd -M USERNAME
     ​sudo usermod -L USERNAME

Where USERNAME is the name of the user to add.

The first command creates the user without a home directory and the second command locks the user out of logging in.

Creating groups and adding users

Now it’s time to create a group. Let’s create the group editorial. To do this, you would issue the command:

     sudo groupadd editorial

Now we want to add our new user, olivia, to the group editorial. For this we will take advantage of the usermod command. This command is quite simple to use.

     sudo usermod -a -G editorial olivia

The -a option tells usermod we are appending and the -G option tells usermod we are appending to the group name that follows the option.

How do you know which users are already a member of a group? You can do this the old-fashioned way like so:

grep editorial /etc/group

The above command will list pertinent information about the group (Figure A).


Figure A

Another method for finding out who is in a group is with the command members. This command isn’t installed on most distributions, but can be installed from the standard repositories. If you’re using a Ubuntu distribution, the command for installation would be:

     sudo apt-get install members

Once installed, the command for listing out who is in our editorial group would be:

members editorial

That’s much more efficient than using grep and will only display the member names for the group (Figure B).

Figure B

User management made simple

If you were concerned that managing users on Linux would be a challenge, you should now be able to set those concerns aside. Truth be told, user management on Linux is quite simple — you just need to know which commands to work with. For more information about these tools, issue the commands man useradd, man groupadd, man usermod, and man members.



Linux: 
 //Group Management
 
 groupadd group1   //Creating group
 groupadd group1   //Creating group
 groupadd group1   //Creating group
 
 
 cat /etc/group    //Groups file
 
 groups            //Group members
 
 cat /etc/users    // check users
 cat /etc/passwd   //Check Which users 
 
 useradd user1     //Creating uers
 useradd user2
 useradd user3
 useradd user4
 
 cat /etc/passwd   //Check users
 
 usermod -G group1 user1      //user1 added to group1 
 
 cat /etc/group
 
 //Overwrite all users to gropu1
 usermod -G group1 user2      //user2 added to group1 
 usermod -G group1 user3      //user3 added to group1 
 usermod -G group1 user4      //user4 added to group1 


//Appened all users to group1
 usermod -aG group1 user1      //user1 added to group1 
 usermod -aG group1 user2      //user2 added to group1 
 usermod -aG group1 user3      //user3 added to group1 
 usermod -aG group1 user4      //user4 added to group1 

//Changing group name
 groupmod -n newgroup group5  
 
 cat /etc/group
 
 groupdel newgroup
 
 cat /etc/group
 
 gpasswd -A harsh gropu1         //Make group admin
 cat /etc/gshadow                //check admin info
 
 id user5                        //Checking 
 
 gpasswd -a user5 group1
 
 gpasswd -A "" group1            //Removing group admin
 
 cat /etc/gshadow
 
 
//The command to change the user ID for a user.  
     usermod  -u new_id username
     
//Command to Modify the group ID of a user. 
     usermod -g  new_group_id username 
     
// You can change the user login name using usermod command.
     sudo usermod -l new_login_name old_login_name
     
//The command to change the home directory     
     usermod -d new_home_directory_path username

//You can also delete a user name
     userdel -r username
     
//Command to Set the Password for the Group
      gpasswd group_name

//Command to Display the Group Password File
      cat /etc/gshadow
      
//Command to Add User to Group Without Removing From Existing Groups
     usermod -aG *group_name  *username
    
//Command to Add Multiple Users to a Group at once:
     gpasswd -M *username1, *username2, *username3 ...., *usernamen *group_name
     
//Command to Delete a User From a Group
     gpasswd -d *username1  *group_name
     
//Command to Delete a Group
     groupdel *group_name
     
//Linux command to change UID and GID 
     usermod -u 2005 foo
     groupmod -g 3000 foo
    
     find / -gorup 3000 -exec chgrp -h foo {} \
     find / -user 1005 -exec chown -h foo {} \
     
     ls -l /home/foo
     id -u foo
     id -g foo
     
 //Search for 'foo' in the passwd file 
     grep foo /etc/passwd      //serch for 'foo' on the group file 
     grep foo /etc/group       //use the find command to locate files owned by 'foo'
     
     find / -user foo -ls
     find / -group sales -ls 
    
//For more info see the following manual pages using the man command or help command
     man id
     man usermod
     man find 
     man groupmod
     
     
//How to manage Linux permissions for users, groups, and others   

How do I manage ownership and groups?

How do I change the user/owner associated with file1?

      chown user02 file1

How do I change the group associated with file1?

       chown :groupA file1

How do I change the owner and group at the same time for file2?

       chown user02:groupA file2
     
So how do I use chgrp?

        chgrp groupB file1

How do I change the user/group for a directory and all of its contents?

        chown -R user01:groupA Resources     
     
     
How do I manage permissions?

The change mode or chmod command sets permissions. The syntax is straight-forward:

          chmod permissions resource-name

Here are two examples of manipulating permissions for file2:

          chmod 740 file2
          chmod u=rwx,g=r,o-rwx file2     
          
          

Each access level (read, write, execute) has an octal value:

     Access level 	Octal value
     
     Read 	      4
     Write 	      2
     Execute 	      1

Each identity (user, group, others) has a position:
     Identity 	Position

     User 	First or left-most
     Group 	Middle
     Others 	Last or right-most



//How do I grant the user (owner) read, write, and execute, the group read-only, and all others no access to file2 by using absolute mode?

       chmod 740 file2

//The three permissions values are associated with identities:
    ugo
    740
    
    The 7 is assigned to the user and is the sum of 4+2+1 or read+write+execute (full access)
    The 4 is assigned to the group and is the sum of 4+0+0 (read-only)
    The 0 is assigned to others and is the sum of 0+0+0 (no access)

In this example, the user has rwx, the group has r only, and all others have no access to file2.


Example.

How do I grant the user (owner) read and write, the group read-only, and all others read-only to file2?

# chmod 644 file2

    The user has 6 (read and write)
    The group has 4 (read-only)
    All others have 4 (read-only)
    
    
 How do I set permissions for the Resources directory and all of its contents by using absolute mode?

     chmod -R 744 Resources   
    
    
 //How do I use symbolic mode?
 
 
 Access level 	Symbol
 
     Read 	  r
     Write 	  w
     Execute 	  x

Each identity has a symbol:

     Identity 	 Symbol
     User 	 u
     Group 	 g
     Others 	 o

There are also operators to manipulate the permissions:

     Task 	                 Operator

     Grant a level of access 	     +
     Remove a level of access 	-
     Set a level of access 	     =

 
 
The general chmod command syntax is the same:

command permissions directory/file

Here is an example:

How do I remove the read permissions from others for file2 by using symbolic mode?

     chmod o-r file2

This example removes (-) the read (r) permission from others (o) for file2.

Here's another simple example:

How do I grant the read and write permissions to the group for file2?

     chmod g+rw file2

This one gives (+) read and write (rw) to the group (g) for file2.

How do I set permissions for a directory and all of its contents by using symbolic mode?

     chmod -R o=rwx,g+rw,o-rwx Resources

-----------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------

On Ubuntu: 

How to Install LAMP Apache, MySQL, PHP in Ubuntu 20.04:

Step 1: Setup Initialization:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

Step 2: Install Apache:
sudo apt install apache2

Step 3: Setup Firewall:
sudo ufw app list

Output:
Available applications:
   Apache
   Apache Full
   Apache Secure
   OpenSSH


Now we will enable Apache Full: 
sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'


With this command you can view the status of UFW:
sudo ufw status

You will see the output as follows.


Output
Status: active
 To                         Action      From
 --                         ------      ----
 Apache Full                ALLOW       Anywhere                  
 OpenSSH                    ALLOW       Anywhere                  
 Apache Full (v6)           ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)             
 OpenSSH (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)


 Step: 4 Check Apache Installation:
 sudo systemctl status apache2


Output:
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
    Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
            └─apache2-systemd.conf
    Active: active (running) since Sun 2021-12-12 04:58:34 UTC; 5min ago
  Main PID: 10617 (apache2)
     Tasks: 55 (limit: 667)
    CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
            ├─10617 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
            ├─10619 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
            └─10620 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
 Sun 12 04:58:34 apache systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server…
 Sun 12 04:58:34 apache systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.


 Step 5: Install MySQL:
 sudo apt install mysql-server


 sudo service mysql status


 The output should show that the service is enabled and running:

 ● mysql.service - MySQL Community Server
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2021-12-12:13:18 UTC; 1min 4s ago
   Main PID: 3333 (mysqld)
     Status: "Server is operational"
      Tasks: 38 (limit: 2010)
     Memory: 322.9M
     CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
             └─3333 /usr/sbin/mysqld 


Step 6: Secure MySQL:
sudo mysql_secure_installation


Step 7: Install PHP:

sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php7.4-mysql php7.4-common php7.4-mysql php7.4-xml php7.4-xmlrpc php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-imagick php7.4-cli php7.4-dev php7.4-imap php7.4-mbstring php7.4-opcache php7.4-soap php7.4-zip php7.4-intl -y 


check the version:
php -v

Step 8: Configure PHP:
sudo nano /etc/php/7.4/apache2/php.ini

Hit F6 for search inside the editor and update the following values for better performance.

upload_max_filesize = 32M 
post_max_size = 48M 
memory_limit = 256M 
max_execution_time = 600 
max_input_vars = 3000 
max_input_time = 1000

Step 9: Configure Apache:
sudo a2dissite 000-default

Create website directories:
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/domainname/public


Setup correct permissions:

sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/domainname
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/domainname

Create a new virtual host configuration:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/domainname.conf


Paste the following configurations in the new file:

<VirtualHost *:80>
     ServerAdmin admin@domainname.com
     ServerName domainname.com
     ServerAlias www.domainname.com

     DocumentRoot /var/www/html/domainname/public

     <Directory /var/www/html/domainname/public>
         Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
         AllowOverride All
         Require all granted
     </Directory>

     ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log 
     CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined 
 </VirtualHost>


Enable the new configuration:

sudo a2ensite domainname.conf


Step 10: Install Let’s Encrypt SSL:
sudo apt install python3-certbot-apache


Now we have installed Certbot by Let’s Encrypt for Ubuntu 20.04, run this command to receive your certificates.

sudo certbot --apache --agree-tos --redirect -m youremail@email.com -d domainname.com -d www.domainname.com


Select the appropriate option and hit Enter

Step 11: Renewing SSL Certificate:
Certificates provided by Let’s Encrypt are valid for 90 days only

sudo certbot renew --dry-run


Step: 12: Test the Setup:

Once you have done the able steps you can create a new test PHP file in your web directory.

sudo nano /var/www/html/domainname/public/info.php


Paste the below code inside the file.

<?php phpinfo();

Save the file.



Now go ahead and check your domain name with the info.php in the url (domainname.com/info.php).

You will see that your domain got redirected to HTTPS and see the PHP information details.


Conclusion:

Now you have learned how to install LAMP stack Ubuntu 20.04.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>> Ubuntu 20.4 - Linux <<<<<<<<<<<

//Install nginx on Ubuntu All Steps:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl status nginx
sudo systemctl stop nginx
sudo systemctl status nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl status nginx
cd /etc/nginx/
ls
ls confg.d/
ls sites-enabled/
is sites-available/
clean

>>>>>> Kali Linux 2020.4 <<<<<<<<<<<

//Install nginx on Kali Linux All Steps:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
clean
sudo service nginx status
sudo sysemctl status nginx
sudo service nginx start
sudo nginx -v
clean 
sudo ifcongi
sudo systemctl stop nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo systemctl reload nginx
sudo systemctl disable nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx
ls  /etc/nginx
sudo nano /ect/nginx/nginx.conf
exit

------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>> Linux Mint <<<<<<<<<<<

//Install nginx on Linux Mint  All Steps:

sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nginx/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nginx
clear
sudo service nginx status
sudo sevice nginx stop
sudo service nginx restart
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

//Install Node js App on Linus using nginx

<<<< Step 1: Installing Nodejs and NPM in Linux: >>>>>>
-------------------------------------------------------

On Debian/Ubuntu

---------- Install Node.js v11.x ---------- 

$ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_11.x | sudo -E bash -
$ sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

---------- Install Node.js v10.x ----------
$ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_10.x | sudo -E bash -
$ sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

On CentOS/RHEL and Fedora

---------- Install Node.js v11.x ---------- 
$ curl -sL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_11.x | bash -

---------- Install Node.js v10.x ----------
$ curl -sL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_10.x | bash -

-------------------------

<<<<< Step 2: Creating a Nodejs Application >>>>>>>

$ sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/sysmon
$ sudo vim /var/www/html/sysmon/server.js
-------------------
const http = require('http');

const hostname = '192.168.43.31';
const port = 5000;

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.statusCode = 200;
    res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
    res.end('Sysmon App is Up and Running!\n');
});

server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
    console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`);
});

---------------------

Now start your node application using the following command (press Ctrl+x to terminate it).


$ sudo node /var/www/html/sysmon/server.js
OR
$ sudo node /var/www/html/sysmon/server.js &   #start it in the background to free up your terminal

Now open a browser and access your application at the URL http://198.168.43.31:5000

----------------------

Step 3: Install Nginx Reverse Proxy in Linux:

On Debian/Ubuntu
Create a file called /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list and add the following lines to it.
deb http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu/ bionic nginx
deb-src http://nginx.org/packages/ubuntu/  bionic nginx

$ wget --quiet http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key && sudo apt-key add nginx_signing.key
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install nginx



On CentOS/RHEL and Fedora

CentOS

[nginx]
name=nginx repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1

RHEL
[nginx]
name=nginx repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/rhel/$releasever/$basearch/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1

# wget --quiet http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key && rpm --import nginx_signing.key
# yum install nginx


After successfully installing Nginx, start it, enable it to auto-start at system boot and check if it is up and running.

---------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------- 

$ sudo systemctl status nginx
$ sudo systemctl enable nginx
$ sudo systemctl status nginx

---------- On CentOS/RHEL ---------- 

# systemctl status nginx
# systemctl enable nginx
# systemctl status nginx

If you are running a system firewall, you need to open port 80 (HTTP), 443 (HTTPS) and 5000 (Node app), which the web server listens on for client connection requests.


---------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------- 

$ sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
$ sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
$ sudo ufw allow 5000/tcp
$ sudo ufw reload

---------- On CentOS/RHEL ---------- 

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=80/tcp
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=443/tcp
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=5000/tcp
# firewall-cmd --reload

Step 4: Configure Nginx as Reverse Proxy For Nodejs Application

$ sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/sysmon.conf 


server {
    listen 80;
    server_name sysmon.tecmint.lan;

    location / {
        proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header   Host $http_host;
        proxy_pass         http://192.168.43.31:5000;
    }
}

------------

$ sudo systemctl restart nginx
OR
# systemctl restart nginx

---------------------------

Step 5: Access Nodejs Application via Web Browser

http://sysmon.tecmint.lan 
192.168.43.31 sysmon.tecmint.lan


------------- End Of Node Project ..............



>> Linux Shell Scripting Steps: 


Website: 

  https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-execute-a-shell-script-in-linux/

Steps to execute a shell script in Linux:

The procedure is as follows:

    Create a new file called demo.sh using a text editor such as nano or vi in Linux: 
    nano demo.sh

    Add the following code:

    #!/bin/bash

    echo "Hello World"

    Set the script executable permission by running chmod command in Linux: 

    chmod +x demo.sh

    Execute a shell script in Linux: 

    ./demo.sh

Let us see all steps in details.


Add the following code:

#!/bin/bash
# My first shell script
echo "Hello $USER"
echo "Today is $(date)"
echo "Bye for now"

Step 3 – Make the shell script executable:

ls -l demo.sh
cat demo.sh

To set executable permission, run the following chmod command:

chmod +x demo.sh

Verify permissions:

ls -l demo.sh


Step 4 – Execute the shell script in Linux:

Now we have shell script named demo.sh. But, how do you run it? Try:

./demo.sh

The . refers to the current directory. Another option is to specify the full path:

/path/to/demo.sh
/home/vivek/demo.sh
~/demo.sh

Conclusion

For more info see Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial and bash command man page using the man command or help command:

man bash
help read

--------> End of linux shell scirpts <-------------

------------------------------------------------------

//Centos Commands: 



Centos Command           Description

top
nman
rpm-ql<packagename> or dpkg -L <packagename>
sosreport
Ismod
tcpdump

//Directory Movement
ls    - lists the conents of the directory
cp    - copies a file
mv    - moves a directory
cd .. - moves up one directory
cd ~  - moves to home directory
ll    - lists the contents of the directory length-wise
pwd   - present working directory
find  - search given directory for namestring and display it

//User Management
alias     - creates and alias
passwrd   - updates user authentication
useradd   - adds a new user
sudo      - admin privileges
who       - shows currently logged on users
groupadd  - create new groud
uname     - print system info

//File Management
chmod     - change permissions of a file
chown     - change the ownership of a file
diff      - compare the ownership of a file
diff      - compare two files against each other
du        - displyas disk usage of a directory
rm        - removes files / directories

//System Management
apropos   - search set of database files and display result as standard output
bcwipe    - repeatedly overwrite special patterns onto to be-destroyed files
bhkconfig - update and query run level info for system services
dstat     - displays real-time system stats
fdisk     - disk partioning utility
mount     - mounts a filesystem
grep      - search named input files for lines containing match to given pattern, then print
hostname  - configure networking interface
ifdown    - manually take down and interface
iftop     - shows bandwidth usage of interface
ifup      - brings interface back up
kill      - terminate a running process
ps        - list of currently running proceses and their process IDs
man       - manual page for particular command/tool
systemcl  - may be used to introspect and control the state of the "systemd" system and service mnager
tail      - used to output last part of a file, useful on log files


------>

More: 

Install Applications: 

//The system will automatically search for the relevant 
  software package and dependencies, and ask for your confirmation.
  
  dnf install [software name]    //Run the following command to install software.

  yum install php          // Install php
  rpm -ql [software name]  //Viewing installed software information

  rpm -q                   //View the version of the software package

------>

//Yum not working in Centos's bash (Not install softs): Run this in Centos's bash

sed -i 's/mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*
sed -i 's|#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org|baseurl=http://vault.centos.org|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*

Alternetively: 

sed -i 's/mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-*
sed -i 's|#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org|baseurl=http://vault.epel.cloud|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-*

//Now you should be able to update CentOS or install packages without any error:


-----> 


cat /etc/group   //Listing all group's name
stat /etc/       //Discover group name in unix and linux

//Centro in Bash : Permission denied Then run this cmd: chmod U+x /etc/group
/etc/group
/etc/passwd
stat /etc/group      //[root@2kk3kk /] in root
stat /etc/passwd


--------> End Of Centos <-------------------------------


------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

-------> Install Laravel <------------


//How to Install Laravel on Ubuntu



//1. Install Apache Web Server

sudo systemctl status apache2
sudo apt install apache2
sudo ufw allow “Apache Full”
sudo systemctl status apache2

//2. Install PHP

sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mbstring php-xmlrpc php-soap php-gd php-xml php-cli php-zip php-bcmath php-tokenizer php-json php-pear

apt-get update
sudo nano /var/www/html/test.php

Adding in php file:

<?php
phpinfo();
?>


//3. Download and Install a Database Manager

sudo apt install mariadb-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation


Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] n
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y


//4. Install Composer

curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/composer


//5. Install Laravel on Ubuntu Using Composer

composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel [project_name]


//Using Laravel for Local Development

cd example


php artisan serve --host=[IP] --port=[port]


//Using Laravel to Deploy an Application

sudo mv example /var/www/html/
sudo chgrp -R www-data /var/www/html/example/
sudo chmod -R 775 /var/www/html/example/storage
cd /etc/apache2/sites-available
sudo nano laravel_project.conf


<VirtualHost *:80>
   ServerName thedomain.com
   ServerAdmin webmaster@thedomain.com
   DocumentRoot /var/www/html/example/public

   <Directory /var/www/html/example>
       AllowOverride All
   </Directory>
   ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
   CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>


sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
sudo a2ensite laravel_project
sudo a2enmod rewrite
sudo systemctl restart apache2


//Uninstall Laravel and Composer

sudo rm /usr/local/bin/composer



------> Laravel Installed End <-----------------------
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