README.md

Simple-Signal-Handler

A student exercise designed to explore interrupts in Operating System Design.

Signal Handling in C!

Summary of Signal Handling in C:

• Signals: A signal is a limited form of inter-process communication used in Unix-like operating systems. It notifies a process that a specific event has occurred (e.g., SIGINT for Ctrl+C).
• Signal Handling: A signal handler is a function that is invoked when a signal is received by the process. This allows the process to perform custom actions (e.g., cleanup, logging) or ignore certain signals.
• Common Signals: Signals include SIGINT (interrupt), SIGTERM (termination), SIGKILL (kill), and more. Some signals can be caught and handled, while others, like SIGKILL, cannot.
• System Calls:
  • signal(): A simple function to catch and handle signals, but with limitations.
  • sigaction(): A more robust and flexible system call for setting signal handlers.
• Reentrancy: Signal handlers must avoid calling non-reentrant functions, as they may lead to undefined behavior if interrupted.

Table 1: Common Signals and Their Meanings

Signal	Description	Default Action	Can be Caught?
SIGINT	Interrupt from keyboard (Ctrl+C)	Terminate the process	Yes
SIGTERM	Termination signal	Terminate the process	Yes
SIGKILL	Kill signal (immediate termination)	Terminate the process	No
SIGQUIT	Quit from keyboard (Ctrl+\)	Terminate and core dump	Yes
SIGHUP	Hangup (terminal closed)	Terminate the process	Yes
SIGALRM	Timer signal from alarm()	Terminate the process	Yes
SIGCHLD	Child process stopped/terminated	Ignore	Yes
SIGSEGV	Invalid memory access	Terminate and core dump	No

Table 2: Important System Calls for Signal Handling

Function	Purpose	Usage
signal()	Simple signal handling setup, resets after each signal	signal(SIGINT, handler_function);
sigaction()	Robust signal handling setup, persists after each signal	See the sigaction() structure below
raise()	Sends a signal to the calling process	raise(SIGINT);
kill()	Sends a signal to another process by process ID (PID)	kill(pid, SIGINT);
pause()	Suspends the process until a signal is received	pause();

Table 3: The sigaction Structure

Field	Description
sa_handler	Pointer to the signal handling function (or SIG_IGN to ignore the signal)
sa_mask	Set of signals to be blocked while the handler is executing
sa_flags	Flags to modify signal handling behavior (e.g., SA_RESTART, SA_SIGINFO)
sa_sigaction	Alternative to sa_handler for handling signals with additional information

Best Practices for Signal Handling:

1. Use sigaction() instead of signal():
   • sigaction() provides more control and ensures the handler is not reset after the first signal.
2. Keep signal handlers simple:
   • Only perform simple tasks like setting flags or counters. Avoid complex logic and non-reentrant functions (e.g., printf, malloc).
3. Use atomic operations:
   • If a signal handler updates shared variables, use volatile or atomic types to avoid race conditions.
4. Reentrancy:
   • Avoid calling non-reentrant functions inside signal handlers. These include functions like malloc(), free(), printf(), and fopen().

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