diff --git a/doc/api/errors.md b/doc/api/errors.md
index 95ad3c9c671954..89048c6485df0f 100644
--- a/doc/api/errors.md
+++ b/doc/api/errors.md
@@ -1759,7 +1759,8 @@ added:
   - v16.14.0
 -->
 
-An import assertion has failed, preventing the specified module to be imported.
+An import `type` attribute was provided, but the specified module is of a
+different type.
 
 <a id="ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING"></a>
 
@@ -1771,7 +1772,7 @@ added:
   - v16.14.0
 -->
 
-An import assertion is missing, preventing the specified module to be imported.
+An import attribute is missing, preventing the specified module to be imported.
 
 <a id="ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED"></a>
 
@@ -1783,7 +1784,17 @@ added:
   - v16.14.0
 -->
 
-An import assertion is not supported by this version of Node.js.
+An import attribute is not supported by this version of Node.js.
+
+<a id="ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED"></a>
+
+### `ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+An import attribute is not supported by this version of Node.js.
 
 <a id="ERR_INCOMPATIBLE_OPTION_PAIR"></a>
 
diff --git a/doc/api/esm.md b/doc/api/esm.md
index b40b4ccb6f0865..a96badcf91b55d 100644
--- a/doc/api/esm.md
+++ b/doc/api/esm.md
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 <!-- YAML
 added: v8.5.0
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50140
+    description: Add experimental support for import attributes.
   - version: v20.0.0
     pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/44710
     description: Module customization hooks are executed off the main thread.
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ changes:
     - v17.1.0
     - v16.14.0
     pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/40250
-    description: Add support for import assertions.
+    description: Add experimental support for import assertions.
   - version:
     - v17.0.0
     - v16.12.0
@@ -202,7 +205,7 @@ added: v12.10.0
 
 ```js
 import 'data:text/javascript,console.log("hello!");';
-import _ from 'data:application/json,"world!"' assert { type: 'json' };
+import _ from 'data:application/json,"world!"' with { type: 'json' };
 ```
 
 `data:` URLs only resolve [bare specifiers][Terminology] for builtin modules
@@ -234,30 +237,40 @@ absolute URL strings.
 import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
 ```
 
-## Import assertions
+<a id="import-assertions"></a>
+
+## Import attributes
 
 <!-- YAML
 added:
   - v17.1.0
   - v16.14.0
+changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50140
+    description: Switch from Import Assertions to Import Attributes.
 -->
 
-> Stability: 1 - Experimental
+> Stability: 1.1 - Active development
+
+> This feature was previously named "Import assertions", and using the `assert`
+> keyword instead of `with`. Any uses in code of the prior `assert` keyword
+> should be updated to use `with` instead.
 
-The [Import Assertions proposal][] adds an inline syntax for module import
+The [Import Attributes proposal][] adds an inline syntax for module import
 statements to pass on more information alongside the module specifier.
 
 ```js
-import fooData from './foo.json' assert { type: 'json' };
+import fooData from './foo.json' with { type: 'json' };
 
 const { default: barData } =
-  await import('./bar.json', { assert: { type: 'json' } });
+  await import('./bar.json', { with: { type: 'json' } });
 ```
 
-Node.js supports the following `type` values, for which the assertion is
+Node.js supports the following `type` values, for which the attribute is
 mandatory:
 
-| Assertion `type` | Needed for       |
+| Attribute `type` | Needed for       |
 | ---------------- | ---------------- |
 | `'json'`         | [JSON modules][] |
 
@@ -544,10 +557,10 @@ separate cache.
 JSON files can be referenced by `import`:
 
 ```js
-import packageConfig from './package.json' assert { type: 'json' };
+import packageConfig from './package.json' with { type: 'json' };
 ```
 
-The `assert { type: 'json' }` syntax is mandatory; see [Import Assertions][].
+The `with { type: 'json' }` syntax is mandatory; see [Import Attributes][].
 
 The imported JSON only exposes a `default` export. There is no support for named
 exports. A cache entry is created in the CommonJS cache to avoid duplication.
@@ -1050,8 +1063,8 @@ resolution for ESM specifiers is [commonjs-extension-resolution-loader][].
 [Determining module system]: packages.md#determining-module-system
 [Dynamic `import()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import
 [ES Module Integration Proposal for WebAssembly]: https://github.com/webassembly/esm-integration
-[Import Assertions]: #import-assertions
-[Import Assertions proposal]: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-import-assertions
+[Import Attributes]: #import-attributes
+[Import Attributes proposal]: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-import-attributes
 [JSON modules]: #json-modules
 [Module customization hooks]: module.md#customization-hooks
 [Node.js Module Resolution And Loading Algorithm]: #resolution-algorithm-specification
diff --git a/doc/api/module.md b/doc/api/module.md
index 8bf5c09041a41a..857c02142b199f 100644
--- a/doc/api/module.md
+++ b/doc/api/module.md
@@ -458,6 +458,11 @@ register('./path-to-my-hooks.js', {
 
 <!-- YAML
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50140
+    description: The property `context.importAssertions` is replaced with
+                 `context.importAttributes`. Using the old name is still
+                 supported and will emit an experimental warning.
   - version:
     - v18.6.0
     - v16.17.0
@@ -477,8 +482,8 @@ changes:
 * `specifier` {string}
 * `context` {Object}
   * `conditions` {string\[]} Export conditions of the relevant `package.json`
-  * `importAssertions` {Object} An object whose key-value pairs represent the
-    assertions for the module to import
+  * `importAttributes` {Object} An object whose key-value pairs represent the
+    attributes for the module to import
   * `parentURL` {string|undefined} The module importing this one, or undefined
     if this is the Node.js entry point
 * `nextResolve` {Function} The subsequent `resolve` hook in the chain, or the
@@ -489,7 +494,7 @@ changes:
   * `format` {string|null|undefined} A hint to the load hook (it might be
     ignored)
     `'builtin' | 'commonjs' | 'json' | 'module' | 'wasm'`
-  * `importAssertions` {Object|undefined} The import assertions to use when
+  * `importAttributes` {Object|undefined} The import attributes to use when
     caching the module (optional; if excluded the input will be used)
   * `shortCircuit` {undefined|boolean} A signal that this hook intends to
     terminate the chain of `resolve` hooks. **Default:** `false`
@@ -506,10 +511,10 @@ the final `format` value (and it is free to ignore the hint provided by
 `resolve`); if `resolve` provides a `format`, a custom `load` hook is required
 even if only to pass the value to the Node.js default `load` hook.
 
-Import type assertions are part of the cache key for saving loaded modules into
+Import type attributes are part of the cache key for saving loaded modules into
 the internal module cache. The `resolve` hook is responsible for returning an
-`importAssertions` object if the module should be cached with different
-assertions than were present in the source code.
+`importAttributes` object if the module should be cached with different
+attributes than were present in the source code.
 
 The `conditions` property in `context` is an array of conditions for
 [package exports conditions][Conditional exports] that apply to this resolution
@@ -575,7 +580,7 @@ changes:
   * `conditions` {string\[]} Export conditions of the relevant `package.json`
   * `format` {string|null|undefined} The format optionally supplied by the
     `resolve` hook chain
-  * `importAssertions` {Object}
+  * `importAttributes` {Object}
 * `nextLoad` {Function} The subsequent `load` hook in the chain, or the
   Node.js default `load` hook after the last user-supplied `load` hook
   * `specifier` {string}
diff --git a/lib/internal/errors.js b/lib/internal/errors.js
index 4e332e1ce18d16..f5fee095665cd0 100644
--- a/lib/internal/errors.js
+++ b/lib/internal/errors.js
@@ -1178,12 +1178,17 @@ E('ERR_HTTP_SOCKET_ENCODING',
 E('ERR_HTTP_TRAILER_INVALID',
   'Trailers are invalid with this transfer encoding', Error);
 E('ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR', 'Illegal constructor', TypeError);
+// TODO(aduh95): change the error to mention import attributes instead of import assertions.
 E('ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_FAILED',
   'Module "%s" is not of type "%s"', TypeError);
+// TODO(aduh95): change the error to mention import attributes instead of import assertions.
 E('ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING',
-  'Module "%s" needs an import assertion of type "%s"', TypeError);
+  'Module "%s" needs an import attribute of type "%s"', TypeError);
+// TODO(aduh95): change the error to mention import attributes instead of import assertions.
 E('ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED',
-  'Import assertion type "%s" is unsupported', TypeError);
+  'Import attribute type "%s" is unsupported', TypeError);
+E('ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED',
+  'Import attribute "%s" with value "%s" is not supported', TypeError);
 E('ERR_INCOMPATIBLE_OPTION_PAIR',
   'Option "%s" cannot be used in combination with option "%s"', TypeError);
 E('ERR_INPUT_TYPE_NOT_ALLOWED', '--input-type can only be used with string ' +
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
index 5fe9e874c7ad9f..042172290def25 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
@@ -1295,10 +1295,10 @@ function wrapSafe(filename, content, cjsModuleInstance, codeCache) {
     const script = new Script(wrapper, {
       filename,
       lineOffset: 0,
-      importModuleDynamically: async (specifier, _, importAssertions) => {
+      importModuleDynamically: async (specifier, _, importAttributes) => {
         const cascadedLoader = getCascadedLoader();
         return cascadedLoader.import(specifier, normalizeReferrerURL(filename),
-                                     importAssertions);
+                                     importAttributes);
       },
     });
 
@@ -1322,10 +1322,10 @@ function wrapSafe(filename, content, cjsModuleInstance, codeCache) {
     ], {
       filename,
       cachedData: codeCache,
-      importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAssertions) {
+      importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAttributes) {
         const cascadedLoader = getCascadedLoader();
         return cascadedLoader.import(specifier, normalizeReferrerURL(filename),
-                                     importAssertions);
+                                     importAttributes);
       },
     });
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/assert.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/assert.js
index 45df6781d49497..ce3280de84bf4d 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/assert.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/assert.js
@@ -13,16 +13,15 @@ const {
   ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_FAILED,
   ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING,
   ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED,
+  ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED,
 } = require('internal/errors').codes;
 
 // The HTML spec has an implied default type of `'javascript'`.
 const kImplicitAssertType = 'javascript';
 
-let alreadyWarned = false;
-
 /**
- * Define a map of module formats to import assertion types (the value of
- * `type` in `assert { type: 'json' }`).
+ * Define a map of module formats to import attributes types (the value of
+ * `type` in `with { type: 'json' }`).
  * @type {Map<string, string>}
  */
 const formatTypeMap = {
@@ -31,13 +30,13 @@ const formatTypeMap = {
   'commonjs': kImplicitAssertType,
   'json': 'json',
   'module': kImplicitAssertType,
-  'wasm': kImplicitAssertType, // It's unclear whether the HTML spec will require an assertion type or not for Wasm; see https://github.com/WebAssembly/esm-integration/issues/42
+  'wasm': kImplicitAssertType, // It's unclear whether the HTML spec will require an attribute type or not for Wasm; see https://github.com/WebAssembly/esm-integration/issues/42
 };
 
 /**
  * The HTML spec disallows the default type to be explicitly specified
  * (for now); so `import './file.js'` is okay but
- * `import './file.js' assert { type: 'javascript' }` throws.
+ * `import './file.js' with { type: 'javascript' }` throws.
  * @type {Array<string, string>}
  */
 const supportedAssertionTypes = ArrayPrototypeFilter(
@@ -46,54 +45,50 @@ const supportedAssertionTypes = ArrayPrototypeFilter(
 
 
 /**
- * Test a module's import assertions.
+ * Test a module's import attributes.
  * @param {string} url The URL of the imported module, for error reporting.
  * @param {string} format One of Node's supported translators
- * @param {Record<string, string>} importAssertions Validations for the
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} importAttributes Validations for the
  *                                                  module import.
  * @returns {true}
  * @throws {TypeError} If the format and assertion type are incompatible.
  */
-function validateAssertions(url, format,
-                            importAssertions = { __proto__: null }) {
-  const validType = formatTypeMap[format];
-
-  if (!alreadyWarned && ObjectKeys(importAssertions).length !== 0) {
-    alreadyWarned = true;
-    process.emitWarning(
-      'Import assertions are not a stable feature of the JavaScript language. ' +
-      'Avoid relying on their current behavior and syntax as those might change ' +
-      'in a future version of Node.js.',
-      'ExperimentalWarning',
-    );
+function validateAttributes(url, format,
+                            importAttributes = { __proto__: null }) {
+  const keys = ObjectKeys(importAttributes);
+  for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+    if (keys[i] !== 'type') {
+      throw new ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED(keys[i], importAttributes[keys[i]]);
+    }
   }
+  const validType = formatTypeMap[format];
 
   switch (validType) {
     case undefined:
-      // Ignore assertions for module formats we don't recognize, to allow new
+      // Ignore attributes for module formats we don't recognize, to allow new
       // formats in the future.
       return true;
 
     case kImplicitAssertType:
       // This format doesn't allow an import assertion type, so the property
-      // must not be set on the import assertions object.
-      if (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(importAssertions, 'type')) {
+      // must not be set on the import attributes object.
+      if (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(importAttributes, 'type')) {
         return true;
       }
-      return handleInvalidType(url, importAssertions.type);
+      return handleInvalidType(url, importAttributes.type);
 
-    case importAssertions.type:
+    case importAttributes.type:
       // The asserted type is the valid type for this format.
       return true;
 
     default:
       // There is an expected type for this format, but the value of
-      // `importAssertions.type` might not have been it.
-      if (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(importAssertions, 'type')) {
+      // `importAttributes.type` might not have been it.
+      if (!ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty(importAttributes, 'type')) {
         // `type` wasn't specified at all.
         throw new ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING(url, validType);
       }
-      return handleInvalidType(url, importAssertions.type);
+      return handleInvalidType(url, importAttributes.type);
   }
 }
 
@@ -118,5 +113,5 @@ function handleInvalidType(url, type) {
 
 module.exports = {
   kImplicitAssertType,
-  validateAssertions,
+  validateAttributes,
 };
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
index 05885050b82fc9..12b0366eade9ec 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const {
   ObjectDefineProperty,
   ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
   Promise,
+  ReflectSet,
   SafeSet,
   StringPrototypeSlice,
   StringPrototypeStartsWith,
@@ -71,6 +72,30 @@ let debug = require('internal/util/debuglog').debuglog('esm', (fn) => {
 });
 let importMetaInitializer;
 
+let importAssertionAlreadyWarned = false;
+
+function emitImportAssertionWarning() {
+  if (!importAssertionAlreadyWarned) {
+    importAssertionAlreadyWarned = true;
+    process.emitWarning('Use `importAttributes` instead of `importAssertions`', 'ExperimentalWarning');
+  }
+}
+
+function defineImportAssertionAlias(context) {
+  return ObjectDefineProperty(context, 'importAssertions', {
+    __proto__: null,
+    configurable: true,
+    get() {
+      emitImportAssertionWarning();
+      return this.importAttributes;
+    },
+    set(value) {
+      emitImportAssertionWarning();
+      return ReflectSet(this, 'importAttributes', value);
+    },
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * @typedef {object} ExportedHooks
  * @property {Function} initialize Customizations setup hook.
@@ -230,21 +255,21 @@ class Hooks {
    * @param {string} originalSpecifier The specified URL path of the module to
    *                                   be resolved.
    * @param {string} [parentURL] The URL path of the module's parent.
-   * @param {ImportAssertions} [importAssertions] Assertions from the import
+   * @param {ImportAttributes} [importAttributes] Attributes from the import
    *                                              statement or expression.
    * @returns {Promise<{ format: string, url: URL['href'] }>}
    */
   async resolve(
     originalSpecifier,
     parentURL,
-    importAssertions = { __proto__: null },
+    importAttributes = { __proto__: null },
   ) {
     throwIfInvalidParentURL(parentURL);
 
     const chain = this.#chains.resolve;
     const context = {
       conditions: getDefaultConditions(),
-      importAssertions,
+      importAttributes,
       parentURL,
     };
     const meta = {
@@ -286,9 +311,9 @@ class Hooks {
       throw new ERR_LOADER_CHAIN_INCOMPLETE(hookErrIdentifier);
     }
 
+    let resolvedImportAttributes;
     const {
       format,
-      importAssertions: resolvedImportAssertions,
       url,
     } = resolution;
 
@@ -318,15 +343,22 @@ class Hooks {
       this.#validatedUrls.add(url);
     }
 
+    if (!('importAttributes' in resolution) && ('importAssertions' in resolution)) {
+      emitImportAssertionWarning();
+      resolvedImportAttributes = resolution.importAssertions;
+    } else {
+      resolvedImportAttributes = resolution.importAttributes;
+    }
+
     if (
-      resolvedImportAssertions != null &&
-      typeof resolvedImportAssertions !== 'object'
+      resolvedImportAttributes != null &&
+      typeof resolvedImportAttributes !== 'object'
     ) {
       throw new ERR_INVALID_RETURN_PROPERTY_VALUE(
         'an object',
         hookErrIdentifier,
-        'importAssertions',
-        resolvedImportAssertions,
+        'importAttributes',
+        resolvedImportAttributes,
       );
     }
 
@@ -345,12 +377,12 @@ class Hooks {
     return {
       __proto__: null,
       format,
-      importAssertions: resolvedImportAssertions,
+      importAttributes: resolvedImportAttributes,
       url,
     };
   }
 
-  resolveSync(_originalSpecifier, _parentURL, _importAssertions) {
+  resolveSync(_originalSpecifier, _parentURL, _importAttributes) {
     throw new ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED('resolveSync()');
   }
 
@@ -413,7 +445,7 @@ class Hooks {
 
     const nextLoad = nextHookFactory(chain[chain.length - 1], meta, { validateArgs, validateOutput });
 
-    const loaded = await nextLoad(url, context);
+    const loaded = await nextLoad(url, defineImportAssertionAlias(context));
     const { hookErrIdentifier } = meta; // Retrieve the value after all settled
 
     validateOutput(hookErrIdentifier, loaded);
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/load.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/load.js
index d064296d11c463..1881745a6d3134 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/load.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/load.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ const {
 const { kEmptyObject } = require('internal/util');
 
 const { defaultGetFormat } = require('internal/modules/esm/get_format');
-const { validateAssertions } = require('internal/modules/esm/assert');
+const { validateAttributes, emitImportAssertionWarning } = require('internal/modules/esm/assert');
 const { getOptionValue } = require('internal/options');
 const { readFileSync } = require('fs');
 
@@ -107,19 +107,29 @@ function getSourceSync(url, context) {
  */
 async function defaultLoad(url, context = kEmptyObject) {
   let responseURL = url;
-  const { importAssertions } = context;
   let {
+    importAttributes,
     format,
     source,
   } = context;
 
+  if (importAttributes == null && !('importAttributes' in context) && 'importAssertions' in context) {
+    emitImportAssertionWarning();
+    importAttributes = context.importAssertions;
+    // Alias `importAssertions` to `importAttributes`
+    context = {
+      ...context,
+      importAttributes,
+    };
+  }
+
   const urlInstance = new URL(url);
 
   throwIfUnsupportedURLScheme(urlInstance, experimentalNetworkImports);
 
   format ??= await defaultGetFormat(urlInstance, context);
 
-  validateAssertions(url, format, importAssertions);
+  validateAttributes(url, format, importAttributes);
 
   if (
     format === 'builtin' ||
@@ -141,7 +151,7 @@ async function defaultLoad(url, context = kEmptyObject) {
  * @typedef LoadContext
  * @property {string} [format] A hint (possibly returned from `resolve`)
  * @property {string | Buffer | ArrayBuffer} [source] source
- * @property {Record<string, string>} [importAssertions] import attributes
+ * @property {Record<string, string>} [importAttributes] import attributes
  */
 
 /**
@@ -158,7 +168,7 @@ async function defaultLoad(url, context = kEmptyObject) {
  */
 function defaultLoadSync(url, context = kEmptyObject) {
   let responseURL = url;
-  const { importAssertions } = context;
+  const { importAttributes } = context;
   let {
     format,
     source,
@@ -170,7 +180,7 @@ function defaultLoadSync(url, context = kEmptyObject) {
 
   format ??= defaultGetFormat(urlInstance, context);
 
-  validateAssertions(url, format, importAssertions);
+  validateAttributes(url, format, importAttributes);
 
   if (format === 'builtin') {
     source = null;
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
index 0b08db7ffef7ec..6044765c3709f5 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    *   resolve(
    *     originalSpecifier:
    *     string, parentURL: string,
-   *     importAssertions: Record<string, string>
+   *     importAttributes: Record<string, string>
    *   ): Promise<ResolveResult>
    *   resolveSync(
    *     originalSpecifier:
    *     string, parentURL: string,
-   *     importAssertions: Record<string, string>
+   *     importAttributes: Record<string, string>
    *   ) ResolveResult;
    *   register(specifier: string, parentURL: string): any;
    *   forceLoadHooks(): void;
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
       registerModule(module, {
         __proto__: null,
         initializeImportMeta: (meta, wrap) => this.importMetaInitialize(meta, { url }),
-        importModuleDynamically: (specifier, { url }, importAssertions) => {
-          return this.import(specifier, url, importAssertions);
+        importModuleDynamically: (specifier, { url }, importAttributes) => {
+          return this.import(specifier, url, importAttributes);
         },
       });
 
@@ -232,24 +232,24 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * @param {string | undefined} parentURL The URL of the module importing this
    *                                     one, unless this is the Node.js entry
    *                                     point.
-   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAssertions Validations for the
+   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAttributes Validations for the
    *                                                  module import.
    * @returns {Promise<ModuleJob>} The (possibly pending) module job
    */
-  async getModuleJob(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
-    const resolveResult = await this.resolve(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
-    return this.getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAssertions);
+  async getModuleJob(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    const resolveResult = await this.resolve(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
+    return this.getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAttributes);
   }
 
-  getModuleJobSync(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
-    const resolveResult = this.resolveSync(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
-    return this.getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAssertions, true);
+  getModuleJobSync(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    const resolveResult = this.resolveSync(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
+    return this.getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAttributes, true);
   }
 
-  getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAssertions, sync) {
+  getJobFromResolveResult(resolveResult, parentURL, importAttributes, sync) {
     const { url, format } = resolveResult;
-    const resolvedImportAssertions = resolveResult.importAssertions ?? importAssertions;
-    let job = this.loadCache.get(url, resolvedImportAssertions.type);
+    const resolvedImportAttributes = resolveResult.importAttributes ?? importAttributes;
+    let job = this.loadCache.get(url, resolvedImportAttributes.type);
 
     // CommonJS will set functions for lazy job evaluation.
     if (typeof job === 'function') {
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
     }
 
     if (job === undefined) {
-      job = this.#createModuleJob(url, resolvedImportAssertions, parentURL, format, sync);
+      job = this.#createModuleJob(url, resolvedImportAttributes, parentURL, format, sync);
     }
 
     return job;
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
   /**
    * Create and cache an object representing a loaded module.
    * @param {string} url The absolute URL that was resolved for this module
-   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAssertions Validations for the
+   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAttributes Validations for the
    *                                                  module import.
    * @param {string} [parentURL] The absolute URL of the module importing this
    *                             one, unless this is the Node.js entry point
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    *                          `resolve` hook
    * @returns {Promise<ModuleJob>} The (possibly pending) module job
    */
-  #createModuleJob(url, importAssertions, parentURL, format, sync) {
+  #createModuleJob(url, importAttributes, parentURL, format, sync) {
     const callTranslator = ({ format: finalFormat, responseURL, source }, isMain) => {
       const translator = getTranslators().get(finalFormat);
 
@@ -284,7 +284,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
 
       return FunctionPrototypeCall(translator, this, responseURL, source, isMain);
     };
-    const context = { format, importAssertions };
+    const context = { format, importAttributes };
+
     const moduleProvider = sync ?
       (url, isMain) => callTranslator(this.loadSync(url, context), isMain) :
       async (url, isMain) => callTranslator(await this.load(url, context), isMain);
@@ -302,14 +303,14 @@ class ModuleLoader {
     const job = new ModuleJob(
       this,
       url,
-      importAssertions,
+      importAttributes,
       moduleProvider,
       parentURL === undefined,
       inspectBrk,
       sync,
     );
 
-    this.loadCache.set(url, importAssertions.type, job);
+    this.loadCache.set(url, importAttributes.type, job);
 
     return job;
   }
@@ -319,12 +320,12 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * Use directly with caution.
    * @param {string} specifier The first parameter of an `import()` expression.
    * @param {string} parentURL Path of the parent importing the module.
-   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAssertions Validations for the
+   * @param {Record<string, string>} importAttributes Validations for the
    *                                                  module import.
    * @returns {Promise<ModuleExports>}
    */
-  async import(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
-    const moduleJob = await this.getModuleJob(specifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+  async import(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    const moduleJob = await this.getModuleJob(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
     const { module } = await moduleJob.run();
     return module.getNamespace();
   }
@@ -348,20 +349,20 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * @param {string} originalSpecifier The specified URL path of the module to
    *                                   be resolved.
    * @param {string} [parentURL] The URL path of the module's parent.
-   * @param {ImportAssertions} importAssertions Assertions from the import
+   * @param {ImportAttributes} importAttributes Attributes from the import
    *                                            statement or expression.
    * @returns {{ format: string, url: URL['href'] }}
    */
-  resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
+  resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
     if (this.#customizations) {
-      return this.#customizations.resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+      return this.#customizations.resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
     }
-    const requestKey = this.#resolveCache.serializeKey(originalSpecifier, importAssertions);
+    const requestKey = this.#resolveCache.serializeKey(originalSpecifier, importAttributes);
     const cachedResult = this.#resolveCache.get(requestKey, parentURL);
     if (cachedResult != null) {
       return cachedResult;
     }
-    const result = this.defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+    const result = this.defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
     this.#resolveCache.set(requestKey, parentURL, result);
     return result;
   }
@@ -370,11 +371,11 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * Just like `resolve` except synchronous. This is here specifically to support
    * `import.meta.resolve` which must happen synchronously.
    */
-  resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
+  resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
     if (this.#customizations) {
-      return this.#customizations.resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+      return this.#customizations.resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
     }
-    return this.defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+    return this.defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -382,13 +383,13 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * `resolve` and `resolveSync`. This function is here just to avoid
    * repeating the same code block twice in those functions.
    */
-  defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
+  defaultResolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
     defaultResolve ??= require('internal/modules/esm/resolve').defaultResolve;
 
     const context = {
       __proto__: null,
       conditions: this.#defaultConditions,
-      importAssertions,
+      importAttributes,
       parentURL,
     };
 
@@ -483,17 +484,17 @@ class CustomizedModuleLoader {
    * @param {string} originalSpecifier The specified URL path of the module to
    *                                   be resolved.
    * @param {string} [parentURL] The URL path of the module's parent.
-   * @param {ImportAssertions} importAssertions Assertions from the import
+   * @param {ImportAttributes} importAttributes Attributes from the import
    *                                            statement or expression.
    * @returns {{ format: string, url: URL['href'] }}
    */
-  resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
-    return hooksProxy.makeAsyncRequest('resolve', undefined, originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+  resolve(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
+    return hooksProxy.makeAsyncRequest('resolve', undefined, originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
   }
 
-  resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions) {
+  resolveSync(originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes) {
     // This happens only as a result of `import.meta.resolve` calls, which must be sync per spec.
-    return hooksProxy.makeSyncRequest('resolve', undefined, originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAssertions);
+    return hooksProxy.makeSyncRequest('resolve', undefined, originalSpecifier, parentURL, importAttributes);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
index 8ac5ff240bdb37..77f2909a262f4c 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ const isCommonJSGlobalLikeNotDefinedError = (errorMessage) =>
 class ModuleJob {
   // `loader` is the Loader instance used for loading dependencies.
   // `moduleProvider` is a function
-  constructor(loader, url, importAssertions = { __proto__: null },
+  constructor(loader, url, importAttributes = { __proto__: null },
               moduleProvider, isMain, inspectBrk, sync = false) {
     this.loader = loader;
-    this.importAssertions = importAssertions;
+    this.importAttributes = importAttributes;
     this.isMain = isMain;
     this.inspectBrk = inspectBrk;
 
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ class ModuleJob {
       // so that circular dependencies can't cause a deadlock by two of
       // these `link` callbacks depending on each other.
       const dependencyJobs = [];
-      const promises = this.module.link(async (specifier, assertions) => {
-        const job = await this.loader.getModuleJob(specifier, url, assertions);
+      const promises = this.module.link(async (specifier, attributes) => {
+        const job = await this.loader.getModuleJob(specifier, url, attributes);
         ArrayPrototypePush(dependencyJobs, job);
         return job.modulePromise;
       });
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class ModuleJob {
         let format;
         try {
           // This might throw for non-CommonJS modules because we aren't passing
-          // in the import assertions and some formats require them; but we only
+          // in the import attributes and some formats require them; but we only
           // care about CommonJS for the purposes of this error message.
           ({ format } =
             await this.loader.load(childFileURL));
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
index 12a1a526178a7e..eab00386c413a5 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_map.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const { validateString } = require('internal/validators');
 
 /**
  * Cache the results of the `resolve` step of the module resolution and loading process.
- * Future resolutions of the same input (specifier, parent URL and import assertions)
+ * Future resolutions of the same input (specifier, parent URL and import attributes)
  * must return the same result if the first attempt was successful, per
  * https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-HostLoadImportedModule.
  * This cache is *not* used when custom loaders are registered.
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ class ResolveCache extends SafeMap {
    *
    * It is exposed to allow more efficient read and overwrite a cache entry.
    * @param {string} specifier
-   * @param {Record<string,string>} importAssertions
+   * @param {Record<string,string>} importAttributes
    * @returns {string}
    */
-  serializeKey(specifier, importAssertions) {
-    // To serialize the ModuleRequest (specifier + list of import assertions),
-    // we need to sort the assertions by key, then stringifying,
-    // so that different import statements with the same assertions are always treated
+  serializeKey(specifier, importAttributes) {
+    // To serialize the ModuleRequest (specifier + list of import attributes),
+    // we need to sort the attributes by key, then stringifying,
+    // so that different import statements with the same attributes are always treated
     // as identical.
-    const keys = ObjectKeys(importAssertions);
+    const keys = ObjectKeys(importAttributes);
 
     if (keys.length === 0) {
       return specifier + '::';
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class ResolveCache extends SafeMap {
     return specifier + '::' + ArrayPrototypeJoin(
       ArrayPrototypeMap(
         ArrayPrototypeSort(keys),
-        (key) => JSONStringify(key) + JSONStringify(importAssertions[key])),
+        (key) => JSONStringify(key) + JSONStringify(importAttributes[key])),
       ',');
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
index c9f7845a664cb7..6ae85326fc705c 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ function errPath(url) {
  * @param {string} specifier - The module specifier to import.
  * @param {object} options - An object containing options for the import.
  * @param {string} options.url - The URL of the module requesting the import.
- * @param {Record<string, string>} [assertions] - An object containing assertions for the import.
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} [attributes] - An object containing attributes for the import.
  * @returns {Promise<import('internal/modules/esm/loader.js').ModuleExports>} The imported module.
  */
-async function importModuleDynamically(specifier, { url }, assertions) {
-  return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, url, assertions);
+async function importModuleDynamically(specifier, { url }, attributes) {
+  return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, url, attributes);
 }
 
 // Strategy for loading a standard JavaScript module.
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename) {
       '__dirname',
     ], {
       filename,
-      importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAssertions) {
-        return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, url, importAssertions);
+      importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAttributes) {
+        return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, url, importAttributes);
       },
     }).function;
   } catch (err) {
@@ -213,14 +213,14 @@ function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename) {
   const __dirname = dirname(filename);
   // eslint-disable-next-line func-name-matching,func-style
   const requireFn = function require(specifier) {
-    let importAssertions = kEmptyObject;
+    let importAttributes = kEmptyObject;
     if (!StringPrototypeStartsWith(specifier, 'node:')) {
       // TODO: do not depend on the monkey-patchable CJS loader here.
       const path = CJSModule._resolveFilename(specifier, module);
       if (specifier !== path) {
         switch (extname(path)) {
           case '.json':
-            importAssertions = { __proto__: null, type: 'json' };
+            importAttributes = { __proto__: null, type: 'json' };
             break;
           case '.node':
             return CJSModule._load(specifier, module);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ function loadCJSModule(module, source, url, filename) {
         specifier = `${pathToFileURL(path)}`;
       }
     }
-    const job = asyncESM.esmLoader.getModuleJobSync(specifier, url, importAssertions);
+    const job = asyncESM.esmLoader.getModuleJobSync(specifier, url, importAttributes);
     job.runSync();
     return cjsCache.get(job.url).exports;
   };
diff --git a/lib/internal/process/execution.js b/lib/internal/process/execution.js
index 4b77aa47c2cb35..8ae6a1678af1b5 100644
--- a/lib/internal/process/execution.js
+++ b/lib/internal/process/execution.js
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ function evalScript(name, body, breakFirstLine, print, shouldLoadESM = false) {
         filename: name,
         displayErrors: true,
         [kVmBreakFirstLineSymbol]: !!breakFirstLine,
-        importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAssertions) {
+        importModuleDynamically(specifier, _, importAttributes) {
           const loader = asyncESM.esmLoader;
-          return loader.import(specifier, baseUrl, importAssertions);
+          return loader.import(specifier, baseUrl, importAttributes);
         },
       }));
     if (print) {
diff --git a/lib/repl.js b/lib/repl.js
index 931ae5087c8fb3..52f3026414d72d 100644
--- a/lib/repl.js
+++ b/lib/repl.js
@@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ function REPLServer(prompt,
             vm.createScript(fallbackCode, {
               filename: file,
               displayErrors: true,
-              importModuleDynamically: (specifier, _, importAssertions) => {
+              importModuleDynamically: (specifier, _, importAttributes) => {
                 return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, parentURL,
-                                                 importAssertions);
+                                                 importAttributes);
               },
             });
           } catch (fallbackError) {
@@ -527,9 +527,9 @@ function REPLServer(prompt,
           script = vm.createScript(code, {
             filename: file,
             displayErrors: true,
-            importModuleDynamically: (specifier, _, importAssertions) => {
+            importModuleDynamically: (specifier, _, importAttributes) => {
               return asyncESM.esmLoader.import(specifier, parentURL,
-                                               importAssertions);
+                                               importAttributes);
             },
           });
         } catch (e) {
diff --git a/src/module_wrap.cc b/src/module_wrap.cc
index a1b0f812391486..a52b939fdd596c 100644
--- a/src/module_wrap.cc
+++ b/src/module_wrap.cc
@@ -249,19 +249,19 @@ void ModuleWrap::New(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   args.GetReturnValue().Set(that);
 }
 
-static Local<Object> createImportAssertionContainer(Environment* env,
-  Isolate* isolate, Local<FixedArray> raw_assertions) {
-  Local<Object> assertions =
-        Object::New(isolate, v8::Null(env->isolate()), nullptr, nullptr, 0);
-  for (int i = 0; i < raw_assertions->Length(); i += 3) {
-      assertions
-          ->Set(env->context(),
-                raw_assertions->Get(env->context(), i).As<String>(),
-                raw_assertions->Get(env->context(), i + 1).As<Value>())
-          .ToChecked();
-  }
-
-  return assertions;
+static Local<Object> createImportAttributesContainer(
+    Environment* env, Isolate* isolate, Local<FixedArray> raw_attributes) {
+  Local<Object> attributes =
+      Object::New(isolate, v8::Null(env->isolate()), nullptr, nullptr, 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < raw_attributes->Length(); i += 3) {
+    attributes
+        ->Set(env->context(),
+              raw_attributes->Get(env->context(), i).As<String>(),
+              raw_attributes->Get(env->context(), i + 1).As<Value>())
+        .ToChecked();
+  }
+
+  return attributes;
 }
 
 void ModuleWrap::Link(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
@@ -297,13 +297,13 @@ void ModuleWrap::Link(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
     Utf8Value specifier_utf8(env->isolate(), specifier);
     std::string specifier_std(*specifier_utf8, specifier_utf8.length());
 
-    Local<FixedArray> raw_assertions = module_request->GetImportAssertions();
-    Local<Object> assertions =
-      createImportAssertionContainer(env, isolate, raw_assertions);
+    Local<FixedArray> raw_attributes = module_request->GetImportAssertions();
+    Local<Object> attributes =
+        createImportAttributesContainer(env, isolate, raw_attributes);
 
     Local<Value> argv[] = {
         specifier,
-        assertions,
+        attributes,
     };
 
     MaybeLocal<Value> maybe_resolve_return_value =
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ void ModuleWrap::GetError(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
 MaybeLocal<Module> ModuleWrap::ResolveModuleCallback(
     Local<Context> context,
     Local<String> specifier,
-    Local<FixedArray> import_assertions,
+    Local<FixedArray> import_attributes,
     Local<Module> referrer) {
   Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(context);
   if (env == nullptr) {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ static MaybeLocal<Promise> ImportModuleDynamically(
     Local<v8::Data> host_defined_options,
     Local<Value> resource_name,
     Local<String> specifier,
-    Local<FixedArray> import_assertions) {
+    Local<FixedArray> import_attributes) {
   Isolate* isolate = context->GetIsolate();
   Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(context);
   if (env == nullptr) {
@@ -582,13 +582,13 @@ static MaybeLocal<Promise> ImportModuleDynamically(
   Local<Symbol> id =
       options->Get(context, HostDefinedOptions::kID).As<Symbol>();
 
-  Local<Object> assertions =
-    createImportAssertionContainer(env, isolate, import_assertions);
+  Local<Object> attributes =
+      createImportAttributesContainer(env, isolate, import_attributes);
 
   Local<Value> import_args[] = {
       id,
       Local<Value>(specifier),
-      assertions,
+      attributes,
   };
 
   Local<Value> result;
diff --git a/src/module_wrap.h b/src/module_wrap.h
index 6435bad40936fe..1fc801edced9c5 100644
--- a/src/module_wrap.h
+++ b/src/module_wrap.h
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ModuleWrap : public BaseObject {
   static v8::MaybeLocal<v8::Module> ResolveModuleCallback(
       v8::Local<v8::Context> context,
       v8::Local<v8::String> specifier,
-      v8::Local<v8::FixedArray> import_assertions,
+      v8::Local<v8::FixedArray> import_attributes,
       v8::Local<v8::Module> referrer);
   static ModuleWrap* GetFromModule(node::Environment*, v8::Local<v8::Module>);
 
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-assertion.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-assertion.js
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.js
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-assertion.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.mjs
similarity index 100%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-assertion.mjs
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-dynamic-import-attribute.mjs
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-2.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-2.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8001c29772b1f0..00000000000000
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-2.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-import '../common/index.mjs';
-import { strictEqual } from 'assert';
-
-import secret from '../fixtures/experimental.json' assert { type: 'json', unsupportedAssertion: 'should ignore' };
-
-strictEqual(secret.ofLife, 42);
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-validation.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-validation.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ec2d2a2c08f7b5..00000000000000
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-validation.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// Flags: --expose-internals
-'use strict';
-const common = require('../common');
-
-const assert = require('assert');
-
-const { validateAssertions } = require('internal/modules/esm/assert');
-
-common.expectWarning(
-  'ExperimentalWarning',
-  'Import assertions are not a stable feature of the JavaScript language. ' +
-  'Avoid relying on their current behavior and syntax as those might change ' +
-  'in a future version of Node.js.'
-);
-
-
-const url = 'test://';
-
-assert.ok(validateAssertions(url, 'builtin', {}));
-assert.ok(validateAssertions(url, 'commonjs', {}));
-assert.ok(validateAssertions(url, 'json', { type: 'json' }));
-assert.ok(validateAssertions(url, 'module', {}));
-assert.ok(validateAssertions(url, 'wasm', {}));
-
-assert.throws(() => validateAssertions(url, 'json', {}), {
-  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING',
-});
-
-assert.throws(() => validateAssertions(url, 'module', { type: 'json' }), {
-  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_FAILED',
-});
-
-// The HTML spec specifically disallows this for now, while Wasm module import
-// and whether it will require a type assertion is still an open question.
-assert.throws(() => validateAssertions(url, 'module', { type: 'javascript' }), {
-  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED',
-});
-
-assert.throws(() => validateAssertions(url, 'module', { type: 'css' }), {
-  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED',
-});
-
-assert.throws(() => validateAssertions(url, 'module', { type: false }), {
-  code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE',
-});
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-warning.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-warning.mjs
index 0b18d8ff9eaf62..a11b5164cebffc 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-warning.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-warning.mjs
@@ -1,10 +1,37 @@
-import { expectWarning } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import { spawnPromisified } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import { execPath } from 'node:process';
 
-expectWarning(
-  'ExperimentalWarning',
-  'Import assertions are not a stable feature of the JavaScript language. ' +
-  'Avoid relying on their current behavior and syntax as those might change ' +
-  'in a future version of Node.js.'
-);
+await Promise.all([
+  // Using importAssertions in the resolve hook should warn but still work.
+  `data:text/javascript,export ${encodeURIComponent(function resolve() {
+    return { shortCircuit: true, url: 'data:application/json,1', importAssertions: { type: 'json' } };
+  })}`,
+  // Setting importAssertions on the context object of the load hook should warn but still work.
+  `data:text/javascript,export ${encodeURIComponent(function load(u, c, n) {
+    c.importAssertions = { type: 'json' };
+    return n('data:application/json,1', c);
+  })}`,
+  // Creating a new context object with importAssertions in the load hook should warn but still work.
+  `data:text/javascript,export ${encodeURIComponent(function load(u, c, n) {
+    return n('data:application/json,1', { importAssertions: { type: 'json' } });
+  })}`,
+].map(async (loaderURL) => {
+  const { stdout, stderr, code } = await spawnPromisified(execPath, [
+    '--input-type=module',
+    '--eval', `
+    import assert from 'node:assert';
+    import { register } from 'node:module';
+    
+    register(${JSON.stringify(loaderURL)});
+    
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(
+      { ...await import('data:') },
+      { default: 1 }
+      );`,
+  ]);
 
-await import('data:text/javascript,', { assert: { someUnsupportedKey: 'value' } });
+  assert.match(stderr, /Use `importAttributes` instead of `importAssertions`/);
+  assert.strictEqual(stdout, '');
+  assert.strictEqual(code, 0);
+}));
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-1.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-1.mjs
similarity index 100%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-1.mjs
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-1.mjs
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-4.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-2.mjs
similarity index 100%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-4.mjs
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-2.mjs
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-3.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-3.mjs
similarity index 100%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-3.mjs
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-3.mjs
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.js
similarity index 84%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.js
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.js
index e2abd3fb43976d..9cf5ce33693ce5 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.js
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.js
@@ -5,19 +5,17 @@ const { rejects } = require('assert');
 const jsModuleDataUrl = 'data:text/javascript,export{}';
 const jsonModuleDataUrl = 'data:application/json,""';
 
-common.expectWarning(
-  'ExperimentalWarning',
-  'Import assertions are not a stable feature of the JavaScript language. ' +
-  'Avoid relying on their current behavior and syntax as those might change ' +
-  'in a future version of Node.js.'
-);
-
 async function test() {
   await rejects(
     import('data:text/css,', { assert: { type: 'css' } }),
     { code: 'ERR_UNKNOWN_MODULE_FORMAT' }
   );
 
+  await rejects(
+    import('data:text/css,', { assert: { unsupportedAttribute: 'value' } }),
+    { code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED' }
+  );
+
   await rejects(
     import(`data:text/javascript,import${JSON.stringify(jsModuleDataUrl)}assert{type:"json"}`),
     { code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_FAILED' }
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.mjs
similarity index 81%
rename from test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.mjs
rename to test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.mjs
index 9cc08c06528fc6..acaeef50626508 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-assertion-errors.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-errors.mjs
@@ -1,17 +1,9 @@
-import { expectWarning } from '../common/index.mjs';
+import '../common/index.mjs';
 import { rejects } from 'assert';
 
 const jsModuleDataUrl = 'data:text/javascript,export{}';
 const jsonModuleDataUrl = 'data:application/json,""';
 
-expectWarning(
-  'ExperimentalWarning',
-  'Import assertions are not a stable feature of the JavaScript language. ' +
-  'Avoid relying on their current behavior and syntax as those might change ' +
-  'in a future version of Node.js.'
-);
-
-
 await rejects(
   // This rejects because of the unsupported MIME type, not because of the
   // unsupported assertion.
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-validation.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-validation.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f436f7073126d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-import-attributes-validation.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Flags: --expose-internals
+'use strict';
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+const { validateAttributes } = require('internal/modules/esm/assert');
+
+const url = 'test://';
+
+assert.ok(validateAttributes(url, 'builtin', {}));
+assert.ok(validateAttributes(url, 'commonjs', {}));
+assert.ok(validateAttributes(url, 'json', { type: 'json' }));
+assert.ok(validateAttributes(url, 'module', {}));
+assert.ok(validateAttributes(url, 'wasm', {}));
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'json', {}), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_MISSING',
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'json', { type: 'json', unsupportedAttribute: 'value' }), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED',
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'module', { unsupportedAttribute: 'value' }), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ATTRIBUTE_UNSUPPORTED',
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'module', { type: 'json' }), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_FAILED',
+});
+
+// The HTML spec specifically disallows this for now, while Wasm module import
+// and whether it will require a type assertion is still an open question.
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'module', { type: 'javascript' }), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED',
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'module', { type: 'css' }), {
+  code: 'ERR_IMPORT_ASSERTION_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED',
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => validateAttributes(url, 'module', { type: false }), {
+  code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE',
+});
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-json.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-json.mjs
index 82232838b79150..61d58e94d95e93 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-json.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-json.mjs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ describe('ESM: importing JSON', () => {
     ]);
 
     assert.match(stderr, /ExperimentalWarning: Importing JSON modules/);
-    assert.match(stderr, /ExperimentalWarning: Import assertions/);
     assert.strictEqual(code, 0);
     assert.strictEqual(signal, null);
   });
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs b/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
index 8ff185a428ef01..8876eea013ced8 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-virtual-json.mjs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ async function resolve(referrer, context, next) {
 }
 
 function load(url, context, next) {
-  if (context.importAssertions.type === 'json') {
+  if (context.importAttributes.type === 'json') {
     return {
       shortCircuit: true,
       format: 'json',
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/assertionless-json-import.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/assertionless-json-import.mjs
index e7e7b20fd26798..3ffc4c1148fe69 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/assertionless-json-import.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/assertionless-json-import.mjs
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ const DATA_URL_PATTERN = /^data:application\/json(?:[^,]*?)(;base64)?,([\s\S]*)$
 const JSON_URL_PATTERN = /^[^?]+\.json(\?[^#]*)?(#.*)?$/;
 
 export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
-  const noAssertionSpecified = context.importAssertions.type == null;
+  const noAttributesSpecified = context.importAttributes.type == null;
 
   // Mutation from resolve hook should be discarded.
-  context.importAssertions.type = 'whatever';
+  context.importAttributes.type = 'whatever';
 
-  // This fixture assumes that no other resolve hooks in the chain will error on invalid import assertions
+  // This fixture assumes that no other resolve hooks in the chain will error on invalid import attributes
   // (as defaultResolve doesn't).
   const result = await next(specifier, context);
 
-  if (noAssertionSpecified &&
+  if (noAttributesSpecified &&
       (DATA_URL_PATTERN.test(result.url) || JSON_URL_PATTERN.test(result.url))) {
-    // Clean new import assertions object to ensure that this test isn't passing due to mutation.
-    result.importAssertions = {
-      ...(result.importAssertions ?? context.importAssertions),
+    // Clean new import attributes object to ensure that this test isn't passing due to mutation.
+    result.importAttributes = {
+      ...(result.importAttributes ?? context.importAttributes),
       type: 'json',
     };
   }
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs
index 38fa0b3a7488aa..fca31c585a6ea9 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/builtin-named-exports-loader.mjs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
     return {
       shortCircuit: true,
       url: `custom-${def.url}`,
-      importAssertions: context.importAssertions,
+      importAttributes: context.importAttributes,
     };
   }
   return def;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-custom.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-custom.mjs
index ea2ffaf7e97070..5656f95232b856 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-custom.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-custom.mjs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import count from '../es-modules/stateful.mjs';
 // used to assert node-land and user-land have different contexts
 count();
 
-export function resolve(specifier, { importAssertions }, next) {
+export function resolve(specifier, { importAttributes }, next) {
   let format = '';
 
   if (specifier === 'esmHook/format.false') {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export function resolve(specifier, { importAssertions }, next) {
       format,
       shortCircuit: true,
       url: pathToFileURL(specifier).href,
-      importAssertions,
+      importAttributes,
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-input.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-input.mjs
index ee0a468cc0e8d1..1d3759f458224e 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-input.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/hooks-input.mjs
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
       assert.strictEqual(context.parentURL, undefined);
     }
 
-    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAssertions, {});
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAttributes, {});
   } else if (resolveCalls === 2) {
     url = new URL(specifier, context.parentURL).href;
     assert.match(specifier, /experimental\.json$/);
     assert.match(context.parentURL, /json-modules\.mjs$/);
-    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAssertions, {
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAttributes, {
       type: 'json',
     });
   }
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
   // Ensure `context` has all and only the properties it's supposed to
   assert.deepStrictEqual(Reflect.ownKeys(context), [
     'conditions',
-    'importAssertions',
+    'importAttributes',
     'parentURL',
   ]);
   assert.ok(Array.isArray(context.conditions));
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ export async function load(url, context, next) {
 
   if (loadCalls === 1) {
     assert.match(url, /json-modules\.mjs$/);
-    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAssertions, {});
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAttributes, {});
     format = 'module';
   } else if (loadCalls === 2) {
     assert.match(url, /experimental\.json$/);
-    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAssertions, {
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(context.importAttributes, {
       type: 'json',
     });
     format = 'json';
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export async function load(url, context, next) {
   // Ensure `context` has all and only the properties it's supposed to
   assert.deepStrictEqual(Object.keys(context), [
     'format',
-    'importAssertions',
+    'importAttributes',
   ]);
   assert.strictEqual(context.format, 'test');
   assert.strictEqual(typeof next, 'function');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-format.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-format.mjs
index e7dd06c108ba1d..dc61a792b2be8b 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-format.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-format.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAssertions }, next) {
+export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAttributes }, next) {
   if (parentURL && specifier === '../fixtures/es-modules/test-esm-ok.mjs') {
     return {
       shortCircuit: true,
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-url.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-url.mjs
index a54f39521f29ac..aac2b16b6f58fe 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-url.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-invalid-url.mjs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAssertions }, next) {
+export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAttributes }, next) {
   if (parentURL && specifier === '../fixtures/es-modules/test-esm-ok.mjs') {
     return {
       shortCircuit: true,
       url: specifier,
-      importAssertions,
+      importAttributes,
     };
   }
   return next(specifier);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-with-dep.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-with-dep.mjs
index 1b5fd6c3c1642a..625341eaed7eb2 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-with-dep.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/loader-with-dep.mjs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import {createRequire} from '../../common/index.mjs';
 const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
 const dep = require('./loader-dep.js');
 
-export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAssertions }, defaultResolve) {
+export async function resolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAttributes }, defaultResolve) {
   return {
-    url: (await defaultResolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAssertions }, defaultResolve)).url,
+    url: (await defaultResolve(specifier, { parentURL, importAttributes }, defaultResolve)).url,
     format: dep.format
   };
 }
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
index 2486899ea3753f..bf66efbd0810e5 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/not-found-assert-loader.mjs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert';
 // A loader that asserts that the defaultResolve will throw "not found"
 // (skipping the top-level main of course, and the built-in ones needed for run-worker).
 let mainLoad = true;
-export async function resolve(specifier, { importAssertions }, next) {
+export async function resolve(specifier, { importAttributes }, next) {
   if (mainLoad || specifier === 'path' || specifier === 'worker_threads') {
     mainLoad = false;
     return next(specifier);
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ export async function resolve(specifier, { importAssertions }, next) {
   await assert.rejects(next(specifier), { code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND' });
   return {
     url: 'node:fs',
-    importAssertions,
+    importAttributes,
   };
 }
diff --git a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/string-sources.mjs b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/string-sources.mjs
index 396d17cb17a75c..39ad32c465fa31 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/string-sources.mjs
+++ b/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/string-sources.mjs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const SOURCES = {
 export function resolve(specifier, context, next) {
   if (specifier.startsWith('test:')) {
     return {
-      importAssertions: context.importAssertions,
+      importAttributes: context.importAttributes,
       shortCircuit: true,
       url: specifier,
     };
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-vm-module-dynamic-import.js b/test/parallel/test-vm-module-dynamic-import.js
index cd318511401412..5bca08b8c9c3bb 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-vm-module-dynamic-import.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-vm-module-dynamic-import.js
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ async function test() {
 
   {
     const s = new Script('import("foo", { assert: { key: "value" } })', {
-      importModuleDynamically: common.mustCall((specifier, wrap, assertion) => {
+      importModuleDynamically: common.mustCall((specifier, wrap, attributes) => {
         assert.strictEqual(specifier, 'foo');
         assert.strictEqual(wrap, s);
-        assert.deepStrictEqual(assertion, { __proto__: null, key: 'value' });
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(attributes, { __proto__: null, key: 'value' });
         return foo;
       }),
     });