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Rainbow Bridge Specification

Overview

The Rainbow bridge is a composition of software applications allowing smart contracts in different blockchains to establish trustless communication between them. It accomplished by having a mutual "smart contract"-based light clients in both blockchains; and cryptographic proofs of the including events (execution results) of smart contracts in blockchain blocks.

Architecture

    +------------------------+     +------------------------+
    | Ethereum Blockchain    |     |        NEAR Blockchain |
    |                        |     |                        |
    |        +------------+  | (1) |  +-----------+         |
    |        |            |  |=======>|           |         |
    |    (A) | NearBridge |  |     |  | EthBridge | (B)     |
    |        |            |<=======|  |           |         |
    |        +------------+  | (2) |  +-----------+         |
    |              / \       |     |       / \              |
    |              |3|       |     |       |4|              |
    |        +------------+  |     |  +-----------+         |
    |    (C) | NearProver |  |     |  | EthProver | (D)     |
    |        +------------+  |     |  +-----------+         |
    |              / \       |     |       / \              |
    |              |5|       |     |       |6|              |
    |        +------------+  |     |  +-----------+         |
    |      +------------+ |  |     |  | +-----------+       |
    |    +------------+ |-+  |     |  +-| +-----------+     |
    |    |   . . .    |-+    |     |    +-|   . . .   |     |
    |    +------------+      |     |      +-----------+     |
    |                        |     |                        |
    +------------------------+     +------------------------+

Software:

  • A. NearBridge – smart contract of Near light client hosted in Ethereum network. It receives Near block headers, verifies and stores block hashes only.
  • B. EthBridge – smart contract of Ethereum light client hosted in Near network. It receives Ethereum block headers, verifies ethash and longest chain rule and stores block hashes only.
  • C. NearProver - smart contract in Ethereum network performing verification of Near transaction result was included into Near block. Uses Merkle trees and hash preimages for verification.
  • D. EthProver - smart contract in Near network performing verification of Ethereum event was included into Ethereum block. Uses Merkle trees and hash preimages for verification.

Relations:

  1. Non-trusted and non-authorized Ethereum relayer software (aka EthRelayer) could forward Ethereum block headers into EthBridge smart contract hosted in Near blockchain.
  2. Non-trusted and non-authorized Near relayer software (aka NearRelayer) could forward Near block headers into NearBridge smart contract hosted in Ethereum network.
  3. NearProver verifies Near transaction result was included into Near bloc. And then checks if this block image exisits in NearBridge.
  4. EthProver verifies Ethereum event/log was included into Ethereum transaction receipt which was included into Ethereum block. And then checks if this block image exists in EthBridge.