GH-43390: [C++] Add support for building on Android porting patch from vcpkg

[raulcd]

Rationale for this change

We had to apply a patch on vcpkg in order to build on Android. Adding this patch to the main arrow repo to remove upstream patch.
The upstream patch: https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/blob/43586b1aa054ba3e453c5cce2c13cae64b61e5e1/ports/arrow/android.patch

What changes are included in this PR?

Some minor changes to allow build on Android

Are these changes tested?

On CI, build for Android must be tested upstream but the patch has been tested on vcpkg.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Add support for building on Android #43390

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #43390 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[kou]

Can we try adding a new nightly CI job for Android?
Related documentations:

• https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/cmake
• https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.html#cross-compiling-for-android

Android NDK download: https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads
GitHub Actions runner has Android NDK by default: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/blob/main/images/ubuntu/Ubuntu2404-Readme.md

[kou]

Can we unify this condition?

#if !defined(_WIN32) && !(defined(__ANDROID__) && __ANDROID_API__ < 26)

BTW, is Android API < 26 still supported?
It seems that Android API 25 is Android 7.1 based on https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element#api-level-table .
It seems that Android 11 or earlier reached EOL based on https://endoflife.date/android .

[raulcd]

that's a good point, we can remove this patch and probably remove it also upstream on the next release. It shouldn't be necessary as unsupported version, I suppose if we add an Android CI job might be worth validating

[raulcd]

Can we try adding a new nightly CI job for Android? Related documentations:

That's a good point, I currently have other priorities. I want to update vcpkg, start preparing for Python 3.13 and update the MACOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET as we are seeing several failures related. I'll add the Android CI to the bottom of this list :)