01. Знакомство с Python.ipynb

{
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
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   },
   "source": [
    "# Python как калькулятор"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
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   "outputs": [
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   ],
   "source": [
    "2/3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`_` - результат последней операции"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
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   "outputs": [
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   "source": [
    "_ * 2     "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
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   "source": [
    "2 + 3"
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-33.0"
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     "execution_count": 4,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "12*(34 - 56)/8"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
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   "outputs": [
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     "data": {
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       "3.3333333333333335"
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     "execution_count": 5,
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   ],
   "source": [
    "10 / 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.0000000000000004"
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     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "3 + 0.0000000000000005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3.0 == 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
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     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "_ + .0000000000000005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.0"
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     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "10. // 3."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10//3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10 // 3."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(-10)//3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Остаток от деления:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10 % 3         # Остаток от деления"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(-10) % 3       # Остаток от деления"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "$$a = qb + r, \\qquad 0\\le r \\le |b| - 1$$\n",
    "Например,\n",
    "$$\n",
    "-10 = (-4)\\times 3 + 2\n",
    "$$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22.91765149399039"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3.5**2.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10**1000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1e+100"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10.0**100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 ** 0.5       # Возведение в степень"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1024"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pow(2, 10)     # Можно и так"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10 ** 100      # Большая арифметика"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3322"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(10 ** 1000).bit_length()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, 1.4142135623730951)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 2          # Присваивание. Результат не отображается\n",
    "y = x ** 0.5 \n",
    "x, y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 1.4142135623730951\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del x, y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'x' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-26-0999c84417b0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'x' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Имеются `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `//=`  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 2\n",
    "x += 3\n",
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x += 1 # x = x + 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-30-9d0579346e24>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-30-9d0579346e24>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    x++ # Так нельзя\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x++ # Так нельзя"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Типы данных"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Числовые типы"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "123"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "123"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(123)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(10**1000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(123.) # В ерминах C это double"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(1e-23)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "complex"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(1j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-1+0j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1j**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(39761.1+1486.3000000000002j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(2+32.1j)*(123-1231j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Строковые типы\n",
    "\n",
    "_Строка_ - неизменяемый контейнер символов"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\"Hello\" народ!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello_string = '\"Hello\" народ!'\n",
    "print(hello_string)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello' народ!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello_string = \"Hello' народ!\"\n",
    "print(hello_string)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"Hello' народ!\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello_string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'H'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello_string[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-43-99267a1f0065>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mhello_string\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'h'\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Так нельзя\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello_string[0] = 'h' # Так нельзя"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hello_string = \"New value\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hello_string = 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "object of type 'int' has no len()",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-46-20d69afc9f35>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mhello_string\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: object of type 'int' has no len()"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(hello_string)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\tВсем\n",
      " hello'шки!\\\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"\\tВсем\\n hello'шки!\\\\\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\\tВсем\\n hello\\'шки!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(r\"\\tВсем\\n hello\\'шки!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Строка из\n",
      "нескольких\n",
      "строк\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = '''Строка из\n",
    "нескольких\n",
    "строк'''\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Строка из\n",
      "нескольких\n",
      "строк\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"Строка из\\nнескольких\\nстрок\\n\" # А можно так\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Язык программирования \"Питон\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'Язык программирования \"Питон\"'\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Язык программирования 'Питон'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"Язык программирования 'Питон'\"\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello World!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 = \"Hello\"\n",
    "s2 = \"World\"\n",
    "s = s1 + \" \" + s2 + \"!\"    # Конкатенация\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 = 'h' + s1[1:]\n",
    "s1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello hello hello !\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(3*(s1 + \" \") + \"!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hellohellohello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1*3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "c\n",
      "b\n",
      "c\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"0123456abc\"\n",
    "print(s[0])      # Первый символ\n",
    "print(s[1])      # Второй символ\n",
    "print(s[-1])     # Последний символ\n",
    "print(s[-2])     # Предпоследний символ\n",
    "print(s[len(s) - 1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(s[0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'0123'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0:4]     # Подстрока"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-61-12ae945cd98a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'я'\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# Нельзя! Присваивание элементам запрещено\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[3] = 'я' # Нельзя! Присваивание элементам запрещено   "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "012я456abc\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = s[:3] + 'я' + s[4:]\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'012я456abc'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ss = s[:]\n",
    "ss"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello World!\n",
      "HELLO WORLD!\n",
      "hello world!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"Hello World!\"\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "print(s.upper())\n",
    "print(s.lower())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'upper' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-65-576e5af92067>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mupper\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# так нельзя\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlen\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;31m# так нельзя\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'upper' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "upper(s) # так нельзя\n",
    "s.len() # так нельзя"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.upper()\n",
    "len(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Булевский тип"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 < 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 > 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Сравнение: `==`   `!=`   `<`   `>`   `<=`   `>=`\n",
    "\n",
    "Логические связки: `not` `and` `or` "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# ! && ||"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n",
      "True\n",
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Age = 49\n",
    "print(Age < 18 or Age > 55)\n",
    "print(Age >= 18 and Age <= 55)\n",
    "print(18 <= Age <= 55)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 > 1 < 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'Вася' < 'Петр Иванович'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'<' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-76-d72a18ab68e0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m+\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2j\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m<\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3j\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: '<' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1+2j < 2-3j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Списки\n",
    "\n",
    "_Список_ (list) - изменяемый (mutable) контейнер. Обращение к элементу списка - по индексу."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lst=[1,2,5, 123, -4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 3, 'four', [123, 321]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [1, 2.0, 3, 'four', [123,321]]\n",
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "123"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[4][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['One', 2.0, 3, 'four', [123, 321]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[0] = 'One'\n",
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'One'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[123, 321]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "123"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[-1][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'four'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['One', 2.0, [12, 'three'], 'four', [123, 321]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[2] = [12, 'three'] # Можно!\n",
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2.0, [12, 'three']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[1:3]    # Срез (slice)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['One', 2.0, [12, 'three'], 'four', [123, 321]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "321"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[-1][-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['One', 'four', [123, 321]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[1:3] = [] # Можно!\n",
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['One', 1, 2, 3]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[1:] = [1,2,3]\n",
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst[:3]\n",
    "lst[1:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "illegal target for annotation (<ipython-input-98-d86ed00a987d>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-98-d86ed00a987d>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    1:3 # Так нельзя\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m illegal target for annotation\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1:3 # Так нельзя"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0, 111, 2, 3, 4]\n",
      "[0, 111, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "lst2 = lst\n",
    "lst2[1] = 111  # lst меняется\n",
    "print(lst2)\n",
    "print(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst2 is lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0, 11, 2, 3, 4]\n",
      "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "lst3 = lst[:]\n",
    "lst3[1] = 11\n",
    "print(lst3)\n",
    "print(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[30, 40, 50]\n",
      "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "lst2 = lst\n",
    "lst = [30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(lst)\n",
    "print(lst2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst is lst2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[1,2,3] == [1,2,3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[1,2,3] is [1,2,3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2==2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<>:1: SyntaxWarning: \"is\" with a literal. Did you mean \"==\"?\n",
      "<>:1: SyntaxWarning: \"is\" with a literal. Did you mean \"==\"?\n",
      "<ipython-input-107-8e1e1a168e96>:1: SyntaxWarning: \"is\" with a literal. Did you mean \"==\"?\n",
      "  2 is 2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 107,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 is 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 108,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a=2\n",
    "b=2\n",
    "a is b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['December', 'January', 'February', 'June', 'July', 'August']\n",
      "[['December', 'January', 'February'], ['June', 'July', 'August'], ['March', 'April', 'May']]\n",
      "['June', 'July', 'August', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'June', 'July', 'August']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Winter = ['December', 'January', 'February']\n",
    "Spring = ['March', 'April', 'May']\n",
    "Summer = ['June', 'July', 'August']\n",
    "Autumn = ['September', 'October', 'November']\n",
    "print(Winter + Summer)            # Конкатенация\n",
    "print([Winter, Summer, Spring])   # Список списков\n",
    "print(4*Summer)                 # Конкатенация"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['December', 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Year = Winter + Spring + Summer + Autumn\n",
    "print(Year)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['December', 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May']\n",
      "['May', 'June', 'July']\n",
      "['March', 'May', 'July', 'September']\n",
      "['December', 'February', 'April', 'June', 'August', 'October']\n",
      "['January', 'March', 'May', 'July', 'September', 'November']\n",
      "['November', 'October', 'September', 'August', 'July', 'June', 'May', 'April', 'March', 'February', 'January']\n",
      "[]\n",
      "['November', 'October', 'September', 'August', 'July', 'June', 'May', 'April', 'March', 'February', 'January', 'December']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(Year[:6])\n",
    "print(Year[5:8])\n",
    "print(Year[3:11:2])\n",
    "print(Year[::2])\n",
    "print(Year[1::2])\n",
    "print(Year[-1:0:-1])\n",
    "print(Year[-1:-1:-1])\n",
    "print(Year[-1::-1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Year = Year[1:] + Year[0:1]\n",
    "print(Year)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['January',\n",
       " 'February',\n",
       " 'March',\n",
       " 'April',\n",
       " 'May',\n",
       " 'June',\n",
       " 'July',\n",
       " 'August',\n",
       " 'September',\n",
       " 'October',\n",
       " 'November',\n",
       " 'December',\n",
       " 'January']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "NewYear = Year\n",
    "NewYear.append('January')\n",
    "NewYear"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['January',\n",
       " 'February',\n",
       " 'March',\n",
       " 'April',\n",
       " 'May',\n",
       " 'June',\n",
       " 'July',\n",
       " 'August',\n",
       " 'September',\n",
       " 'October',\n",
       " 'November',\n",
       " 'December',\n",
       " 'January']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['January',\n",
       " 'February',\n",
       " 'March',\n",
       " 'April',\n",
       " 'May',\n",
       " 'June',\n",
       " 'July',\n",
       " 'August',\n",
       " 'September',\n",
       " 'October',\n",
       " 'November',\n",
       " 'December',\n",
       " 'January',\n",
       " 'February']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 115,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Year = Year + ['February']\n",
    "Year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'January' in Year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'January' not in Winter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December', 'January', 'February', 'NewMonth']\n",
      "['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December', 'January', 'February']\n",
      "['January', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December', 'January', 'February']\n",
      "['January', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'November', 'January', 'February']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Year.append('NewMonth')\n",
    "print(Year)\n",
    "Year.pop()\n",
    "print(Year)\n",
    "NewYear = Year[:]\n",
    "del NewYear[1]\n",
    "print(NewYear)\n",
    "del NewYear[8:9]\n",
    "NewYear.remove('December')\n",
    "print(NewYear)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December', 'January', 'February']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(Year)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del NewYear[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['March', 'May', 'July', 'September', 'January']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(NewYear)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lst = []\n",
    "item = None\n",
    "indx = 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lst.append(item)       # Вставить в конец\n",
    "lst.pop()              # Удалить последний и возвратить значение\n",
    "lst.insert(indx, item) # Вставка в указанную позицию\n",
    "lst.count(item)        # Найти количество вхождений\n",
    "lst.index(item)        # Индекс первого вхождения\n",
    "lst.remove(item)       # Удалить первое вхождение\n",
    "lst.sort()             # Сортировать\n",
    "lst.reverse()          # Записать в обратном порядке"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 1, 111, 222]\n",
      "[2, 3, 1, 111, 222]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [1,2,3,1,111,222]\n",
    "print(lst)\n",
    "lst.remove(1)\n",
    "print(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lst.remove(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 3, 111, 222]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-3 44\n",
      "[-3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 12, 12, 13, 21, 35, 44, 44]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst = [1, 3, 44,12,21, 1, -3, 1, 44,12,35,13]\n",
    "print(min(lst), max(lst))\n",
    "lst.sort()\n",
    "print(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 128,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[[12],1,2]<[[12,3],3,4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<b>range(begin, end, step)</b>\n",
    "\n",
    "По умолчанию `begin=0`, `step=1`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r = range(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(0, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 130,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<range_iterator at 0x1ac0dbabc50>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 131,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r = iter(range(5))\n",
    "r"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(1, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "range(1, 5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(1, 16, 3)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 133,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "range(1, 16, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 134,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[-3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 12, 12, 13, 21, 35, 44, 44]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 134,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lst"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Кортежи"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "_Кортеж_ (tuple) - неизменяемый (immutable) контейнер (в отличие от списка). В остальном они ведут себя так же, как списки."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 135,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1, 2, 3, 'four')\n",
      "<class 'tuple'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = (1, 2, 3, 'four') # Скобки можно опустить\n",
    "print(x)\n",
    "print(type(x))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 136,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 2, 3, 'four')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 136,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 1, 2, 3, 'four'\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 123, 123)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 137,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = (1,123,123,)\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "()"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 138,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 139,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 139,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 140,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 141,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 141,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1,)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 142,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 142,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 143,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 143,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type((1,))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1,)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "singleton = 1,              # Кортеж из одного элемента (скобки можно опустить)\n",
    "print(singleton)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 2, 3)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1, 2, 3,)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 146,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 123 123 3\n",
      "(123, 123) (1, 123, 123) (123, 123)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x[0], x[1], x[-1], len(x))\n",
    "print(x[1:3], x[:3], x[1:])       # Подкортежи"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 147,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(x[1:])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-148-2202c31fe2eb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m               \u001b[1;31m# Нельзя!\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m    \u001b[1;31m# Нельзя!\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x[3] = 4               # Нельзя!\n",
    "x[3:5] = [4, 5, 6]    # Нельзя!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 149,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, 8)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 149,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y1 = 1, 3, 5, 7\n",
    "y2 = 2, 4, 6, 8\n",
    "y1 + y2                # Конкатенация"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a = 10\n",
      "b = 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 2\n",
    "b = 10\n",
    "a, b = b, a\n",
    "print('a =', a)\n",
    "print('b =', b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 151,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a, b = (b, a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 152,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(a, b) = (b, a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 153,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tpl = (1, 2, 3, 55)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2 3 55\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b, c, d = (1, 2, 3, 55)\n",
    "print(a, b, c, d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "too many values to unpack (expected 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-155-21a94d2b0a63>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m55\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: too many values to unpack (expected 2)"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = (1, 2, 3, 55)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Словари\n",
    "_Словарь_ ( _ассоциативный массив_ ) - изменяемый контейнер. Обращение к элементу словаря - по имени (ключу) элемента. В качестве ключей могут выступать любые неизменяемые типы, в частности, строки, числа (int, long, float), кортежи."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 156,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'FirstName': 'Isac', 'LastName': 'Newton'}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "person = {'FirstName': 'Isac', 'LastName': 'Newton'}\n",
    "print(person)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person = {'FirstName': 'Isac', 'LastName': 'Newton', (1, 2): 5, 'Age': 22}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(person)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person['FirstName'] = 'Isaac'\n",
    "person['Profession'] = 'Scientist'\n",
    "person['Age'] = 50\n",
    "person[-33.5] = 0xFFFF\n",
    "person[(1,3)] = [1, 2, 4,]\n",
    "person[True] = [1, 2, 4,]\n",
    "print(person)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person[[1, 2, 3]] = 123"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person[(1, 2)] = '123' # В качестве ключей используем любые неизменяемые типы\n",
    "person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sparse = {(1, 3): 5.555, (4, 8): 6.666}\n",
    "print(sparse)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(1, 4) in sparse"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(1, 3) in sparse"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'Isaac' in person.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del person[-33.5]\n",
    "print(person)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'FirstName' in person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'FirstName' in person.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "50 in person.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "('Age', 50) in person.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'Age' in person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(3, 4) in sparse"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "(1, 3) in sparse"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Ввод/вывод"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
     "evalue": "Interrupted by user",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-27-4ad935a0bb9e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mv\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Введите строку: '\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtype\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\kernelbase.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mraw_input\u001b[1;34m(self, prompt)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    858\u001b[0m                 \u001b[1;34m\"raw_input was called, but this frontend does not support input requests.\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    859\u001b[0m             )\n\u001b[1;32m--> 860\u001b[1;33m         return self._input_request(str(prompt),\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m    861\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_parent_ident\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    862\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_parent_header\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\kernelbase.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_input_request\u001b[1;34m(self, prompt, ident, parent, password)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    902\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    903\u001b[0m                 \u001b[1;31m# re-raise KeyboardInterrupt, to truncate traceback\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m--> 904\u001b[1;33m                 \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"Interrupted by user\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m    905\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    906\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlog\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mwarning\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"Invalid Message:\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mexc_info\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32mTrue\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: Interrupted by user"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "v = input('Введите строку: ')\n",
    "print(v)\n",
    "type(v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = input('Введите выражение: ')\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "v = eval(s)\n",
    "print(v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 123\n",
    "b = 321\n",
    "s = input('Введите выражение: ')\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "v = eval(s)\n",
    "print(v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "print('Pi is %15.7f (7 десятичных цифр)' % math.pi)\n",
    "print('e^pi = %5.3f, pi^e = %5.3f' % (math.exp(math.pi), math.pi**(math.exp(1))))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Файлы"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('myfile.txt', 'w') # Открыть файл для записи\n",
    "print(type(f))\n",
    "f.write('Hello World!\\n')   # Записать текст\n",
    "f.write('e^pi = %5.3f, pi^e = %5.3f\\n' % (math.exp(math.pi), math.pi**(math.exp(1))))\n",
    "f.write('That\\'s all Folks!')\n",
    "f.close()                   # Закрыть файл"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('myfile.txt', 'r') # Открыть файл для чтения\n",
    "s = f.read()                # Прочитать весь файл целиком\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "f.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('myfile.txt', 'r') # Открыть файл для чтения\n",
    "s = f.readlines()           # Прочитать файл в список строк\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "f.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('myfile.txt', 'r') # Открыть файл для чтения\n",
    "s = f.read(5)               # Прочитать 5 символов\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "s = f.readline()            # Прочитать одну строку\n",
    "print(s)\n",
    "f.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Управляющие конструкции"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Условие `if`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "brother_age = 19\n",
    "sister_age = 18\n",
    "if brother_age > sister_age:\n",
    "    print('Брат старше сестры')\n",
    "    print(1)\n",
    "    if True:\n",
    "        print(2)\n",
    "print('Все!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "brother_age = 10\n",
    "sister_age = 13\n",
    "if brother_age > sister_age:\n",
    "    print('Брат старше сестры')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Брат не старше сестры')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "brother_age = 10\n",
    "sister_age = 13\n",
    "if brother_age > sister_age:\n",
    "    print('Брат старше сестры')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    if brother_age < sister_age: \n",
    "        print('Брат младше сестры')\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Брат и сестра одного возраста')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "brother_age = 10\n",
    "sister_age = 13\n",
    "if brother_age > sister_age:\n",
    "    print('Брат старше сестры')\n",
    "elif brother_age < sister_age: # elif может быть много\n",
    "    print('Брат младше сестры')\n",
    "#elif условие:\n",
    "#    команды\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Брат и сестра одного возраста')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Цикл `while`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 18\n",
    "b = 12\n",
    "while b != 0:\n",
    "    tmp = a % b\n",
    "    a = b\n",
    "    b = tmp\n",
    "\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# А лучше так:\n",
    "a = 7\n",
    "b = 14\n",
    "while b != 0:\n",
    "    a, b = b, a%b\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "eps = 1\n",
    "while 1 + eps > 1:\n",
    "    eps /= 2\n",
    "\n",
    "eps *= 2\n",
    "print(eps)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "2**(-52) == eps"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`eps` - _машинное эпсилон_ - минимальное число (двойной точности с плавающей запятой), такое, что в машинной арифметике `1 + eps > 1`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "1 + eps"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "1 + eps/2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "Имеются `continue`, `break`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Цикл `for`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for k in range(1, 10): # или xrange(1, 10) в старых версиях\n",
    "    print(\"%d \\t %d\" % (k, k * k))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for ch in \"letters\":\n",
    "    print(ch)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for item in [1, 2, 'tree', 'four', [5, 6, 7]]:\n",
    "    print(item)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person = {'surname': 'Gauss', 'name': 'Karl', (1, 2): 3}\n",
    "for key in person:\n",
    "    print(key, person[key])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for value in person.values():\n",
    "    print(value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Присваивания"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```python\n",
    "a = b\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i = 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "id(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "id(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = \"Hello\"\n",
    "b = \"Hello\"\n",
    "id(a) == id(b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a is b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [0, 1, 2]\n",
    "b = a\n",
    "b[2] = 222\n",
    "print(a) \n",
    "print(b) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Если объект нигде не используется, он удалится автоматически (garbage collection)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Простое и глубокое копирование"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import copy\n",
    "A = [0, 1, [2, 3, [4, 5]]]\n",
    "B = A\n",
    "print(A) # [0, 1, [2, 3, [4, 5]]]\n",
    "print(B) # [0, 1, [2, 3, [4, 5]]]\n",
    "B[1] = 111\n",
    "B[2][1] = 333\n",
    "print(A) # [0, 111, [2, 333, [4, 5]]]\n",
    "print(B) # [0, 111, [2, 333, [4, 5]]]\n",
    "C = copy.copy(A)\n",
    "C [1] = -1\n",
    "C [2][2] = 222\n",
    "print(A) # [0, 111, [2, 333, 222]]\n",
    "print(C) # [0, -1, [2, 333, 222]]\n",
    "D = copy.deepcopy(A)\n",
    "D [2][0] = 0\n",
    "print(A) # [0, 111, [2, 333, 222]]\n",
    "print(D) # [0, 111, [0, 333, 222]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Пример: связные списки"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Names = [\"Lobachevski\", \"Gauss\", \"Newton\", \"Euler\"]\n",
    "\n",
    "# Создаем связный список:\n",
    "cur = 0\n",
    "for name in Names:\n",
    "    prev = cur\n",
    "    cur = {\"value\": name, \"next\": prev}\n",
    "lst = cur\n",
    "\n",
    "# Печатаем список:\n",
    "cur = lst\n",
    "while cur:\n",
    "    print(cur[\"value\"])\n",
    "    cur = cur[\"next\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "cur"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Функции"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fibo(B = 50):\n",
    "    # Обычный комментарий\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    Print Fibonacci numbers less than or equal to B\n",
    "    Ура!\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    a, b = 0, 1\n",
    "    while b <= B:\n",
    "        print(b)\n",
    "        a, b = b, a + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "help(fibo)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fibo()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fibo(1000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def gcd(a, b):\n",
    "    a = abs(a)\n",
    "    b = abs(b)\n",
    "    while b != 0:\n",
    "        a, b = b, a % b\n",
    "    return a\n",
    "\n",
    "gcd(675222842, 709073246)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Как возвратить несколько значений? - использовать кортежи (или списки)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math  # в pylab уже есть\n",
    "import cmath\n",
    "\n",
    "def square_eq(a, b, c):\n",
    "    D = b**2 - 4*a*c\n",
    "    if D >= 0:\n",
    "        d = math.sqrt(D)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        d = cmath.sqrt(D)    \n",
    "    x1 = (-b+d) / (2*a)\n",
    "    x2 = (-b-d) / (2*a)\n",
    "    return x1, x2\n",
    "\n",
    "print(square_eq(1, -5, 6))\n",
    "\n",
    "x1, x2 = square_eq(1, -5, 6)\n",
    "print(x1, x2)\n",
    "\n",
    "x1, x2 = square_eq(1, 1, 1)\n",
    "print(x1, x2)\n",
    "\n",
    "x = square_eq(1,2,3)\n",
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fibo_gen(B):\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    Fibonacci generator\n",
    "    '''\n",
    "    a, b = 0, 1\n",
    "    while b <= B:\n",
    "        yield  b\n",
    "        a, b = b, a + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for f in fibo_gen(100):\n",
    "    print(f, f ** 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Передача параметров\n",
    "\n",
    "Для передачи параметров в функцию в Питоне используется стратегия _вызова по соиспользованию_ : все значения являются _обёрнутыми_ (boxed). Функция получает значение, содержащее копию ссылки на объект. Сам объект не копируется - он оказывается разделяемым, или используемым совместно. \n",
    "\n",
    "Можно сказать так: параметры передаются по значению, где значением является ссылка.\n",
    "\n",
    "Поэтому\n",
    "* присваивание параметру в теле функции разрешено, но не имеет эффекта в вызывающей функции\n",
    "* присваивание компонентам этого аргумента - имеет эффект и в вызывающей функции\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun(lst1, lst2):\n",
    "    lst1 = 'New value'\n",
    "    lst2[0] = 'New value'\n",
    "    lst2.append('New value2')\n",
    "\n",
    "lst1 = [1, 2, 3]\n",
    "lst2 = ['1', '2', '3']\n",
    "\n",
    "fun(lst1, lst2)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(lst1)\n",
    "print(lst2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Видимость объектов"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Имена из вызывающего контекста использовать можно, но присваивать им другие объекты нельзя.\n",
    "Объекты менять можно."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun():\n",
    "    a = 3\n",
    "    print(a)\n",
    "\n",
    "a = 123\n",
    "fun()\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun():\n",
    "    a = 3  \n",
    "    print(a + 1)\n",
    "    \n",
    "a = 123\n",
    "fun()    \n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun():\n",
    "    a += 1   # Нельзя!\n",
    "\n",
    "a = 123\n",
    "fun()\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun():\n",
    "    print(a + 1)  # Так можно\n",
    "    #a = 3  # Так нельзя\n",
    "    \n",
    "a = 123\n",
    "fun()    \n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fun():\n",
    "    lst[0] = 'NewValue0'     # Можно!\n",
    "    lst.append('NewValue3')\n",
    "\n",
    "lst = [0, 1, 2]\n",
    "fun()    \n",
    "print(lst)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Работа с модулями"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```python\n",
    "import модуль\n",
    "from модуль import что-то конкретное\n",
    "from модуль import *\n",
    "import модуль as псевдоним\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math\n",
    "print(math.pi, math.exp(1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(math.sqrt(2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "2**.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from math import pi, exp\n",
    "print(pi, exp(1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from math import *\n",
    "print(pi, exp(1), sin(pi), sqrt(2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Любой файл с кодом на питоне - это уже модуль.\n",
    "```python\n",
    "import модуль\n",
    "```\n",
    "отправляет его на выполнение.\n",
    "\n",
    "Несколько модулей можно объединять в пакеты."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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