GH-43878: [Go][Release] Remove Go related codes from our release scripts

[raulcd]

Rationale for this change

The Go implementation is moving to apache/arrow-go from go/ in apache/arrow.

What changes are included in this PR?

Remove go related release scripts from apache/arrow

Are these changes tested?

The source verification is tested via archery

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, Go will not be releases as part of Apache Arrow anymore.

• GitHub Issue: [Go][Release] Remove Go related codes from our release scripts #43878

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #43878 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

@zeroshade will we have to update these urls to point here https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/apache/arrow-go/go/v18 once we release?

arrow/docs/source/index.rst

Line 107 in 18319d3

Go <https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18>

arrow/r/_pkgdown.yml

Line 79 in 18319d3

[Go](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18) <br>

Is there any way to point to latest so we don't have to bump the release on arrow when we release arrow-go?

[raulcd]

@github-actions crossbow submit verify-rc-source-*

[github-actions]

Revision: 42dd7f3

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-61cfbe58a4

Task	Status
verify-rc-source-cpp-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-cpp-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-cpp-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-cpp-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-cpp-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-cpp-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-cpp-macos-conda-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-csharp-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-integration-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-integration-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-integration-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-integration-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-integration-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-integration-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-integration-macos-conda-amd64
verify-rc-source-java-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-java-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-java-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-java-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-java-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-js-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-python-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-python-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-python-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-python-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-python-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-python-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-python-macos-conda-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-linux-almalinux-8-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-linux-conda-latest-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-linux-ubuntu-20.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-linux-ubuntu-22.04-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-macos-amd64
verify-rc-source-ruby-macos-arm64
verify-rc-source-windows

[raulcd]

Ubuntu 20.04 issues are unrelated:

• [CI][Python] Some verification tasks on Ubuntu 20.04 fail because we have dropped support for Python 3.8 #44173

[kou]

How about creating https://arrow.apache.org/go/ as the canonical Apache Arrow Go website?
We can link to https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/apache/arrow-go/v${LATEST} from the URL.