README.md

9 algorithms of clustering in machine learning with explanation

#Importing the Libraries
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import datetime
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import colors
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
from yellowbrick.cluster import KElbowVisualizer
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt, numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClustering
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
from sklearn import metrics
import warnings
import sys
if not sys.warnoptions:
    warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
np.random.seed(42)

---

---

#Loading the dataset
#reading data
Data = pd.read_csv("marketing_campaign.csv", sep="\t")
Data.head()

<style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; }

.dataframe tbody tr th {
    vertical-align: top;
}

.dataframe thead th {
    text-align: right;
}

</style>

	ID	Year_Birth	Education	Marital_Status	Income	Kidhome	Teenhome	Dt_Customer	Recency	MntWines	...	NumWebVisitsMonth	AcceptedCmp3	AcceptedCmp4	AcceptedCmp5	AcceptedCmp1	AcceptedCmp2	Complain	Z_CostContact	Z_Revenue	Response
0	5524	1957	Graduation	Single	58138.0	0	0	04-09-2012	58	635	...	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	1
1	2174	1954	Graduation	Single	46344.0	1	1	08-03-2014	38	11	...	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	0
2	4141	1965	Graduation	Together	71613.0	0	0	21-08-2013	26	426	...	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	0
3	6182	1984	Graduation	Together	26646.0	1	0	10-02-2014	26	11	...	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	0
4	5324	1981	PhD	Married	58293.0	1	0	19-01-2014	94	173	...	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	11	0

5 rows × 29 columns

Data.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 2240 entries, 0 to 2239
Data columns (total 29 columns):
 #   Column               Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------               --------------  -----  
 0   ID                   2240 non-null   int64  
 1   Year_Birth           2240 non-null   int64  
 2   Education            2240 non-null   object 
 3   Marital_Status       2240 non-null   object 
 4   Income               2216 non-null   float64
 5   Kidhome              2240 non-null   int64  
 6   Teenhome             2240 non-null   int64  
 7   Dt_Customer          2240 non-null   object 
 8   Recency              2240 non-null   int64  
 9   MntWines             2240 non-null   int64  
 10  MntFruits            2240 non-null   int64  
 11  MntMeatProducts      2240 non-null   int64  
 12  MntFishProducts      2240 non-null   int64  
 13  MntSweetProducts     2240 non-null   int64  
 14  MntGoldProds         2240 non-null   int64  
 15  NumDealsPurchases    2240 non-null   int64  
 16  NumWebPurchases      2240 non-null   int64  
 17  NumCatalogPurchases  2240 non-null   int64  
 18  NumStorePurchases    2240 non-null   int64  
 19  NumWebVisitsMonth    2240 non-null   int64  
 20  AcceptedCmp3         2240 non-null   int64  
 21  AcceptedCmp4         2240 non-null   int64  
 22  AcceptedCmp5         2240 non-null   int64  
 23  AcceptedCmp1         2240 non-null   int64  
 24  AcceptedCmp2         2240 non-null   int64  
 25  Complain             2240 non-null   int64  
 26  Z_CostContact        2240 non-null   int64  
 27  Z_Revenue            2240 non-null   int64  
 28  Response             2240 non-null   int64  
dtypes: float64(1), int64(25), object(3)
memory usage: 507.6+ KB

---

#checking missing values
null_values = Data.isnull().sum()
print(null_values)

ID                      0
Year_Birth              0
Education               0
Marital_Status          0
Income                 24
Kidhome                 0
Teenhome                0
Dt_Customer             0
Recency                 0
MntWines                0
MntFruits               0
MntMeatProducts         0
MntFishProducts         0
MntSweetProducts        0
MntGoldProds            0
NumDealsPurchases       0
NumWebPurchases         0
NumCatalogPurchases     0
NumStorePurchases       0
NumWebVisitsMonth       0
AcceptedCmp3            0
AcceptedCmp4            0
AcceptedCmp5            0
AcceptedCmp1            0
AcceptedCmp2            0
Complain                0
Z_CostContact           0
Z_Revenue               0
Response                0
dtype: int64

#checking duplicated values
duplicate_values = Data[Data.duplicated()]
print(duplicate_values)

Empty DataFrame
Columns: [ID, Year_Birth, Education, Marital_Status, Income, Kidhome, Teenhome, Dt_Customer, Recency, MntWines, MntFruits, MntMeatProducts, MntFishProducts, MntSweetProducts, MntGoldProds, NumDealsPurchases, NumWebPurchases, NumCatalogPurchases, NumStorePurchases, NumWebVisitsMonth, AcceptedCmp3, AcceptedCmp4, AcceptedCmp5, AcceptedCmp1, AcceptedCmp2, Complain, Z_CostContact, Z_Revenue, Response]
Index: []

[0 rows x 29 columns]

##rectifying missing values
from sklearn.experimental import enable_iterative_imputer
from sklearn.impute import IterativeImputer
df = pd.DataFrame(Data)
columns_to_fill = ['Income']
fill_cols = [col for col in columns_to_fill]
itr_imputer = IterativeImputer(initial_strategy='median', min_value=0, random_state=100)
df[fill_cols] = itr_imputer.fit_transform(df[fill_cols])
plt.figure(figsize = (14,10))
sns.heatmap(df.isnull(), cmap= 'PiYG', cbar=False, yticklabels=False, xticklabels=df.columns)

<AxesSubplot:>

---

# feature engineering :  
#We are adding new columns to data
Data["Age"] = 2023-Data["Year_Birth"]
Data["Children"]=Data["Kidhome"]+Data["Teenhome"]
#REPLACING
Data["Education"]=Data["Education"].replace({"Basic":"Undergraduate","2n Cycle":"Undergraduate", "Graduation":"Graduate", "Master":"Postgraduate", "PhD":"Postgraduate"})
#renaming
Data=Data.rename(columns={"MntWines": "Wines","MntFruits":"Fruits","MntMeatProducts":"Meat","MntFishProducts":"Fish","MntSweetProducts":"Sweets","MntGoldProds":"Gold"})
#Feature pertaining parenthood
Data["Is_Parent"] = np.where(Data.Children> 0, 1, 0)
#Dropping some of the redundant features
to_drop = ["Marital_Status", "Dt_Customer", "Z_CostContact", "Z_Revenue", "Year_Birth", "ID", "Kidhome", "Teenhome", "AcceptedCmp1", "AcceptedCmp2", "AcceptedCmp3", "AcceptedCmp4", "AcceptedCmp5"]
Data = Data.drop(to_drop, axis=1)
Data.head()

<style scoped> .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type { vertical-align: middle; }

.dataframe tbody tr th {
    vertical-align: top;
}

.dataframe thead th {
    text-align: right;
}

</style>

	Education	Income	Recency	Wines	Fruits	Meat	Fish	Sweets	Gold	NumDealsPurchases	NumWebPurchases	NumCatalogPurchases	NumStorePurchases	NumWebVisitsMonth	Complain	Response	Age	Children	Is_Parent
0	Graduate	58138.0	58	635	88	546	172	88	88	3	8	10	4	7	0	1	66	0	0
1	Graduate	46344.0	38	11	1	6	2	1	6	2	1	1	2	5	0	0	69	2	1
2	Graduate	71613.0	26	426	49	127	111	21	42	1	8	2	10	4	0	0	58	0	0
3	Graduate	26646.0	26	11	4	20	10	3	5	2	2	0	4	6	0	0	39	1	1
4	Postgraduate	58293.0	94	173	43	118	46	27	15	5	5	3	6	5	0	0	42	1	1

---

## data analysis
##correlations: high correlations are in red
correlation = Data.corr(method='pearson')
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.figure.set_size_inches(24, 24)
# a mask for the upper triangle
mask = np.triu(np.ones_like(correlation, dtype=np.bool))
# plots the coorelations
sns.heatmap(correlation, cmap='rainbow', mask=mask, square=True, linewidths=.5, annot=True, annot_kws={'size':14})
plt.show()

## data analysis
#plotting some selected features 
#Setting up colors prefrences
sns.set(rc={"axes.facecolor":"#FFF9ED","figure.facecolor":"#FFF9ED"})
pallet = ["#682F2F", "#9E726F", "#D6B2B1", "#B9C0C9", "#9F8A78", "#F3AB60"]
cmap = colors.ListedColormap(["#682F2F", "#9E726F", "#D6B2B1", "#B9C0C9", "#9F8A78", "#F3AB60"])
#Plotting following features
To_Plot = ["Income", "Recency", "Age", "Is_Parent"]
print("Reletive Plot Of Some Selected Features: A Data Subset")
plt.figure()
sns.pairplot(Data[To_Plot], hue= "Is_Parent")
#Taking hue 
plt.show()

Reletive Plot Of Some Selected Features: A Data Subset



<Figure size 576x396 with 0 Axes>

## data analysis: histograms
fill_cols = [col for col in Data.columns]
fig1, ax = plt.subplots(len(fill_cols),1,figsize=(10,50))
for i, col in enumerate(Data):
    ##FOR NOT HAVING LINE REMOVE kde = True
    sns.histplot(Data[col], kde=True, ax=ax[i])
fig1.tight_layout()
plt.show()

## data analysis: categorial data to numerical data
CATEGORIAL_DATA = (Data.dtypes == 'object')
object_cols = list(CATEGORIAL_DATA[CATEGORIAL_DATA].index)
print("Categorical Column=>", object_cols)

Categorical Column=> ['Education']

#converting categorial data to numerical data
LE=LabelEncoder()
for i in object_cols:
    Data[i]=Data[[i]].apply(LE.fit_transform)
    
print("All features are numerical")

All features are numerical

scaler = StandardScaler()
scaled_data = scaler.fit_transform(Data)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,9))
sns.heatmap(scaled_data)
plt.show()
scaled_data = pd.DataFrame(scaled_data)

---

## selecting cluster number, max in the curve is the prefered cluster numebr
from sklearn.metrics import silhouette_score
##The first step is to randomly choose k centroids, where k is number of clusters
##The random initialization step causes the k-means algorithm to be  varied if you run the same algorithm twice on the same data
kmeans_set = {"init":"random", "max_iter":200,"random_state":42}
## next step we should define the number of clusters by a method here I used silhouette_coefficients.
silhouette_coefficients =[]
for k in range(2,len(fill_cols)+1):
    kmeans=KMeans(n_clusters=k,**kmeans_set).fit(scaled_data)
    score=silhouette_score(scaled_data,kmeans.labels_)
    silhouette_coefficients.append(score)
plt.style.use("fivethirtyeight")
plt.plot(range(2,len(fill_cols)+1),silhouette_coefficients,marker='o')
plt.xticks(range(2,len(fill_cols)+1))
plt.xlabel("Number of Clusters")
plt.ylabel("silhouette coefficients")
plt.show()

---

1. K-means Clustering: One of the most widely used clustering algorithms. It partitions the data into K clusters by minimizing the sum of squared distances between data points and the centroid of each cluster.

## method: K-mean
kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=2,**kmeans_set).fit(scaled_data)
cluster_centers = pd.DataFrame(data = kmeans.cluster_centers_, columns = [Data.columns])
cluster_centers = scaler.inverse_transform(cluster_centers)
cluster_centers = pd.DataFrame(data = cluster_centers, columns = [Data.columns])
labels = kmeans.labels_
data_cluster_with_kmean = pd.concat([Data, pd.DataFrame({'cluster': labels})], axis = 1)
ax = sns.countplot(data=data_cluster_with_kmean, x='cluster', palette='Accent_r', saturation=1, linewidth = 1)

##visualizing k-mean results on original data
kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=2,init= "random", random_state = 1).fit(Data)
centroids = kmeans.cluster_centers_
plt.figure(figsize=(15,8))
Data_kmean = Data.copy()
Data_kmean['cluster'] = kmeans.labels_
sns.relplot(data = Data_kmean ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')




<Figure size 1080x576 with 0 Axes>

# visualizing K-mean for some or all columns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot( data_cluster_with_kmean[ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent')  

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x1240eeac0>

---

2. Hierarchical Clustering: This algorithm builds a hierarchy of clusters by either bottom-up (agglomerative) or top-down (divisive) approaches.

## method: AgglomerativeClustering
# we select number of clusters based on analysis
from scipy.cluster.hierarchy import dendrogram, linkage
# Compute the linkage matrix
linkage_matrix = linkage(Data, method='ward')
# Plot the dendrogram
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
dendrogram(linkage_matrix)
plt.xlabel('Data Points')
plt.ylabel('Distance')
plt.title('Dendrogram')
plt.show()

from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClustering
# Initialize the Agglomerative Clustering model
agg_clustering = AgglomerativeClustering(n_clusters=5)
# Fit the Agglomerative Clustering model to the data
agg_clustering.fit(Data)
# Extract the cluster labels
labels = agg_clustering.labels_
# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 5

##visualizing AgglomerativeClustering results on original data
data_agg_clustering = Data.copy()
data_agg_clustering['cluster'] = agg_clustering.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_agg_clustering ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing AgglomerativeClustering results on original data of some or all columns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot( data_agg_clustering[ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x12aa882b0>

---

3. Spectral Clustering: This approach combines graph theory and matrix decomposition techniques to perform clustering. It constructs a similarity graph and performs clustering based on the eigenvectors or spectral properties of the graph.

## method: spectral clustering method
from sklearn.cluster import SpectralClustering

spectral = SpectralClustering(n_clusters=2).fit(Data)  # Specify the number of desired clusters

# Fit the SpectralClustering model to the data
data_Spectral = Data.copy()
data_Spectral['cluster'] = spectral.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_Spectral ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing spectral results on original data of all or some columns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot( data_Spectral[ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x136525880>

---

4. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise): This algorithm groups together data points that are closely packed and separates sparse regions. It can find clusters of arbitrary shapes and identify noise points.

## method: dbscan
##determining eps parameter
from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors
nbrs = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors = 5).fit(Data)
# Find the k-neighbors of a point to get eps.
neigh_dist, neigh_ind = nbrs.kneighbors(Data)
# sort the neighbor distances (lengths to points) in ascending order
# axis = 0 represents sort along first axis i.e. sort along row
sort_neigh_dist = np.sort(neigh_dist, axis = 0)
k_dist = sort_neigh_dist[:, 4]
plt.plot(k_dist)
plt.ylabel("k-NN distance")
plt.xlabel("Sorted observations (4th NN)")
plt.show()

## method: dbscan
from sklearn.cluster import DBSCAN
# Initialize the DBSCAN model
dbscan = DBSCAN(eps=2100, min_samples=100)
# Fit the DBSCAN model to the data
dbscan.fit(Data)
# Extract the cluster labels
labels = dbscan.labels_
# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 2

data_dbscan = Data.copy()
data_dbscan['cluster'] = dbscan.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_dbscan ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.577494361348528, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing dbscan results on original data of some coulumns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_dbscan[best_cols], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x136abc1c0>

---

5. Affinity Propagation: It uses a "message-passing" mechanism to determine exemplars among the data points. Exemplars are chosen as representatives of clusters and propagate their influence on other data points.

## method: AffinityPropagation
from sklearn.cluster import AffinityPropagation
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs

# Generate sample data

# Initialize the AffinityPropagation model
affinity_propagation = AffinityPropagation(damping=0.84, preference=None)

# Fit the AffinityPropagation model to the data
affinity_propagation = affinity_propagation.fit(Data)

# Get the cluster labels and cluster centers
labels = affinity_propagation.labels_
cluster_centers = affinity_propagation.cluster_centers_
# Print the number of identified clusters
n_clusters = len(cluster_centers)
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 22

##visualizing affinity_propagation results on original data
data_affinity_propagation = Data.copy()
data_affinity_propagation['cluster'] = affinity_propagation.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_affinity_propagation ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.743468067426406, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing affinity_propagation results on original data of all or some columns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_affinity_propagation[ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x13dbeecd0>

---

6. OPTICS (Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure): Similar to DBSCAN, this algorithm identifies clusters based on density-connected points. It also provides a hierarchical representation of the clusters.

# method OPTICS
from sklearn.cluster import OPTICS
optics = OPTICS(min_samples=5, xi=0.05, min_cluster_size=0.1)

# Fit the OPTICS model to the data
optics.fit(Data)

# Extract the cluster labels
labels = optics.labels_

# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 4

##visualizing optic results on original data

data_optics = Data.copy()
data_optics['cluster'] = optics.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_optics ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.577494361348528, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing optic results on original data of all or some columns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_optics [ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x149a05d60>

---

7. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM): This algorithm assumes that the data points are generated from a mixture of Gaussian distributions. It estimates the parameters of the Gaussian components to assign data points to clusters.

## method GaussianMixture
from sklearn.mixture import GaussianMixture

# Initialize the GMM model
gmm = GaussianMixture(n_components=3, random_state=0)

# Fit the GMM model to the data
gmm.fit(Data)

# Predict the cluster labels for the data points
labels = gmm.predict(Data)

# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 3

##visualizing GaussianMixture results on original data
data_gmm = Data.copy()
data_gmm['cluster'] = gmm.predict(Data)
sns.relplot(data = data_gmm ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')

####visualizing GaussianMixture results on original data of some coulumns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_gmm [ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x14cfefd60>

---

8. Mean Shift Clustering: It identifies clusters by locating modes of the data density function. The algorithm iteratively shifts the center of each cluster towards the region of highest data density.

## method MeanShift
from sklearn.cluster import MeanShift, estimate_bandwidth
# Estimate the bandwidth (bandwidth determines the size of the kernel)
bandwidth = estimate_bandwidth(Data, quantile=0.2, n_samples=100)

# Initialize the Mean Shift model
ms = MeanShift(bandwidth=bandwidth, bin_seeding=True)

# Fit the Mean Shift model to the data
ms.fit(Data)
# Extract the cluster labels and cluster centers
labels = ms.labels_
cluster_centers = ms.cluster_centers_

# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 4

##visualizing MeanShift results on original data
data_ms = Data.copy()
data_ms['cluster'] = ms.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_ms ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing MeanShift results on original data of some coulumns
best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_ms [ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x144fedc40>

---

9. Birch (Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies): This algorithm creates a hierarchical clustering structure with a tree-like branching structure. It is suitable for large datasets as it employs memory-efficient techniques.

## method Birch
from sklearn.cluster import Birch
# Initialize the BIRCH model
birch = Birch(n_clusters=4)

# Fit the BIRCH model to the data
birch.fit(Data)

# Extract the cluster labels
labels = birch.labels_

# Print the number of clusters
n_clusters = len(np.unique(labels))
print(f"Number of clusters: {n_clusters}")

Number of clusters: 4

##visualizing Birch results on original data

data_birch = Data.copy()
data_birch['cluster'] = birch.labels_
sns.relplot(data = data_birch ,x='Age' , y  ='Income', hue='cluster', palette='Accent' ,kind='scatter', height=8.27, aspect = 11.7/8.27)
#plt.scatter(centroids[:, 0], centroids[:,1], c='red', s=50)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel("Age",fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel("Income",fontsize=15)

Text(14.315430614909786, 0.5, 'Income')

##visualizing birch results on original data of some coulumns

best_cols = ["Education", "Income", "Recency","Wines", "Fruits", "Meat","Gold","cluster"]
sns.pairplot(data_birch [ best_cols ], hue="cluster",palette='Accent') 

<seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid at 0x144c47a90>

Reference: Some Information was provided by ChatGPT