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wiki_01.txt
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wiki_01.txt
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Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin) Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)
Ilul ugurram Augustin (Aurelius Augustinus s tlatint, Saint Augustin s tefṛansist, di Taggast ass n 13 Wamber 354 (deffir n Ɛisa), yeǧǧa-yaɣ ass n 28 ɣuct 430 di temdint n Hippone (Ɛennaba). Yella d amesnagay, amaru, amasnakuc; baba-s d yemma-s d imaziɣen, maca baba-s yeṛṛummen (yuɣal d amdan aṛumi), ma d yemma-s ur teṛṛummen ara (teqqim d tamdant tamaziɣt) qqaṛen-as: "sainte monique".
Yella d yiwen si kuz ibabaten n taknisa talatinit akked "saint Amboise, saint Jérome Grégoire amezwaru I", daɣen d yiwen ger 33 n imejjayen (ṭebbat) n taknisa. Yettfuggul ass n 28 ɣuct n yal aseggas sɣur ikaṭulikiyen, ass n 15 yunyu sɣur urṭuduksiyen. Am umesnagay yugmed aṭas n tmussni sɣur Platon maca Augustin d amasiḥi daɣen, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yagwi kra n tmeḍriwin n Platon neɣ n Plotin am tin i d-yennan d-akken Akuc ur d-yesnulfa ara amḍal s umaɣzal, ayagi ur imsadan ara d wayen id-enna tisreḍt tamasiḥit akked tudayt.
Tinṭelt-is tezga-d di Pavie. Deffir Saint Paul; Saint Augustin d udem ameqqṛan n tisreḍt tamasiḥit, yettwannen (yettwaɣer) s waṭas di tallit nni n wemdur alemmas Moyen Age.
Ala netta deg babaten n taknisa i d-yeǧǧan anagraw n tesnezgimt i wumi neqqaṛ augustinisme. Tazrirt ines tḥuza ammur ameqqṛan n yimasnakucen n tallit n wemdur alemmas Moyen Age d wid n tura.
Augustin i wennened (ḥkad) temẓ-is di tmelkitin ines "confessions".
Mi d-ilul Augustin, tamdint n Tagast di Numidia (ass-agi Suq-Ahṛas, Ldzayer) tellad seg 300 iseggasen, maci d tahrest, maca d tamdint n tefriqt taṛumit yesɛan timanit seg azal n snat timiḍa (200 isegwasen), tettekka ɣer temnaṭ n Numidia. Tamdint n Tagast tezga-d ɣef 90 agimkat seg illel d 600 isarakaten n ajagal.
Baba-s n Augustin, Amaziɣ aṛumi, d amdan aṛumi amgetyakuc umi qqaren Patrisius, ur yeɣri ara, tameṭṭut-is Monik d Tamaziɣt tamasiḥit, terra argaz-is daɣen d amasiḥi di tagara n tudert ines, yerna tezga tettnaḍaḥ iwakken Augustin ad yuɣal d amasiḥi.
Augustin yesɛa sin watmaten, weltma-s d gma-s umi qqaren Navigius, tutlayt nsen tayemmatt d talatinit, ɣas akken Augustin isbuduy iman-is am akken d amaru aqaeṭaji. maca ur neẓri yara ma yella kra yemmeslay tutlayin nniḍen n tefriqt ugafa, idels ines d alatini, yella d anelmad izewren s waṭas, maca yewɛer daɣen yerna i ksen teneɣrit, ittagwad tafgert d umennuɣ n yiselmaden.
Taɣara s wayes ad yali taserkemt d tin n tazrawt, baba-s ismun tadrimt iwakken ad ɣṛen warraw-is, Augustin ad yeffeɣ d abugaṭu, yeɣṛa di tazwara di Madaure (assagi M'dawruc, ldzayer) aked iselmaden amgetakucen, ɣuṛ-s 15 iseggasen mi bdant tezrawtin ɣef tkatut, etc
ayen fayeg i d-yewwet deg adlis ines Timelkitin:"(Confessions)".
Baba-s ixuṣ tadrimt, Augustin yuɣal-d s axxam ar twacult-is, ɣur-s 16 iseggasen. Di tallit-nni yeddukel akked yiwet n tarbaɛt ur imaɛnen ara, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yaker tifiras yiwen yiḍ, yuker maci acku yella deg assar neɣ yelluẓ, maca s tadfi kan iwakken ad igned.
"« Arbor erat pirus in vicinia nostrae vineae pomis onusta nec forma nec sapore illecebrosis. Ad hanc excutiendam atque asportandam nequissimi adulescentuli perreximus nocte intempesta, quousque ludum de pestilentiae more in areis produxeramus, et abstulimus inde onera ingentia non ad nostras epulas, sed vel proicienda porcis, etiamsi aliquid inde comedimus, dum tamen fieret a nobis quod eo liberet, quo non liceret. »"
"« Dans le voisinage de nos vignes était un poirier chargé de fruits qui n’avaient aucun attrait de saveur ou de beauté. Nous allâmes, une troupe de jeunes vauriens, secouer et dépouiller cet arbre, vers le milieu de la nuit, ayant prolongé nos jeux jusqu’à cette heure, selon notre détestable habitude, et nous en rapportâmes de grandes charges, non pour en faire régal, si toutefois nous y goûtâmes, mais ne fût-ce que pour les jeter aux pourceaux : simple plaisir de faire ce qui était défendu. »"
« Deg asijey n waḍil "tẓurin" tebḥirt-nneɣ, yella yiwen waddag n tfiras yeččuṛen d igumma ur yelhin ara, nṛuḥ, tarbaɛt n yilmeẓiyen ur yeswin tigert, nezwi-t-id, di tlemmast n yiḍ, neɛwez alammi d lawan-a, akken nuɣ yir tannumi, newwi sekra din maci iwakken ad t-nečč, ɣas akken naɛreḍ iten-t, maca iwakken at-ten ḍeggeṛ s yilfawen: i tadfi kan i nexdem ayen n dir »
Augustin yella ttikli ad iṣṣaweḍ 17 isegwasen, m-is yessegfer baba-s ayen s wacu ad yeɣlel tizrawtin ines di temdint n Qarṭaj, yeḥka-d dakken anezwu n temdint agi n tefriqt ugafa d-aḥmayan s tidefyin n tayri d umezgun.
"« Veni Carthaginem, et circumstrepebat me undique sartago flagitiosorum amorum »"
"« Traduction : Je vins à Carthage où j'entendais crépiter autour de moi la friture des amours infâmes. »"
« Tasuqilt : usiɣ-d ɣer Qarṭaj anida sellaɣ teskarwic zdati tujjut n tiyra yessekruruten. »
Ad nar tamawt kan, ɣef awalen icebḥen i yesseqdac Augustin deg uɣanib ḥemlen iṛumyen n tefriqt ugafa, yesseqdac-iten akken iwata, yerna yetturar yissen, amakken nezmer ad nwali deg tefyirt agi : "« Nondum amabam sed amare amabam et secretiore indigentia oderam me minus indigentem. »"
« Tasuqilt: urɛad ḥemmleɣ, maca ttiḥmilaɣ ad ḥemlaɣ yerna s yiwen wassar yeffren, ɣuccaɣ iman-iw imi ur sɛiɣ ara azal n wassar ilaqen. »
Timezri agi ɣef tmeddurt-is, tskanayed yiwen uzaraf aluɣan sɣur amdan amengaḍ ɣef tiklisent tanubit n wayeḍ.
Yessen di temẓ-is tameṭṭut ukud yidir 14 isegwasen, yesɛa yid-s aqcic (Adéodat 'Adiyudat'), ur neẓri acemma fell-as, ula d ismis, ahat tella tamasiḥit ma nwala isem n mmit-sen
Adéodat 'Adiyudat' yesɛan anamek n Ayakuc.
Di Ṛṛum, Augustin yesɣeṛ inelmaden Tasnukyest (La rhétorique).
aseggas n 384, iṛuḥ ɣer Milan, iceyyɛ-at Quintus Aurelius Symmaque i yellan yesseḥbibir fellas.
Di Milan imirenni, llan ttḥuffun ɣef uselmad n tesnukyest, Symmaque yessen azal n Augustin, icegɛat. Dinna, Augustin ixuleḍ aṭas imedyazen, imesnagayen (wid izraren sɣur Platon). yemmas tḍedrit-id att idir yides.
Yemmugred Saint Amboise n Milan uɣur yelmed aṭas, izrar fellas ayen-din, acu it yeǧǧan ad yeǧǧ tamananit u ad yeḍfer Tamasiḥit akken iwata, dɣa yebɣa ad yezweǧ (tahel) d yiwet tqcict tamaṛkantit, maca ilaq-as ad yarǧu sin isegwasen acku mazal-itt mecṭuḥet, yeǧǧa tameṭṭut nni ukud yella yettidir azal n 15 isegwasen, m-ad netta skud urɛad yezwiǧ yebwid tayeḍ.
Siserun/Cicéron ;
Adlis n tmasiḥit "Bible", tasuqilt sɣur saint Cyprien n Carthage aked saint Ambroise n Milan ;
Tamennanit/Manichéisme ;
Platon sɣur Siserun/Cicéron ;
Néoplatonisme n Plotin akked Porphyre.
Tasnegzimt n ugurrum Augustin tbed ɣef tmeḍranin timedran id iteddun:
Taflest, liman.
Tayri, an ẓer d akken Augustin yebḍa ger tayri n timmad-it d win n akuc.
Anefray illeli.
Taɣszint
Timektit
Masin U Harun Masin U Harun
Masin u Harun, isem-is unṣib Mohamed Harun, yella d yiwen n imeɣnasen imezwura ɣef tamentilt n Imaziɣen deg Lezzayer. Ilul-d ass 13 yebrir 1949 deg Tifrit, Aqbu (Bgayet). Yemmut ass 22 mayyu 1996.
Ilul-d ass 13 n yebrir di Tifrit, taɣiwant n Aqbu di agezdu n Bgayet. Baba-s, taselfest-is : Sergent Tahar, i llan d afesyan n Taslullit Taγelnawt (ALN) yemmut di amennuɣ deg 1958. Yemma-s tella d tasakrart asmi tella ṭrad n lezzayer, ttawi učči i iserdasen. Temmut di tamedrit n webrid asmi tṛuh ad tẓeṛ mmi-s (Masin) di lḥebs aseggas n 1976.
Yebdu amennuɣ-is (tazwara d amennuɣ n tamagit) am ccix n aɣerbaz di tasenawit n Tadelles (Dellys). Dinna,yeɛreḍ ad immeslay inelmaden ɣef tamentilt n Imaziɣen. Imadhalen (iselmaden iberraniyen) imaṣriyen nnejmaɛen iwakken ad creḍen tasuffeɣit-is seg tasenawit.
Sakin, s Smaɛil Meǧeber akked imeɣnasen nniḍen, ittekki i tuffɣa n tisɣuntin "Iṭij" d "Taftilt" s tutlayt tamaziɣt. Imeɣnasen i tweṭṭefen s tisɣuntin agi, Agezdu n Umel d Taɣlist (DRS) atni ccegaɛ ar lḥebs. Lameɛna ur ṭṭinezen ara iɣilen axatar, ciṭ ussan i iɛeddan, sekkeren-d Tuddsa n Tizmerin Timaziɣin (OFB) d tasɣunt "Atmaten" ig qqenen s tuddsa nni. Segmi, Masin U Harun d-imdukkal-is sɣeren amennuɣ nsen.
Ass 3 n yennayer 1976, tafezwayt ṭṭeṛḍeqed g-uxxam n-uɣmis El Moudjahid tayeḍ deg axxam uṣaḍuf n userdas di Cirta. Ḥusin Cradi d Masin U Harun i sersen tifezwaytin nni. Tafezwayt nniḍen telaq at ṭṭeṛḍeqed deg axxam uṣaḍuf n userdas di Wahran, lamaɛna Agezdu n Umel d Taɣlist yeṭṭef Smaɛil Meǧeber uqvel ad yexdem tiluf-as.
Awwur Awwur
Awwur d tawwurt n uzɣir.
1949 1949
Asebter agi, yella i asseggas 1949 n Tafada tagriguriant.
Aṣqif n Ṭmana Aṣqif n Ṭmana
Aṣqif n Ṭmana neɣ Ɛin lḥemmam (isem-is aqbur "Michelet") d tamdint n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu di Tmurt n Leqbayel, tella ar 45 km deg unẓul agmuḍ n Tizi Wezzu d 95 km ar ugafa agmuḍ n Tubiret.
Taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tella deg anẓul-agmuḍ n twilayat n tizi wezzu. Tebɛuẓẓel ɣef akal aqdim n lɛeṛc n At Mengellat.
Tamdint tella ɣef udem ugafa n Ǧerǧer, ar 1080 lmitra n awrir. Tudrin n taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana vnan ɣef abeṛdi n udrar, alamma 1800 lmitra n awrir.
Di tagazma tadeblant n 1984, taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tesɛa tudrin agi :
Tamdint tamecṭuḥt tamsedrart, i vnan Iṛumiyen deg 1881, semman-as Michelet d tajmilt af amazray aṛumi Jules Michelet.
Asmi d-yussa azarug n tmurt n lezzayer, semman-as Ain El Hammam iwakken ad kemmelen asenfaṛ n tasɛurrebt n isemawen n imḍiqen. Imil, imdanen t-kemmelen as semman i tamdint agi Michelet neɣ Michli neɣ Michyi.
Zikenni Michelet yella d amḍiq-aɣella n tɣiwant n Ǧerǧer i tevna tadbelt tamehrsant iwakken at sefrek tilufa tidbeltin d tiserdasin n tamnaṭ. Asqif n-Ṭmana d-isem aqdim n takcemt tagafat n tamdint (Taxlijt taqdimt n At sidi Sɛid d timeqbeṛt anda yemḍel amedyaz aqvayli Si Muḥ U Mḥend.
Di zik, tamdint agi tela d-amḍiq anda yella agduz n At Mengellat yal ddurt, semman-as zik "Ttlata At Mengellat" (Aram n At Menguellat). Kra d issegwasen sakin, tamdint t rmes agduz n At Yeḥya ig llan, zikenni, yal asiḍyas ar 3 km seg dinna, ar tama n At Hicem, ar amḍiq i yella tura amḍiq-aɣella n taɣiwant n At Yeḥya.
Taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tesɛa sviṭaṛ, akumisaria, tamsetla, snat tisenawitin, lbuṣṭa, leḥkma d 14 iɣerbazen.
Taɣiwant tesɛa tisellit i aẓeṭṭa n tiṛakniwin..
Taɣiwant n Micyi teffkad daɣen yiwen wergaz mucaɛen aṭṭas aṭṭas deg tzuri : Dda Qasi Abudrar. D adebal ameqqran, yeskren aḥdum n tmeɣriwin deg segwassen n 70-80.
Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz
Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz, d taddart i d-yuzgan di tmurt n leqbayel tamdint n Tizi Wezzu, d nettat i d adeg-aɣella n tɣiwant n At Maḥmud.
Tezga-d Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz deg tiɣilt yesɛan kṛaḍ idisan, anda taqacuct tella af 805 m.
Taddart agi d yiwet ger tuddar timeqqṛanin i d-yuzgan deg iɣallen ger izuɣaṛ n Tizi Wezzu d wid Iwaḍiyen. Di taggara n timiḍi tis 19, llan azal n 1300 imdanen di Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz akken i d-yenna mass Henri Genevois deg udlis is "Un village kabyle Taguemount Azouz ..." kter n wayen yellan di temdint n Tizi wezzu di lawan-nni. Aseggas n 1967 llan kan azal n 1650 yemdanen.
Abrid seg anda ad tkecmeḍ ɣer Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz d win i d-ibdan seg Akal Aberkan di Larebɛa n At Dwala, RN 30/Avrid Aɣelnaw wis 30, d win yettawin daɣen ar Tizi Hibel d Tawrirt Musa Waɛmar.
Tezziyazd i Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz seg ugafa, Tawrirt Musa Waɛmar, seg unẓul-agmuḍ, Agni Ɛrus d Tizi Hibel, seg unẓul, Iwaḍiyen, seg Umalu, taddart Icardiwen, seg ugafa-umalu, taɣiwant n At Dwala, taddart n At Bu Yeḥya d Timegnunin.
M'akken teɣli Tmurt n leqbayel zdat udabu afṛansi (1857 - 1871), taneggarut agi, tesnulfa-d ayen umi neqqaṛ di lawan nni "Les bureaux Arabes". wigi iwakken ad beddlen yark ismawen n twaculin iqbayliyen dɣa ad naf tiwaculin n tagemmunt ɛezzuz am tidak n tuddar nniḍen bḍan-t yark d ticriḥin:
Tajmayt n At Cemlul, zik-nni tella d tabburt n taddart, deg-s imɣaren sɛeddayen tigdi n ukud-nsen tqeṣṣiren gar-asen, daɣen ḍemnen taɣlist n taddart, deg unẓul n tejmayt n At Cemlul tella tin umi neqqar tajmayt n wadda.
Deg iseggasen 70', aman d trisiti kecmen-d taddart, Tagemmunt tebda tettimɣur, ixxamen n zik, ǧǧan amḍiq i lebni amaynut, imdanen ssaramen tudert tatrart, tikariyas, ikamyunen d ixxamen ɣef leryuf iberdan ttwakfḍen, annecta d-ayen iǧǧan ad yeḍru usefli axatar di tudert n yemdanen, di tudert n zik-nni s umaẓlay di tudert n tilawin Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz.
Tizi Asker neɣ Tizi n laṣkar, d amekkan yettwasnen aṭas di taddart acku dinna i tt-nejmaɛen irgazen taddart yal ass, ma nuɣal-d ɣer y isem Tizi Asker, yella-d si zman n Fṛansa, aladɣa di lawan-nni mi tella Fṛansa deg akal n tumrt n leqbayel, ssuffuɣen-d lɣaci ɣer Tizi, iwakken at ...
At Yeḥya At Yeḥya
At Yeḥya d taɣiwant di Tmurt n Leqbayel, deg ugezdu n Tizi-Uzzu. Tella ar 47 km deg unẓul-agmuḍ n Tizi-Uzzu, ar 33 km deg unẓul n Iɛeẓẓugen dɣa ar 4 km deg ugafa-agmuḍ n Aṣqif n Ṭmana. Amḍiq-aɣella n taɣiwant agi, d taddart n At Hicem.
At Yeḥya tuɣal deg useggas n 1984 ɣer da d yiwet n tɣiwant ger 67 n tɣiwnin i tesɛa Tizi-Uzzu.
Taɣiwant n At Yeḥya tettwazger s ubrid aɣelnaw AA 71, i teddeden Iɛeẓẓugen d Aṣqif n Ṭmana dɣa s ubrid agezdan CW 150, i teddeden abrid aɣelnaw AA 12 d ubrid aɣelnaw AA 71 seg Caɛyeb ar At Hicem.
1 fuṛaṛ 1 fuṛaṛ
Ass n 1 fuṛaṛ d ass wis 32 n useggas. Llan 333 wussan deffir-s ar taggara n useggas, wis 334 deg iseggasen "bisekstil".
31 yennayer - "1 fuṛaṛ" - 2 fuṛaṛ
25 yunyu 25 yunyu
= Wid immuten =
Saint-Petersburg Saint-Petersburg
Saint-Petersburg d tamdint deg wenẓul n Rrus.
Tanfalit (tafyirt) Tanfalit (tafyirt)
Tanaflit d yiwet n tefyirt tawezlant i d-yessevganen ayen ssaramen, neɣ ittmennin yemdanen merra neɣ wegraw ametti s-umata neɣ tudsa d tasudut iwakken ad awḍen ɣer s-iswi nsen, neɣ ad mmektin amezruy-nsen ameqṛan.
S araldik, tanfalit t skened daxel imrigen izamalen (armoiries), umata ɣef tasfift nnig aber, wannag tiɣra n lgirra ssersent ddaw is.
Kra n tinfalyin :
Timdinin n Lalman Timdinin n Lalman
Umuɣ, s amizwer agemmayan, n 2077 timdinin n Lalman, ar 12 mayyu 2007.
Abeṭṭu s Land :
I umuɣ s amizwer n amḍan n imezdaɣen af timdinin timeqqṛanin n Lalman, ẓeṛ umuɣ n timdinin timeqqṛanin n Lalman.
* Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland mit amtlichen Ortsnamen und Daten (Stand: 31. Dezember 2005) für alle 12.302 selbstständigen Kommunen Deutschlands.
Awanak asedduklan Awanak asedduklan
Awanak asedduklan (, tamsisit), d Awanek (s unnim) aɣella, i suddesen s aṭas iqerra imaniyin s unabaḍ i yal aqerru. Aẓayer n iqerra agi i segger s umata s Tamenḍawt, dɣa ur yezmir ara ad yili iseɣrebbet s taɣtest iman-is n unabaḍ asedduklan alemmas..
Meɣres Meɣres
Meɣres d ayyur wis 3 n useggas.
Photoshop Photoshop
Photoshop d aseɣẓan n ubeddel d useqdec n tugniwin, d wunuɣ yullen s uselkim (DAO) i d-yeẓreg Adobe. Yettwaseqdac s waṭas i usker n tfarut tumḍint, maca daɣen i usuffaɣ n tugniwin timaynutin.
Photoshop d aseɣẓan i yesseqdacen tugniwin tusriwin (Bitmap) acku tugniwin-agi gant am iẓiki n irden iwumi neqqar Pixel: aferdis n tugna.
Photoshop yuɣal yesɛa azal ameqqṛan ger isenselkimen acku yesɛa aṭas n testayin tinezmarin, ifecka udlifen lɛali, tura iɣerbazen yesselmaden aseqdec n useɣẓan n photoshop ufrarend s waṭas, gar-asen iɣerbazen imeqqṛanen, asuday n "Les Beaux Arts" d tifurra n merru.
Adobe tesnefli aseɣẓan photoshop i Microsoft Windows d Mac OS kan, maca lqem CS4 yezmer ad yettuselkem di Linux s Wine.
Aseggas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan yebda yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s yiswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma-yas "Display", ahil-agi d win i d-ijebden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d axeddam di "Industrial Light & Magic". Yenna-yas John ad yexdem amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid. T.Knoll yewwi-d dɣa sed wayyuren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi i isemma "imagepro", di taggara n useggas-nni T.Knoll ibeddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal akked umɣaraf n "scanners Barneyscan" iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren akked "scanners Barneyscan" di tazwara.
Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil-ines i Apple akked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, i sin yid-sen iɛeǧb-asen wahil agi s waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yerna yeqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ "plug-in" ma d T.Knoll yeqqim di "Ann Arbor" yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0" yeffeɣ-d i tikkelt tamezwarut.
Photoshop yesɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman-is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen i ɣ-yettaǧǧan ad neḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar i d-iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).
Ctember Ctember
Ctember d ayyur wis 9 n useggas. Deg-s 30 wussan.
Dujember Dujember
Dujember d ayyur wis 12 n useggas.
Tasnisnit Tamatut n Ugaraw Tasnisnit Tamatut n Ugaraw
Tasnisnit Tamatut n Ugaraw (English : "general circulation of the ocean", neɣ, "Thermohaline circulation") d tasnisnit n waman n ugaraw n uamaḍal. Tikli agi n waman, tagel ɣer (depend) taẓɣelt yuk d tisent (salinity) n waman, d ayen umi neqqar taneẓẓi n waman (density). Di tasmuḍi n ugafa (north) d wanẓul (south) n umaḍal, aman ttismiḍen, ttubbun ar lqaɛ n ugaraw. Aman agi leḥḥun si ddaw n ugaraw n ufella. Aman agi s immal leḥḥun, s imal trennu teẓɣelt nsen. Dɣa ttalind ar tajumma (surface) n ugaraw, akken ad zzin tikelt nniden ar ugafa d unẓul n umaḍal. Tiqit n waman t-tezzid ar s amḍiq ines amenzu, ilas-as tamudi 2 000 iseggwasen.
Snat n tɣawsiwin id imasayen af tikli yagi n waman : Taẓɣelt, yuk d Tisent. Acku taneẓẓi tagel ɣer-sent. Ma ternu tazɣelt neɣ tisent (am deg gafa yuk d unẓul n umaḍal), trennu taneẓẓi. Ay agi, yeẓẓaẓay aman. Ɣef ayen-nni, iɣellin waman ar lqaɛ n ugaraw. Ma at ader tazɣelt yuk d tisent, tettader taneẓẓi, dɣa ttifsusen waman, ttalin-d ar tajumma n ugaraw.
Tikli yagi n waman nefɛent tagnawt, acku tettawi lḥamu seg tiɣwezza i yeḥman (tropic) ar ṭṭeṛf n umaḍal (poles). Yuk tettawi tasmuḍi si ṭṭeṛf n umaḍal ar tiɣwezza i yeḥman.
Adobe After Effects Adobe After Effects
After Effects d aseɣẓan n usudes i d-yeẓreg Adobe. Yettaǧǧa aseqdac ad ismentel (créer) isemda imeẓliyen d imrayen udlifen i yal tannalt seg yal tawsit taɣbalut. Tẓa ileqman i d-yeffɣen seg-s ar assa, taneggarut seg-sent d Adobe After Effects CS5.5 v11.5.
After Effects d aseɣẓan n usudes d isemda uwali i yellan d amenzu seg imrayen udlifen deg uselkim n wemdan. Amecwaṛ yebda deg yiwet n tmetti tamecṭuḥt iwumi qqaṛen CoSA (The Company of Science and Art) id yuzgan di Providence addad n Rhode Island. seg asmi id sneflin aseɣẓan PACo (PICS Animation Compiler) Dave Herbstman, Dave Simmons d Dan Wilk bdan di tneflit n Egg i d-yefkan di taggara After Effects yennayer useggas 1993 i smahin di MacWorld (Boston).
iswi n useɣẓan agi d asmentel n imrayen i "tiliẓṛi" (tilivizyu) d "ssinima" deg uselkim n wemdan. Di tawala (lawan) nni tifrat n usekker umḍin n tugna deg umḍiq imusnawen, sseqdacen arrumen yettwaxedmen iwayagi kan, yarna d-wid ɣlayen s waṭas d wid yesɛan ferru usviḍ. COSA tebwid tifrat: aseɣẓan agetferru n usekker uvidyu, ileḥḥu ɣef Windows d Mac.
Tuggdiwin deg uswir n imusal twakecma d twafɣa llant ttwajemqent ala si tnezmart tmacint d tmeska n : "RAM (Random Access Memory)". Aseɣẓan agi uɣent wa deffir wa "Aldus Corporation", sinna "Adobe Systems Inc". Tura After effects ittesdiwin yark aked wahilen n tseddart Adobe Creative Suite.
After Effects yesseqdac asegraw n usemnenni n iswiren iwakken ad yessuffeɣ asudes amray si tugniwin timeẓliyin. Ad naf ayagi daɣen deg aṭas iseɣẓan yecban After Effects, amakken yella di Photoshop maca After Effects yefka i useqdac tazemert ad ibeddel iswiren deg akud, yerna s weskar ur nessengar. Neqqaṛ-as ur nessengar acku afaylu n usenfaṛ di After Effects yesɛa ala tilɣa n usekker aɣbalu. Iwakken ad isiḍen amray ttagara, ilaq ad nesɛu si tama asenfaṛ n After Effects, si tama nniḍen tiɣbula tizedganin (tugniwin tusbiḍin, avidyu). Nezmer daɣen ad nexdem imrayen srid si After Effects mebla tiɣbula di tazwara. Ayakken yebɣu yella, m'ad tseqdaceḍ aseɣẓan n After Effects iwakken ad txedmeḍ amray ilaq ad tɛeddiḍ seg umecwaṛ n usiḍen yesɛan tazdagt tamattayt ittdukulen aked uxnaz n usenfaṛ.
Ifecka igejdayen i d-isummer After Effects d:
Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant
Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant d akal i wumi qqaren iqbayliyen iqburen Tamawya taqbaylit ("neɣ Tamawya"). Awrir-is i d timeẓlit si Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tamectuḥt, ar unẓul-agmuḍ, dɣa si Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Takewssart, ar umalu, dɣa tebuẓẓel, seg ugafa ar unẓul, seg taftist n ugrakal armi d tiqacuctin n Ǧerǧer. Kraḍ igrawen n idurar tčuren iẓir is :
Akal n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant i ɣum ass-agi tanebdaḍt n Tizi Uzzu d uzgen n tin n Tubiret, t-ernad ilmmasen n Lexḍareyya, Qadireyya, Tubiret, Ḥizar, Beclul d Imceddalen dɣa, et tesebded s Aɣbalu d Ccerfa af tama n tanebdaḍt n Bgayet. Tinfalyin « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Taɛlayant » neɣ « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen n Ǧerǧer » llant seqdacent aṭas am umegdu n « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant », tikwal daɣen i tama i llan deg unẓul n Sebau.
Tizi n At Ɛica Tizi n At Ɛica
Tizi n At Ɛica d taddart d yuzgan di tama n umalu n Tmurt n Leqvayel,
Seg Usamer, Tḥud-itt-id Ssi Mesṭafa,
Seg Umalu, Tḥud-itt-id Tijelabin,
Seg Unẓul, Tḥud-itt-id At Ɛemran
Anẓul n yeɣzer :
Agafa n yeɣzer :
Anavaḍ aqvayli uɛḍil Anavaḍ aqvayli uɛḍil
TANAḌT N° GZM/2010/02/ASAN/05
Aselway n Unabaḍ aqbayli uɛḍil
d yiḍrisen-is imenzayen yellan d Asenfar n Timanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (PAK) d Urkawal n Yizerfan n Wegdud Aqbayli d Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (CDK);
s uẓarisem-is Ferḥat At Sɛid, d aselway n Unabaḍ Aqbayli;
IGZEM ITT
Amagrad I : Yettwasbedd-ed Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil deg yinig, di Lpari.
Amagrad II : Win i t-yessulin d Aselway n Unabaḍ.
Amagrad III : Iswi-s d aslali n teɣsar tunṣibin n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen d ugenses-nnsent ɣer udem n tejmaɛt tagraɣlant.
Amagrad IV : Ad idum alamma yeḍṛa-d usteɛṛef unṣib yiss d usteɛṛef s Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d agdud yakk d aɣlan sɣur n Uwanak azzayri.
Amagrad V : Amḍan n yiɛeggalen-is ur yerkid ara. Taluft-a terza tamuɣli n uselway-is ara yeṭṭfen ṛṛay s uciweṛ n tseqquma tinselkamin n Umussu n Tmanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK).
Amagrad VI : Ɣef leḥsab n wakken yella umagrad V n tanaḍt-agi ya, yezmer uselway a d-yesseḍṛu ijeddilen iɣelfanen acemma icaweṛ tiseqquma tinselkamin n MAK.
Amagrad VII : Seg wass-a d tsawent, tanaḍt-a tegga leɛnaya.
Amagrad VIII : Tanaḍt-a a d-teffeɣ deg Weɣmis Unṣib n Unabaḍ.
Imugg ass n 31 Mayu 2010
Aselway n Unabaḍ, Ferḥat At Sɛid
Iswi n weɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil d asufeɣ s webrid n tira n tgezmin tunṣibin yettaṭṭaf Unabaḍ.
Tigezmin-a rzant :
Aɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ iteffeɣ-d s tutlayt taqbaylit d tutlayt tafṛansist.
Seld timlilit n Wegraw Amatu umussu n timanit di Fransa n wass 18/01/09, i deg d-yella umeslay ɣef wesnulfu n TKARḌA N TNEKKIT TAQBAYLIT.
Seld asqerdec i d-iḍefren asarg n Mass Ferḥat At Sɛid, Aqerru umussu, ass n 12/09/2009 di Tmeɣra n Talsa di Lpari ɣef yismawen n Yeqbayliyen di tmurt-nsen.
Imi nefren a nerr tajmilt i yimezwura nneɣ u a nefk azal i yesmawen i deg ṭṭfen d igiman n iseggasen s yiwen uzamul yecvan takarda n tnekkit.
Masinisa Germaḥ Masinisa Germaḥ
Masinisa Germaḥ d yiwen umeɣras n tefsut taberkant yettwanɣan ddaw iɣallen iǧadarmiyen izzayriyen ass n 18 yebrir 2001.
Ass n 22 yebrir 2001, yella-d yiwen n uberreḥ sɣur iǧadarmiyen n At Dwala d akken Masinisa Germaḥ yettwaṭef ɣef tukerḍa deg iberdan n At Dwala.
Yazid Zerhuni yenna-yas : d « yiwen umesaḍɛi n 26 iseggasen».
Aǧadarmi i t-yenɣan isem-is Mestari Merabet ar ass-a mazal ur ḥkimen fell-as kra.
At Dwala At Dwala
Tamurt n Ibaskiyen Tamurt n Ibaskiyen
Tamurt Ibaskiyen tuzga-d ger snat n tmura: Fransa akk d Spenyul (Spanya)
Imezdaɣ-is isem-nnsen Ibaskiyen. Tamaneɣt-is Bilbao
Amezruy n tmurt n Ibaskiyen yella-d di tlisa n snat n temnaḍin :
Anadi di tserkam n tmetti n leqrun wis 16, wis 17 d wis 18 yesskanay-d d akken tiserkam iḥekmen Tamurt n Yibaskiyen di tallit-nni llant tekksent-d rrbeḥ-nsent seg yiqeddicen ay llant xeddment i lmend n Ugellid n Fransa akk d Navarre n Wadda, dɣa ɣef wanect-a, kra n Yibirjwaziyen ibaskiyen llan ttṣaḥen-asen-d yimukan ɛlayen di leḥkem, yettxelliṣ-iten ugellid, seɛɛun tifesniwin deg yigen yernu tekksen-asen i wiyaḍ ixfawen-nsen ihaggaren (noblesse) akk d yimukan-nsen n leḥkem. Sponde, Bela, Belsance, Gramont, Etchauz akk d Meharin llan seg wid yeṭṭfen leḥkem u tuli yis-sen ddunit imi ay sennden ɣer tgeldit tafrensist akk d yimasiwen ay iqerben s agellid. Wwḍen alammi ay ten-tecrek nnesba yid-sen yernu sduklen ssɛaya-nsen akk d tin n wigi. D acu kan, anect-agi diɣ yessaweḍ-iten ad ssersen imal n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen ger n yifassen n Fransa, ur reglen- as abrid i uzureg (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen. Tawaddfa-yagi yessbanay-aɣ-tt-id mliḥ umezruy di tallit n Wemgaru n Tesreḍt [asmi ay nnuɣen Yikaṭuliyen d Yeprrutistanen di Fransa si 1562 ɣer 1598]. Imir-n, aṭas n yimasiwen ibaskiyen (am Luxe, Espelette, Garou, Etchauz akk d Domezain) ay d-ibedden i lmend n Ugellid n Fransa, akken ad t-ḥudden, dɣa rran timura-nsen s ddaw n leḥkem n tgeldit, ladɣa di tallit n Charles IX. Yernu nnernan wassaɣen n lemɛawna ugar di tallit n Henri IV (Henri III n Navarre), ay d-yeskecmen aṭas n yimasiwen Ibaskiyen ɣer leqṣer-ines u gar-asen nezmer ad d-nader Armendaritz, Laxague akk d Haramboure.
Tawaddfa-yagi n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen ɣer Fransa yesseɛjel-itt-id rrbeḥ n tgeldit mgal n Usemmeskel [abeddel n tesreḍt takaṭulit] akk d wesbeddi n tsertit n usselmes tafrensist.
« "I tɣimit n tlella, n yesladen akk d yeglamen" » d awal ay llan ttɛawaden-t-id si Palais alamma d Ustaritz, Yibaskiyen inesbuɣar (imerkantiyen) yeṭṭfen leḥkem di leqrun wis 17 d wis 18. Kra n yenmezrayen walan anect-a d asuter n Yibaskiyen akken ad awin tilelli u ad ḥekmen i yiman-nsen tisuda tibaskiyin, d acu kan, anect-a ur iṣehḥa ara imi d wid-n akken ay yellan qqaren-d awal-agi ay yellan tekksen-d lfayda meqqren si tedbelt (administration) n Tgeldit tafrensist. Ihi, "tilelli" ay llan ssuturen-tt-id wigi yezmer kan ahat ad ilin qeṣden-d yis-s lebɣi-nsen akken ad ten-id-tuɣal tlelli-nni n zik ay d asen-tespuḥ tsertit n usselmes n Fransa, am wakken ara yili usuter-agi-nsen yesskanay-d diɣ tugdi-nsen akken ad asen-truḥ tlelli d leḥkem sya ar sdat imi di tallit-nni tella a d-tettenka r tserkemt tamaynut n yemzenza d yimawlan n wakal akk d yimesbankiyen ilibirraliyen, ay yellan ttuɣalen d inesbuɣar (imerkantiyen) s lɛejlan yernu zgan-d mgal n uqader n yisuḍaf, akken ma llan. Nezmer dɣa ad d-nefk sin n yimedyaten i deg ara d-nesban aya :
Di 1784, ssutren yimawlan n wakal inesbuɣar n Navarre seg unemzaɣ n Béarnais, Polverel, ad as-yaru asektay i Ugellid n Fransa i deg ara d as-yessefhem ayɣer ay ilaq ad qqiment "tlella d yesladen" n tgeldit n Navarre, dɣa asmi yexdem aya, fkan-as yimawlan n wakal Ibaskiyen amkan gar-asen, yuɣal ula d netta yesɛa akal u yerbeḥ-d ixef n tihhugra. D acu kan, lemmer ad nwali mliḥ s agbur n wayen d-issumer, ad nẓer d akken Polverel yessider-d takti n ussuter n tfulmant (autonomie) di lweqt i deg wiyaḍ akk ttun-tt [u a ttxemmimen amek ara kemmlen ad ttidiren deg yeglamen s ddaw n leɛnaya n Fransa], yernu yewwet-d Polverel deg usektay-is mgal n "unedbal n wakalen" ay yellan yekkat mgal n twaculin tinesbuɣar timaynutin n yemzenza akk d yimesbankiyen. Yuɣ lḥal, Polverel iger-d tivri, xas maci s ledjherr, akken ad asen-d-uɣalen i Yibaskiyen yizerfan-nsen ay sen-yefka umezruy, ad asen-d-tuval tmurt n lejdud-nsen i deg ttalasen, yernu ayen ara d-yesbegnen aya netta d akken Polverel yuv abrid-is i yiman-is asmi ay d-tekker Tegrawla tafrensist.
Atmaten n twacult n Garat n Ustaritz, ay ttwalin yenmazrayen seg wid yellan ttḥuddun "tisuda tibaskiyin", leɛben ddurr d ameqqran di lebni n Tegrawla tafrensist akk d wesbeddi n unagraw azerfan (système juridique) d tedbelt tamaynut n Fransa. D acu kan, asmi ay ttwakksen akk yeglamen imsugal deg yiḍ n 4 Ɣect 1789, ttwakksent ula d tisuda tibaskiyin, xas akken ifuk lḥif ɣef wegdud abaski, ay yeddren acḥal d leqrun s ddaw n lbaṭel n yimasiwen, ma d atmaten n twacult n Garat, rewlen s tuffra si tmurt.
Tagrawla tafrensist tefka azal, di tgara, i tutlayt tafrensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt tawḥidt i yes tteddu tegduda, i yes ttdeddu tedbelt akk d yiɣerbazen.
Ibaskiyen n Ugafa (n Fransa) ay d-yuran ɣef tnettit tabaskit seg yimir-n d asawen, am Antoine d'Abbadie di "Eskualtzaleen Biltzara", ur d asen-iban ara webrid ara aɣen, wanag llan ttmalen tikwal ɣer tesnakta takarlit (carlisme), tikwal ɣer tesnakta tafrensist yerran tutlayin timedrusa n Fransa d aḥric kan seg ufulklurr n tmiwa n tmurt. D acu kan, llan-d kra n yemyura ay nezmer ad d-nini d akken d tisuraf (exceptions), am Chaho akk d Broussain.
Di lqern wis 18, talibirralit taspenyulit tella d nettat ay d tasnakta ay ḍefrent s umata tserkam ɛlayen n Yibaskiyen n Spenyul, wid yellan sɛan aṭas n wakal, akk d yiburjwaziyen n temdinin yebdan seɛɛun akal neɣ llan bɣan ad t-sɛun. Taɣdart (élite) n Yibaskiyen akk d tin n Yikatalanen llant d tirebbaɛ yesɛan aswir adelsan (niveau culturel) ɛlayen akk di tmetti taspenyulit, yernu llan dima d nitni ay d imezwura di tmurt ay d-ilemmden ayen d-yettnulfun d amaynut di tussna di tmura nniêen n Turruft . Aṭas deg-sen ay yellan ttaznen arraw-nsen akken ad ɣren di tesdawiyin n Fransa d Legliz neɣ di tesdawit n Bergara. D tarbaɛt-agi diɣ ay d-yesbedden Takebbanit n Caracas, d takebbanit n tnezzawtmeqqren ay ṭṭfen Yibaskiyen yernu tettekka mliḥ di tenneflit n Venezuela.
Tura-d tmesnalest (anthropulug) Marianne Heiberg :
«"Deg wayen yerzan tinettit, at tegrawt-agi llan ttwalin iman-nsen d akken ulac wi yellan d "Ispenyuliyen" ugar-nsen di Spenyul. Llan ḥesben iman-nsen ṣubben-d seg wid-n akken umi ur xliḍen ara yidammen akk d Yimurriyen neɣ Uwdayen, wid-n akken yessuffɣen ikefrriyen* yernu rran-d taɣerma akk d Tamasiḥit ɣer tmurt. Xas ulamma aṭas deg-sen llan ttmeslayen tabaskit, d taspenyulit ay llan smenyafayen ad tt-sqedcen ama deg wexxam neɣ di berra"»
U terna-d :
«Dɣa amkan ay d as-fkan wigi i tbaskit d win kan n tutlayt n yimeksawen, d tutlayt n yimezdaɣen n tmurt ur d-neswi si tala n ṭṭbeɛ akk d tɣerma, di lweqt i deg taspenyulit tella d tutlayt n ṭṭbeɛ, n yedles, n leqraya akk d rrbeḥ n temdinin, yernu simmal yella yettali ccan n temdinin, simmal tella tettuɣal tbaskit di rrif, tettzad fell-as tḥeqranit».
[*yuɣ lḥal, Ispenyuliyen yennuɣen mgal n Yinselmen di Spenyul, llan ttwalin Inselmen d Wuwdayen d ikefrriyen.]
Si 1876 d asawen, beddlen wid yellan di tserkam yeṭṭfen leḥkem : anekcum n tmurt n Yibaskiyen s ulzuz (ssuq) akk d usaḍuf (lqanun) aspenyuli yewwi-d yid-s yiwet n tegrawt (tarbaɛt) tamaynut n yinesbuɣar iqeddcen di temguri (industrie) akk d tbankiwin (banques), yernu wigi wwḍen alammi ay ṭṭfen imukan ɛlayen deg udabu aspenyuli. Iburjwaziyen-agi yennerna leḥkem d timmerkantit-nsen asmi ay d-sbedden anagraw n "Conciertos Economicos" (Iburaz Udmisen), d ayen ay ten-yeddjan ad rren tiseqquma n temnaḍin ddaw n leḥkem-nsen u ad sneqsen tiwsi ɣef wayen llan xeddmen-t-id u znuzuyen-t, dɣa anect-a yegla-d s uxeṣṣar ameqqran ɣef tserkemt n yiqeddacen akk d wegdud s umata. Tamsedrast-agi tabaskit tuɣal d aḥric si tburjwazit taɣelnawt taspenyulit yernu aɣerya ad teqdec i lmend n lebni n tmurt timsihrit tatrart di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen, nettat teqdec i lebni n tmurt n Spenyul.
Tesdawit n Bergara Tesdawit n Bergara
Tasudut Tageldant tabaskit n Yimeddukal n Tmurt (Real Sociedad Basconcada de los Amigos del Pais), ay d-tesbedd trisṭuqraṭit n Azkoitia, tella d tagrawt tameqqrant akk ay yesselḥan tikta n "Teftilin" di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen. D tasudut-agi ay s-d-yefkan amedya i ugellid asemmeskal Carlos III akken ad d-yesbedd tisuda am nettat di tmiwa merra n Spenyul. Taburjwazit turruffit tamaynut tella tettnadi ad d-tesbedd yiwet n tesnakta "tanelsawt" d tamaynut i ɣef ara tebnu assaɣen-is akk d tḥerrsin , dɣa seg yimir-n ay yuɣal usseḥrres yettwaxdam s yisem n "ussiweḍ n tɣerma" s igduden ur tt-nessin ara.
Amagrad amezwaru n uẓayer n tsudut-agi yeqqar-d : «"Iswi n tsudut-agi netta d asnerni n usselmed akk d ussebɣes n Yibaskiyen akken ad lemmden tussna, tiẓuryin akk d tẓuryin icebḥen, d tukksa n wayen n d iri akk d usselhu n wansayen-nsen, d tukksa n lqella n ccɣel d lqella n tmusni akk d unaḍeḥ mgal n yixeṣṣaren i yes d-igellu wanect-agi, akk d ussedjhed n tdukli ger n tlata n temnaḍin n Yibaskiyen [tispenyuliyin] n Alava, Vizcaya akk d Guipozcoa"». Leqdic ifazen akk ay xedmen yirisṭuqraṭiyen n Azkoitia di lqern wis 18 netta d asbeddi n Tesdawit n Bergara di 1767, akk d unagmay-nni-yines ussnan ay imechurren. Tasdawit n Bergara tuɣal d tasdawit talaykit tamezwarut akk di Spenyul, d acu kan, xas akken tettekka deg wesnerni n tussna akk d yedles, maca tarisṭuqraṭit tabaskit ur teddji ara tutlayt tabaskit ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed akk d unadi di tesdawit.
Tangiwin ay llan sselmaden-tent di tesdawit n Bergara d tigi : tasengama tarmawit , takrura , tasnekfilt ,[[ tussniwin talsiyin, [[tusnakt]], [[tasnagayt]], [[tasniklit]] (ethique), [[llsisan n tesreḍt]](n ddin), [[tamedyazt]], [[tamesɣanibt]], [[tasnadent]] , [[amezruy aɣelnaw]] akk d id "[[fueros]]" (isuḍaf neɣ leqwanin n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen), [[tutlayt tabaskit]], [[talatinit]], [[taspenyulit]], [[tafrensist]], taneglizit, taṭalyanit, [[aẓawan]] akk d [[ccna]], [[aharag]] (gymnastic), [[imenɣi s tkuba]] (asekkim) akk d [[tedrest]]([[ccḍeḥ]]).
Tasdawit-a tga-d inermisen akk d wammasen n unadi imeqqranen akk n Turruft. Atmaten Elhuyar, ay d-ilulen di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen n Ugafa (di Fransa) yernu mechurrit deg wennar n unadi, kecmen-d ɣer tesdawit-a di [[1778]], u di [[1783]] ssawḍen ad d-ɛezlen aferdis n "[[wolfram]]", win umi neqqar ass-a [[tungsten]], seg [[umaɣus]] (acide) n Wolfram, yernu lexbar n tegrut-nsen tessuffeɣ-it-id Tsudut Tageldant Tabaskit di tesɣunt-is umi qqaren "Extractos".
Tasdawit n Bergara tettekka maci d kra deg wesnerni n yedles akk d [[tussna]], maca terra tutlayt tabaskit di rrif deg wayen yerzan asseqdec-yines deg unadi akk d usselmed.
Daxel n tesdawit, tabaskit tella tesɛa kan amkan n tutlayt n unagmay neɣ tecba taɣawsa ay yettrusun deg [[usalay]] , yernu axeṣṣar n wanect-a mazal nettidir-it ar ass-a, imi mazal akka ay twalin yiburjwaziyen ibaskiyen tutlayt-nsen.
Sdat n tḥeqranit n tburjwazit, ala kan d ansayen n wegdud ay yeddjan tutlayt d yedles ibaskiyen ad idiren u ad menɛen si nnger akk d tutut.
Tafrensist Tafrensist
Tafrensist neɣ Tarumit d tutlayt talatinit seg twacult n tutlayin n oïl, tewwi-d aẓar-is seg Talatint taqdimt.
Tedrest Tedrest
Tadrest neɣ ayen imu qaren medden ccḍeḥ, d taẓuri n umbiwel n tfekka.
Argaz neɣ tameṭṭut, ad ihuz awk tafekka-s i wakken ad yeḍfer anya n uẓawan
Aqerru Aqerru
Aqerru tezmer ad yili d:
- Winnat ina d aqerruNavarra Navarra
Navarra d yiwet si tamnaḍin n tmurt n Spanya.
Taɛrabt tadzayrit Taɛrabt tadzayrit
D tameslayt ttutlayen imezdaɣ iɛarbawalen n tmurt n Dzayer qqarn-as Ddarǧa, tameslayt agi tesɛa aṭas n wawalen i d-yekkan si tmaziɣt am awal "yemma".
Taɛrabt n Ldzayer tamaneɣt akk d taɛrabt taɣerfant (populaire) s umata sɛant kra n wawalen ay d-yekkan si tmaziɣt, xas ur ṭṭuqqten ara :
Taɛrabt - Taqbaylit
cṭeḥ = cḍeḥ (awal-a yekka-d si tmaziɣt)
ciṭuḥa = tiḥiṭect (hoquet)
Ǧrana (grenouille) = yezmer ad yili yekka-d si "Agru" (imqerqer ɣer Yitergiyen, Ajru deg tantalawiyin tijnatin)
Gendura = Taqendurt
Lgergis = Agergis (carrelage)
Maẓuẓ (el-) = Amaẓuẓ (aqcic amecṭuḥ akk deg wexxam)
Mgergra = Imqerqer
Rgigi = Rgigi (qqaren-t-id ula di taɛrabt, mi ara tettergigiḍ si tugdi)
Taḥraymit = Taḥraymit, Tiḥerci
Tamara = Lḥif, Lmeḥna
Tata = Tata (cameleon)
Tawsa = Tawsa (idrimen-nni ay ttaken medden i teslit, di tmeghra)
Tihudit = Tuwdayt (meḥsub taḥraymit, tiḥerci)
Ass n Tlelli Ass n Tlelli
Ass n Tlelli d imseɣret aɣelnaw n Tamurt n Leqbayel i d-yufraren aseggas n 2010 i d-iqublen 2960 deg tafada amaziɣ.
Ass n Tlelli
D ass-a i d ass n tlelli
D ass i deg aɣlan aqbayli
Yufrar-d ger tmura
Yal yiwen ad d-yettwali
Taseddaṛt ɣef i nuli
Nnig-s ur d-yekki kra
Xas ma tikwal nɣelli
Werǧin i neḥbis tikli
Nessawaḍ di tagara
Iṭij seg i d-neflali
Ass-a azekka ad nili
Mi nezga nbedd i tnekra
Nekni d aɣref n tlelli
Nekni d tafat i tmuɣli
Nekni d times d wuzzal
Nekni d tamurt d igenni
Nekni d agur d tziri
Nekni d iseɣ d wazal
Nekni d tiẓeṭ d tayri
D talemmast akked yiri
Nekni d illel d wakal
Nezmer i tniri d teẓgi
Afus ur yettergigi
Ɣef talwit nezmer i ccwal
Nekni d azref d isekkim
Ger imeqranen ad neqqim
Nekkni d tifrat d umtawi
Nekni d afḍis d ugelzim
Yeddan d tussna d ubelkim
Fell-aɣ teḥṛes neɣ d llwi
Isem-nneɣ d Aqbayli d afzim
Ɣef unyir d Amaziɣ d urqim
Fell-as lḥif ad d-t-nezwi
Kkert ak° ad ɣ-id-twalim
D nnuba-nneɣ ad ɣ-d-tezzim
Ass-agi ad tt-id-nawi.Nuja n Tteryel Nuja n Tteryel
"Tamacahut n Nuja, llan wid ay as-isawalen " Lunǧa ", tettwassen deg Tmazɣa akk. Maca deg yal tamnaḍt amek ay tt-id-ssawalen. Ta d tamacahut n Nuja n Tteryel ay yura Hamid Oubagha, deg wedlis " Tacemlit ".
... dɣa tuɣal-d Nuja am wakken tella : am wayyur n yigenni ! Yella deg wawal : Nuja u Tteryel. Azekka-nni, at wexxam, ay iwalan, wehmen. Ma d medden, ur tt-nwala ara, ugin ad amnen : nnan-as kan d taklit kan i yuɣ. Uɣalen kkren-d watmaten-is, s tismin, mkul wa anta ay yebɣa ad tt-yaɣ. Yiwen yenna-as i baba-s : « Ula d nekk ad aɣeɣ taklit ». Wis sin : « ihi nekk, a baba, ad aɣeɣ taqjunt ! ». Wayeḍ yini-as : « nekk ad aɣeɣ tamqerqurt »... Yenna-asen baba-tsen :
-A tarwa xzut cciṭan ! gma-twen d Nuja n Tteryel ay yuɣ macci d taklit. Iɛetteb fell-as, yelḥa deg yidurar ed tẓegwa armi qrib t-tecci Tteryel.
Ula ay ken-yawin ! ...
"Macahu ! Ad telhu ! Ad tt-yeg Ṛebbi amzun d asaru" !
Yella yiwen sselṭan, sselṭan ala Ṛebbi ! yesɛa sebɛa warraw-is. Yiwen deg-sen isemma-as Yusef. Ihi, ttagaden, seḥbibiren-fella-s. Ttaken-as taḥbult ur nesɛi imassen ed tɛembubt ur nesɛi iɣsan. Armi d ass-n deg wussan n Ṛebbi, qqimen yeɛdawen n baba-s la heddṛen deg tejmaɛt, nnan-as : « flan yesɛa aqcic ifaz, yerna ur d-iteffeɣ ɣer beṛṛa ».
Tenṭeq ɣer-sen Sstut, tenna-asen :
-Ma tebɣam, ad awen-t-id ssiseɣ.
Nnan-as : -iiih ! mer ad aɣ-t-id-tessiseḍ, ad am-nefk tacacit n wedrim.
Tenna-asen : -ihi yirbeḥ. Tekker tṛuḥ ɣur-s.
Mi tewweḍ, tenna-as i yemma-s : -A yelli ɛzizi, tesɛiḍ aqcic isem-is Yusef, yella deg wawal, armi d deqqal : Ur t-neẓri ur t-nessin.
Tinna tettnawal askaf, tessenɛet-as-t anda yella. Tuli sakin Sstut ɣur Yusef, tenna-as :
-Ahbuh a Yusef a mmi ! mer ay k-iḥemmel baba-k, ay k-tḥemmel yemma-k, ur ak-ttafken ara taḥbult ur nesɛi imassen ed tɛembubt ur nesɛi iɣsan :
ad yeḥzen win ur necci adif n tɛembubin ed teḥbult n weɣrum s yiqecran-is. Yenna-as :
-Ihi amek ? Tenna-as : Ini-as i yemma-k ed baba-k !
Mi tṛuḥ Sstut, yeddem Yusef iṣubb-d ɣer yemma-s, yaf-itt-in la tmessel askaf, ttekkes-d ticuftin. Iḍegger taqeccaḍt n ukebri yesteɛmel d aḥucciw yini-as i yemma-s : « ha-t-an a yemma uḥucciw yeɣli-n ».
Mi temmeɣ ad t-id-tekkes : yebbeẓ-as afus-is s askaf yerɣan, yarez-as-t deg-in. Nettat tsuɣ, netta yeqqar-as :
-Ɛahdeɣ Ṛebbi, ma kkseɣ-d afus-im seg-in siwa ma tɛuhdeḍ-iyi ar d iyi-d-tefkem kemm ed baba kra ad awen-iniɣ. Tenna-as :
-Kkes-iyi-n kan seg tmes , ɛahdeɣ-k s Ṛebbi ar kra tebɣiḍ ad ak-t-nexdem nekk ed baba-k . Yenna-as :
-Ihi ad iyi-tefkem taḥbult s yiqecran-is ad iyi-ternum taɛembubt s yeɣsan-is. Tenna-as :
-Yirbeḥ. Armi d tameddit, tizi n yimensi, tseras-as-d yemma-s taḥbult s yiqecran-is terna-as taɛembubt s yeɣsan-is. Yecca-tent. Isumm-d adif i yellan deg tɛembubt. Icar sakin iɣes ɣer ṭṭaq, iḥuz jjaj-is, yeddegdeg. Iḍal-d seg ṭṭaq, iwala ddunnit beṛṛa amek i la tzehher teɛmeṛ : wa yettali wa yettṣubbu. Yenṭeq ɣer yemma-s yenna-as :
-Yyah ! ziɣ akk-a ay tella ddunnit ! kenwi tkemnem-iyi deg wexxam ! Yuɣal ɣer baba-s yenna-as :
-Ad iyi-tefkem tagmert ad ṛuḥeɣ ad ffɣeɣ. Yuɣ-as awal baba-as. Seg wakken yejhed, aɛawdiw ay ɣef yuli ad qesfen yiḍarren-is. Armi d wis sebɛa. Iṛuḥ baba-s s amɣar azemni, yeḥka-as :
-A baba amɣar, tekcem-d ɣur-i Sstut, tɣerreq-iyi ! Yenna-as wemɣar azemni :
-amek a mmi ? Yeḥka-as tadyant yeḍran yid-s, yuɣal ay segra-as-d :
-tura, mmi-a la yeqqar awi-d aɛawdiw, win ay ɣef yuli ad t-yerẓ armi tṛuḥ tekfa tejlibt n yiɛawdiawen-iw. Tura amek ara xedmeɣ yid-s ? Yenna-as wemɣar azemni :
-Ddem-as-d ameḍɛafu-nni akk deg-sen yellan d tizzya-s, efk-as-t d win. Yuɣal-d s axxam yexdem akken, yenna-as i Yusef :
-ṛuḥ a mmi, ha-t-an uɛawdiw ay ak-ilaqen, d tizzya-ik ahat wa ur t-yettaɣ wara. Yuli Yusef aɛawdiw-nni, ad as-tiniḍ msefhamen, akken ay t-yerkeb yenceɛ yes-s, kkan tawwurt.
Ileḥḥu deg temdint, aɛawdiw yettṛabaɛ, aqcic yezzeɣzeɣ2 : yekker-asen akk i medden s teɣrit : wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it, wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it, wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it… Armi uɣalen nnejmaɛen yelmeẓyen deg tejmaɛt, nnan-as :
-Win ara d aɣ-yenfun Yusef seg taddart, ad t-neɣnu ma yeɣna-t Ṛebbi. Teflali-d Sstut, tini-asen :
-D nekk ara t-yenfun ma tefkam-iyi tacacit n wedrim. Nnan-as :
-ṛuḥ kan ihi, mi t-neẓra yenfa seg taddart, ad am-tt-nefk. Teddem, tgubeṛ-it, tqusem-as ɣer tala mi iṛuḥ ad yessew aɛawdiw-is. Yaf-itt-in tessendi tayeddidt n uɣerda s amizab ad tt-teccaṛ. Yekker izuff-itt-id seg-in i wakken ad isew uɛawdiw-is. Tenṭeq ɣur-s tenna-as :
-ṛuḥ a nnger-ik, a tuqqad-ik, macci ɣur-i ara d-tḥeṛceḍ, ad tesserwateḍ arrac a aḥeqqar… ma tekkateḍ uzzal dɣa d tidet, aweḍ ɣer Nuja u Teryal, ma ulac seras-iman-ik. Yenna-as :
-Mel-iyi-tt kan anida tella ! Tenna-as :
-A mmi ur kucfeɣ ara, ṭṭef iberdan-ik ɣer teẓgi, nadi, nadi, nadi… ad tuɣaleḍ ad tt-tafeḍ. Yessew aɛawdiw-is, yeṭṭef iberdan-is ɣer teẓgi n lewḥuc. Mi ifel i teẓgi, iteddu yesteqsay, armi yufa wid ay as-yemlan abrid : « ha-tt-an deg wemkan n lmuḍeɛ flan ».
Ileḥḥu sebɛ yyam u sebɛ llyali. Tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta, tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta, tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta … Armi yewweḍ ɣer Nuja. Twala-t-id tenna-as :
-A nnger-ik ! a nnger-ik ! yemma d Tteryel ad k-tecc ! Yenna-as :
-ḍebbeṛ aqerru-im ! nekk usiɣ-d armi d deg-a, ɣef wudem-im i yebɣun yeḍru ! Teddem Nuja terr-it ddaw tesraft. Armi d tameddit, mi d-tekcem Tteryel, tesraḥ, tenna-as :
-Mmh ! a Nuja yelli ! ifuḥ waḍu awerdali, leɛqel-iw iga abali : anwa ay d-ikecmen ? Terra-as-d Nuja :
-A yemma d aɛeṭṭar kan ay d-yusan, uɣeɣ fell-as timceḍt. Tenna-as Tteryel : -i teṭṭfeḍ-iyi-t-id ad t-cceɣ ! Tenna-as Nuja :
-Aha tura, ula d aɛeṭṭar amcum ad am-t-id-ṭṭfeɣ ad tecceḍ ? Nekk ur ẓriɣ ara tebɣiḍ-t. Yuɣal yenṭeq-d uyaziḍ :
-Ququɛu ! yemma jida tunguft ! ma d Yusef s ddaw teṛbut ! Tenna-as Tteryel :
-D acu d-yeqqar uyaziḍ-nni ? Terra-as-d Nuja :
-La am-yeqqar : Nuja ad iyi-tezlu, ma d tinecwatin-iw ed tẓermucin-iw ad tent-tecc Yemma Jida ma d taksumt-iw ad tt-tecc Nuja. Tenna-as Tteryel:
-Ddem-it-id a Nuja a yelli ! Tekker Nuja tezla ayaziḍ, tefka-as i yemma-s tinecwatin, tiẓermucin ed yidammen-is. Ma d taksumt teffer-itt ar azekka-nni ad tt-id-tesseww i Yusef. Azekka-nni tameddit, daɣen kifkif, akken kan d-tekcem Tteryel, tenṭeq ɣer Nuja tenna-as :
-Mmh ! ifuḥ waḍu awerdali, leɛqel-iw iga abali, a Nuja yelli ! anwa akka ay d-ikecmen axxam-iw ? ? ? Tenna-as Nuja :
-D aɛeṭṭar kan ay d-yusan, uɣeɣ fell-as lemri, simi d-d liɣ ad am-t-id-ṭṭfeɣ yerwel-iyi. Tenna-as Tteryel :
-a Nuja yelli, amek ay am-yennser ? Yuɣal yenṭeq-d yikerri : -Baɛɛɛ ! yemma jida tunguft ! ma d Yusef seddaw teṛbut ! Tenṭeq Tteryel :
-Nuja ! d acu d-yeqqar yikerri-nni ? Terra-as-d Nuja : -La am-yeqqar, zlu-iyi ! taḥedduft-iw, idammen-iw, iẓerman-iw ed uqerru-iw ad ten-tecc Yemma Jida ma d taksumt-iw ad tt-tecc nanna Nuja. Tenna-as Tteryel :
-Ddem-it-id ihi, a Nuja a yelli ! Tekker nuja s ikerri, tezla-t, tuza-t. Teddem taḥedduft, s yidammen, iẓerman ed uqerru-nni, tḍegger-as-ten i yemma Jida ad ten-tecc. Ma d taksumt teffer-itt daɣen ar azekka-nni ad tt-yecc Yusef. Armi d wis telteyyam, tekcem-d tameddit Tteryel, tesraḥ daɣen abeṛṛani, tenṭeq ɣer Nuja tenna-as : -Ah ! a Nuja a yelli s acu tɛewwleḍ ad t-txedmeḍ ? Tenna-as Nuja :
-A yemma, ur ttagad, d rriḥa-nni kan n yiḍelli ! Ur yelli win d-yusan ass-a ! Yenṭeq-d weɣyul, yesreɣruɣ deg udaynin, yeqqar-as :
-Yemma Jida tunguft ! ma d Yusef s ddaw teṛbut ! Tenna-as Tteryel :
-D acu d-yeqqar weɣyul-nni ? Terra-as-d Nuja : -La am-yeqqar, ini-as i Yemma Jida ad iyi-tezlu ! ad iyi-tecc ! nekk ɛyiɣ deg ddunnit ! Tenna-as Tteryel :
-Awi-t-id akka a Nuja yelli ! Tezzuɣer-as-t-id Nuja i Yemma-s, tbezzer-it, tecca-t. Tejja-tt armi tekfa, tekker ad tṛuḥ ad tgen, tini-as : -Ihi a Yemma teṛwiḍ ? Tenna-as Yemma Jida : -Ahbuh ! a Nuja a yelli, macci d ayen tettfukuḍ : nṭel qejjiṛ yali-d qejjiṛ ! nṭel meẓẓuɣ yali-d meẓẓuɣ ! nṭel fettus yali-d fettus ! ur t-fukeɣ ara. Armi d ass wis ṛebɛa, tenna-as Nuja i yemma-s :
-Nnaɣ a yemma, aqlaɣ nɛac deg teẓgi n lewḥuc, kemm d Tteryel, albaɛḍ ad am-d-iqasem … ur iyi-tenniḍ amek tegganeḍ, ad ɛasseɣ fell-am ! Tenna-as Tteryel : -iiih ! a Nuja a yelli, mel-iyi qbel kemmini, iḍes-im, amek iga ? Tenna-as Nuja :
-Nekk yeshel, ad am-t-mleɣ : mi d-yemɣi mejjir deg yinyen ɣef yiri n lkanun, nekk imiren ay ṭṭseɣ ! Tekker Tteryel tɛawez, tɛuss Nuja ar teṭṭes : tequreɛ ar d-yemɣi mejjir deg yinyen ɣef yiri n lkanun… tɛuss, tɛuss, tɛuss… armi teɛya, teṭṭes. Tuɣal azekka-nni, tenna-as Nuja :
-I kemm a yemma, amek ay iga yiḍes-im. Temla-as Tteryel iḍes-is, tenna-as : -Mi tesliḍ i yimeqreqyar la sawalen, i yeɣyal la sreɣruɣen, i tzermemmac la sfiricent deg uɛebbuḍ-iw, imiren ay ṭṭseɣ. Ma ulac mazal ṭṭiseɣ. Teddem Nuja tɛuss armi tesla i yimeqreqyar la sawalen, i yeɣyal la sreɣruɣen, i tzermemmac la sfiricent deg uɛebbuḍ n yemma-as, tefhem teṭṭes. Tekker tsers-d lḥenni, tsawel-asen i yijeqduṛen meṛṛa
Rsem-d a yijeqduṛen d tirni ! ad awen-tewwet Nuja lḥenni ! azekka ad tebdu tikli !
Tsers-d ijeqduṛen d tirni. Ala asduz ed uceqlal ay tettu. Tewwet-asen akk lḥenni. Tuɣal tsers tineqqiḍt n lḥenni ɣef yiri n lkanun, tayeḍ deg tlemmast n tqaɛet, tayeḍ ɣef teɛzalt, tayeḍ ɣef wemnaṛ n tewwurt u taneggarut deg tlemmast n wefrag. Mi tekfa, terfed iman-is ed Yusef, kkan tawwurt : jjan-as-d i Tteryel ala aḍu. Mi d-teɛɛenjaj (1) seg yiḍes deg tlemmast n yiḍ, ad tsawal :
-Nuja ! … Nuja !… dɣa ad d-yenṭeq yiwen seg yijeqduṛen-nni ad as-d-yerr awal : « anɛam a yemma ! ». Dɣa ad tuɣal s iḍes. Kan akken armi d-rran akk awal yijeqduṛen. Tuɣal teɛɛenjjaj-d Tteryel, tsawel, yerr-as-d awal yiri lkanun : « anɛam a yemma ! ». Tuɣal tsawel, terr-as-d awal tlemmast n tqaɛet s tneqqiḍt n lḥenni. Akken, akken, akken… armi ay as-d-yerra awal wefrag. Armi d asiwel aneggaru, d asduz ed uceqlal ay as-d-yerran awal
" Qerbeb ! qerbeb ! qerbeb ! Yemma Jida tunguft ! Nanna Nuja tejja-kem ! "
Tsawel, tsawel, tsawel… ulac. Tewwet agejdur, tsuɣ : -Ah ! a Nuja a yelli txedɛeḍ-iyi ad kem-yexdeɛ Ṛebbi.
Tnuda, tnuda, tnuda… : ulac. Tekker tetbeɛ-iten. Yuɣ lḥal, Nuja ed Yusef zeggnen abrid s tikli1. Mi wwḍen ɣer yiwet teẓgi2, afen ulansi ɛeddin. Tenṭeq Nuja ɣer teẓgi, tenna-as :
-A tiẓgi n wudi ed tament, eg-iyi abrid ad ɛeddiɣ ! yemma Jida deffir-i, ma teṭṭef-iyi ad iyi-tneɣ ! Dɣa, tiẓgi, tserreḥ, tuɣal-d d tamazirt. Ɛeddan-d ur ten-yuɣ wara. Uɣalen wwḍen s asif, afen-t-in la yeskefkuf, ur yettunezgar. Tenṭeq Nuja, tenna-as :
-A asif n wudi ed tament eg-iyi abrid ad ɛeddiɣ ! yemma Jida deffir-i, ma teqḍeɛ-i-d ad iyi-tneɣ ! dɣa asif yuɣal-d d iɣzer, zegren-t-d ur ten-yuɣ wara. Ma d Tteryel, mi d-tewweḍ ɣer teẓgi, taf-itt akken, tenṭeq, ḥaca udmawen-nwen, tenna-as :
-A tiẓgi n yiẓẓan ed yibeccan eg-iyi abrid ad ɛeddiɣ, Nuja yelli tejja-iyi ! eg-iyi abrid ad ɛeddiɣ ! Tiẓgi, imiren ay temḍulles (2). Meṛṛa txezzeq-itt, terra-tt akk tettiẓrir d idammen. Tuɣal tewweḍ s asif taf-it-in icewwel ur yettunezgar. Ḥaca udmawen-nwen, tenna-as :
-A asif n yiẓẓan ed yibeccan ! eg-iyi abrid ad ḍeddiɣ ! Asif, imir-n ay la yesṛebṛub, la yeskefkuf, yeggar gemmaḍ-in, gemmaḍ-a ! Teɛreḍ, teɛreḍ, teɛreḍ… ulamek ! macci d ayen ay wumi tezmer ad t-tezger. Tuyes. Tsawel-as i Nuja s lqedd n taɣect-is, tenna-as :
-A Nuja ! a Nuja ! a Nuja ! ad am-n-jjeɣ leḥṛam d aseṭṭaf deg uqerru-im, ad n-yaf wergaz-im iṣeṭṭalen, ɣur-m anda yettseḍḍil ! ad n-yaf iqebqaben n wureɣ, ɣur-m anda ay ten-yettlusu ! ad n-yaf sin yigudar la ttnaɣen, ɣur-m anda ay ten-iferru !
Nuja d Yusef slan-as-d . Kemmlen ihi abrid-nsen armi d-mlalen iseḍḍalen, yekker ad iseḍḍel, tenna-as Nuja :
-Ur tettseḍḍileḍ ara ! i wawal-nni ay d-tenna yemma ? Yuɣal ur iseḍḍel ara. Rnan, ddan armi ufan iqebqaben n wureɣ. Yekker Yusef ad ten-yels, tugi-as Nuja :
-Ala, ur ten-tettlusuḍ ara, ɛni tettuḍ awal-nni ay d-tenna yemma ?
Yuɣ-as daɣen awal, ur ten-yelsi ara. Rnan lḥan, lḥan, lḥan… armi d-mlalen sin yigudar la ttnaɣen, la ttemxezzaqen, ttiẓriren d idammen. Iga akka, yemmeɣ ad ten-yefru. Tugi Nuja, tenna-as : -Ur ten-tferruḍ ara, i wawal-nni ay d-tenna yemma ? Yenna-as :
-Anef-aɣ seg wawal ay d-tenna yemma-m, ɛni tuɣal-aɣ d Ṛebbi ! ad ten-fruɣ ammar ad msekfun.
Iṛuḥ ad ten-yefru s uɣanim. Iga akka, iger-it ddaw yifer-is yiwen seg yigudar-nni, yewwi-t. Tenna-as :
-Nnaɣ a Yusef ! txedɛeḍ-iyi ! Yenna-as :
-Ṛuḥ, ḍḍef deg tseḍḍa n uɛawdiw tedduḍ yid-s. Axxam ay ɣer yerra d win ay d axxam-nneɣ ! Ad tawḍeḍ ɣer ddaw tala, ad n-tafeḍ lɛinṣer, ad n-tafeḍ tibḥirt, ad n-tafeḍ taklit-nneɣ. Ddem ijekḍan-nni, ɛenni ɣer Ṛebbi, ad tekkes taklit taglimt-is, els-itt kemmini. Ddu ed tqeḍqiɛt s axxam-nneɣ.
Texdem akken ay as-d-yenna. Taklit tekkes taglimt-is, nettat telsa-tt. Tedda-d ed lmal. Tuɣal d nettat ay d taklit. Mi d-yeḥdeṛ ad teqqen lmal, tini-as i lall n wexxam :
-Sani ara ɛellqeɣ ayeddid a Lalla ? Lall n wexxam, tewhem d acu-t westeqsi am wa, terr-as-d :
-Ad tecceḍ aqerru-im ed tezmert-im a taklit mm yiselfan ed yiḥelfan, d acu kem-yuɣen akk-a akk ass-a ? Ah ? Ur teẓriḍ ara sani ara terreḍ ayeddid ? Tṛuḥ Nuja yuɣalen d taklit, ɣer lmal ad teqqen, ur as-tessin ara. Wa teqqen-it seg yicekkaben, wa teqqen-it seg uqerru, wa teqqen-it seg wacciwen. Lall n wexxam-nni, teɣli fell-as s isuɣan ed wexmimeṛ :
-Ah ! a taklit n wass-a ! wekkleɣ-am Ṛebbi.
Tuɣal Nuja, cwiṭ cwiṭ, armi tuɣ tanumi. Mi tekfa ass-is, ad teɛnu tameccuct-is ad tgen. Ma d Yusef, mi d-yeɣli yiḍ, ad t-id-yawi yigider nnig wexxam-nsen. Deg-in ay yettnusu. Dɣa ad yekker ad as-icennu i Nuja :
" D acu ay d usu-im a Nuja ! A Nuja ! D acu ay d taduli-im a Nuja ! A Nuja !
Sakin nettat ad as-d-terr daɣen s ccnawi :
Asummet-inu d iniy ! D iniy ! Taduli-inu d igenni ! D igenni ! A Yusef, txedɛeḍ-iyi !
Kan akken kul ass armi qrib aseggas. Asmi yessaweḍ Ṛebbi lweqt, ass-n, tizi n lefjer, yekker-d Ccix n Ljameɛ ad d-yedden i tẓallit, yesla-asen. Yuɣal iṛuḥ s agellid-nni yenna-as : -A flan, axxam-ik yetteɛmeṛ ! Winna yenna-as :
-Amek ? Yenna-as Ccix : ay yellan, ay yellan, ay yellan (3) … taklit-nni-inek macci d taklit ! Azekka-nni, yeddem sselṭan iɛawez, dɣa yesla-asen. Sakin yenṭeq ɣer Nuja, yenna-as : -Ṛuḥ ini-as « a aqerru n wemcum ! d acu ara k-id-yessuksen ? » Tenna-as akk-n Nuja. Yuɣal yerra-as-d :
-Ini-as i baba, ma yebɣa ad iyi-n-yeg iberdan ad iyi-n-yessukes, ad yezlu tafunast-nni tamezgult (4) deg wexxam, yiwen ur tt-iɛerreḍ ɣef lemleḥ, ad gen sebɛa teṛbutin n seksu u ad tent-id-isers da. Ad d-rsen yigudar meṛṛa ad ccen. Ad yecc winna akken ay iyi-d-yewwin alamma yeṛwa, ur yezmir ara ad yelḥu. Mi yekker ad yafeg, ad tewtem kan akk-a s afriawen-is s uɣanim, netta ad yesrifeg, nekk ad n-ɣliɣ s axxam.
Yeddem ugellid yexdem akkenni. Tedda Nuja, wwin sebɛa teṛbutin n seksu. Rsen-d sakin yigudar meṛṛa ɣer tiɣilt-nni ad ccen. Win yeccan deg-sen, ad yesrifeg ad iṛuḥ… armi d-yeqqim uwessur-nni ay t-yewwin. Yecca armi yeqbeṛ, yeddem la iferres iman-is. Ur yezmir ara ad yekker seg taẓayt. Gan-as kan akk-a s uɣanim sin yiberdan (5), iserreḥ-d i Yusef, yeɣli-d . Rran-t-id s axxam. Kettṛen-as deg lerbaḥ armi yeḥla seg weḍɛaf-nni. Ula anida ad k-gen a lfeṛḥ ! Yeqqim armi d-yuɣal ɣer tezmert-is, yehdeṛ ed Nuja ad tt-yaɣ. Yenna-as sakin i baba-s :
-Ihi, a baba, ad nefk iẓid i tesyar, aql-iyi ad aɣeɣ taklit. Baba-s yesteɛbeṛ imi ay as-d-tettban d taklit, yenna-as :
-A mmi xzu cciṭan, d acu ara hedṛen medden fell-aɣ, ad as-inin « mmi-is n Sselṭan yuɣ taklit » ? Winna yeḍḍef kan deg wawal-nni, yenna-as :
-Hdeṛ neɣ qim, nekk d taklit kan ara yaɣeɣ. Mi iwala baba-s iman-is yettwarna, yefka lemqud (6) ad tt-aɣen. Kkren gan tameɣra, yawi-d sakin Yusef taklit d tislit. Armi d-yeɣli yiḍ, iṛuḥ s ijekḍan-nni n tala yawi-ten-id. Yebda la tt-yekkat yes-sen, yeqqar-as :
-Kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas, a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas, a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas, a taceɛlalt n yemma-s !
Armi tlata yiberdan. Dɣa tuɣal-d Nuja am wakken tella : am wayyur n yigenni ! Yella deg wawal : Nuja u Tteryel. Azekka-nni, at wexxam, ay iwalan, wehmen. Ma d medden, ur tt-nwala ara, ugin ad amnen : nnan-as kan d taklit kan i yuɣ. Uɣalen kkren-d watmaten-is, s tismin, mkul wa anta ay yebɣa ad tt-yaɣ. Yiwen yenna-as i baba-s : « Ula d nekk ad aɣeɣ taklit ». Wis sin : « ihi nekk, a baba, ad aɣeɣ taqjunt ! ». Wayeḍ yini-as : « nekk ad aɣeɣ tamqerqurt »... Yenna-asen baba-tsen : -A tarwa xzut cciṭan ! gma-twen d Nuja n Tteryel ay yuɣ macci d taklit. Iɛetteb fell-as, yelḥa deg yidurar ed tẓegwa armi qrib t-tecci Tteryel. Ula ay ken-yawin !
Ugin ad aɣen awal i baba-tsen. Yekker umezwaru, yuɣ taklit. Armi d iḍ, yeddem ijekḍan, la tt-yekkat yis-sen, yeqqar-as : « kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas, a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! ». Taklit meskint tettnezluluf, tettru, teqqar-as :
-Yeqqur, a sidi, yeqqur am uɛeqqa n zzemmur ! Yekkat-itt armi teqqur am tqejmuṛt, temmut meskint. Yuɣal winna yebɣan ad yaɣ tamqerqurt, iga tameɣra, yawi-tt-id d tislit. Mi d-yeɣli yiḍ, yekkat-itt s yijekḍan, yeqqar-as :
-Kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas a taceɛlalt n yemma-s. Tamqerqurt meskint tettru, tesmintiw (8), teqqar-as :
-Yeqqur ! a sidi yeqqur ! am weglim n wemqerqur !
Daɣen ula d winna yekkat-itt armi temmut. Yekker winna yebɣan ad yaɣ taqjunt, iga tameɣra, yawi-tt-id. Yekker ula d netta yekkat-itt s yijekḍan, yeqqar-as daɣen : « kkes lḥellasa a weltennas a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! ». Taqjunt tamcumt teskeɛwiw, teskeɛwiw, teskeɛwiw… armi d yiwen webrid, yerwi-d ujenniw-is, tedda fell-as, tecca-d affad-is (9). Txezzeq-it, tecca-d seg-s armi tellexlex, sakkin tɛejjeṛ fell-as. Armi yuli wass, tenna-as yemma-s n yesli i taklit : -Ṛuḥ rzu ziɣ ɣef wemcum-nni, tawiḍ-asen leftuṛ.
Tuli taklit. Mazal tekka deg yimi n tewwurt, taf-it-in akk-n, tsuɣ-d seg-in :
-Aaaa ! Lalla ! Sidi d aɣras... ! Lalla teskendeṛ fell-as !!!
Uɣalen deg yimeṭṭawen, ḥeznen fell-as. Ma d Yusef yejja akk medden hedṛen armi ɛyan… Assen, yenna-as i Nuja :
-A Nuja, ass-a ad asen-kkseɣ akk asirem deg tejmaɛt. Tenna-as :
-Amek ? Yenna-as :
-Nekk ad zwireɣ ɣer tejmaɛt, kemm bru-n i uɛejmi, amzun yerwel, ttebɛeḍ-t-in. Tebra-d Nuja i uɛejmi. Mazal yewwiḍ Yusef ɣer tejmaɛt, telḥeq iɛejmi, terr-it-id s axxam. Tamurt meṛṛa sakkin yeffeɣ-itt leɛqel : anejjaṛ yenjeṛ afus-is ! agezzar yegzer afus !
aḥeddad yesserɣ afus-is ! Aɛdawen n Yusef caḍen akk seg tismin… Netta ed Nuja yegra-asen-d liser, ddren deg lehna am temẓi am tewser. Ha-tt-an tmacahut n Nuja ed Tteryel.
Tamacahut-iw lwad lwad !
sawleɣ-tt-id i warraw n lejwad !
Uccanen ad ten-yeqdu Ṛebbi !
ma d nekni ad aɣ-yeɛfu Ṛebbi !
ad necc irden n ukufi !
ma d wid n teylewt ur ten-nufi !
Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows
Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwen n unagraw seg yinagrawen n wammud i d-tesuffeɣ Microsoft i yiselkimen imṣudan (PC). Yerna-d deffir MS DOS.
Seg yiseggasen n 1990 "(agim tẓa twines d tzat)", d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, i d-yemmugren rbaḥ ameqqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag-ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas n yimesraken n yiselkimen iwakken ad sbeddayen deg yifuras-nsen ala Windows 95 neɣ muyaf-asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.
taseddaṛt n Windows deg-s aṭas ifurkawen:
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffeɣ-d, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen merra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcem-d kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.
Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM neɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq ad neǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen i d-ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi.
si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows.
Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS.
Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.
Lqem-agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan-nni n tneflit-ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yeffeɣ-d s yisem n Windows 95, yemmuger-d tinemhazin timeqqṛanin, gar-asent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), i yeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla.
Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad tsuffeɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 neɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken ad tqazem ugur agi.
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.
Loreen Loreen
Loreen isem-is unṣib d (Lorine Zineb Nora Talhaoui). Tlul deg 1983. D yiwet n tnaẓurt Tamaziɣt n ccna meqren ig ttidiren di tmurt n Sswid.
Tluled tcennayt Loreen ass n 16 Tuber asegwas 1983 "(Agem, mraw tza d tamet krad)" di temdint n Amur-Akuc (Marrakech) di tmurt n Lmarruk deg yiwet n twacult Tamaziɣt, vava-s d yemmas isin idsen d-imaziɣen icelḥiyen.
Sswid Sswid
Tamurt n Sswid, tezga-d g umenzaw n Turuft. Tamanaɣt d Stukulm.
Rbaṭ Rbaṭ
Rbaṭ d tamaneɣt n tmurt n Merruk, tesɛa deg useggas n 2014 azal n 1,100,000 imezdaɣen.
Imunen (Imweḥden) bnan agerrar (camp) af wakal yettwasnen tura s yisem n Rbaṭ i wakken lan iẓri af uzaɣar n wasif n Buregreg. Sakkin, At Wandlus i yettmeslayen kan s tespanyulit zedmen fell-as, snuflan Tagduda n Buregreg alamma Iseɛdiyen ṭṭfen tamdint.
Tiwaculin tiqburin n Rbaṭ mmeslayen yiwet Dderja yeččuren s wawalen i d-yekkan seg tespenylit. Yerna taɛrabt-nsen ur d tin n tentalawin Tihellaliyin (Hillalien) am tin n Dukkala.
Udus aɣelnaw n tiddadantin (Tamurt Lezzayer) Udus aɣelnaw n tiddadantin (Tamurt Lezzayer)
Udus aɣelnaw n tiddadantin (ONS) d Ameẓlu unsib n tiddadantin deg Tamurt Lezzayer, yesmenteled asegwwas n 1964. D aɣsu azayez adeblan.Angal n lbusṭa Angal n lbusṭa
Angal n lbusṭa d agraw awezzlan n izwilen neɣ n isekkilen yella deg tansa n lbusṭa, seqdacent tirmistin n lbusṭa iwakken ad i sishel Amesni n izen.Crailsheim Crailsheim
Crailsheim d tamdint deg wenẓul n Lalman.
Uddun n imezdaɣ Uddun n imezdaɣ
Uddun n imezdaɣ d tamhelt taddadant n usden n imezdaɣ. Ma uddunen n ugdudarut llan seg Taglest (Ccin, Maṣer, Roma), uɣalen kan d-unsiben seg ussan itraren. Seqdacen aṭas imesɣura, am abeṭṭu n tibezzar, tamusni n umḍan d tibuɣar n imezdaɣ.
Tura, uddunen seqdacen ladɣa deg tallat i tagezzant tademsant. Akin amḍan n imezdaɣen, zemren ad inin amdur nsen, asadur nsen, tafada n tanezduɣt nsen, arigez nsen (axxam-amahil neɣ axxam-aɣervaz), tarrayt n usugun nsen. Dɣa, acu yellan ass-agi d-tamunt maca ur yesɛa ara lfayda deg ussanen iqburen, isem d nnekwa nsen. Tikwal, isefka udmawiyen nniḍen llan ameden, am ddin, tutlayt, neɣ, am deg Tmurt n Marikan, "aẓɣer" (iri).Racid Alic Racid Alic
Racid Alic d amyaru s tutlayt taqbaylit, d netta i yuran ungal amezwaru s teqbaylit iwumi' semma Asfel aseggas n 1981.
Ilul Racid At Musa ass 7 Yebrir 1953 di Tgemmunt Azzuz taɣiwant n At Maḥmud deg At Dwala, Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass 18 di Meɣres 2008 di Lezzayer tamanaɣt.
Ilul-d Racid Alic ass n 7 Yebrir 1953 di Tgemmunt Azzuz, isɛedda temẓi ines di taddart is, maca kra isegwasen sinna iruḥ ar lzzayer tamanaɣt akked twacult-is, dinna id yewwi agerdas n l'BAC, yekcem ɣer tseddawit anda yeḍfeṛ tizrawin n Tliktṛunit, yebwid agerdas n DES di tɣarant (DES en physique) si tseddawit n lzzayer tamanaɣt, sinna kin iṛuḥ ɣer tama n Lyun di Fransa, anda id yewwi daɣen DEUG di tisekwla (DEUG en lettres) di tseddawit n Lyun II, dinna yarna yeɣṛa ɣef tesnawalt n tefriqt (linguistique africaine), Tasendugemt (sémiologie), (ethnologie). Arnu ɣef aya yetva timsirin di tutlayt talmanit deg asuday n Goethe di lzzayer tamanaɣt anda i yewwi ssartafika.
15 meɣres 15 meɣres
Ass n 15 meɣres d ass wis 74 n useggas n tafada n grigurian, wis 75 deg aseggas bisekstil. Qqimen 291 ussan uqbel taggara n useggas.
3 yebrir 3 yebrir
Ass n 3 yebrir d ass wis 93 n useggas n tafada n grigurian, wis 94 deg aseggas bisekstil. Qqimen 291 ussan uqbel taggara n useggas.
Rafael Correa Rafael Correa
Rafael Correa (6 Yebrir 1963 - ) ilul-d deg Guayaquil, d aselway n lekwaṭur (15 yennayer 2007 - ).
Isem-is ameqqran : Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado.
Arim Arim
Arim (letnayen), s tefransist (lundi), d ass wissin deg yimalas (semana), s deffir-is yettas-d Acer (lḥed), zdat-is yettili waram (ttlata).
Aram Aram
Aram (ttlata), s tefransist mardi, d ass n yimalas i d-yettasen zdat n warim (letnayen), s deffir n wahad (larebɛa). Deg wansay, d ass wis kraḍ (3) n yimalas
Caracas Caracas
Caracas d tamanaɣt n tmurt n Venezuela.
Abbaɣ Abbaɣ
Abbaɣ d iɣes n uqerru. Yetteḥraz allaɣ si tiyita.At Raced At Raced
At Raced d taɣiwant n twilayt n Tubiret. Tesɛa 9732 imezdaɣen deg-s.
Antônio Fagundes Antônio Fagundes
Antônio da Silva Fagundes Filho ilul ass n 18 yebrir 1949.
Avril Lavigne Avril Lavigne
Avril Ramona Lavigne d yiwet n tnaẓuṛt-tacennayt n pop-rock n tmurt n Kanada, tlul-d ass n 27 ctember aseggas 1984 di Belleville, Ontario. Temmuger-d tarennawet deg umenzu n yisegwasen 2000, imi tezzenz ar assa azal n 35 Ifeḍ tkalasin deg umaḍal d 18 Ifeḍ n iḍebsiyen umi neqqaṛ "singles".
Di tadra d taṛumit sɣuṛ baba-s Jean Claude Lavigne (i d-ilulen di Moselle deg Lorraine, tama n ugemmuḍ tmurt n Fransa), d tagyizit-takanadiant sɣur yemmas Judith-Rosanne.
Avril Lavigne tedder di temẓis di Napanee, tamdint tamecṭuḥt di Ontario nettat d gmas ameqqṛan Mathew d weltmas tamecṭuḥt Michelle.
Seg ass mi meẓẓiyet Avril tebɣa ad tuɣal tacennayt, imawlan-is ḍefṛentt, ddan yid-s. ɣur-s 12 isegwasen mi tura isefra-yines imezwura, tḥemmel cna s waṭas. Tetturar s snitra n baba-s di tazwara, alami d ass mi-z duɣ yiwet teḥbibt twacult-is snitra-yines d amezwarut. Telmed iyiman-is ad turar, yarna tefka aṭas n wukud iwayagi. Tella tetturar yiwet n tezlit yal ass "fly away" n Lenny Kravitz. Sinna tebda tettaru tizlatin ines timezwura anda nettaf tazrirt aladɣa n Goo Goo Dolls d Green Day.
Ɣuṛ-s 12 n yisegwasen mi tecna isefra di ligliz n taddart-is d tifeskiwin niḍen i d-iḍeṛṛun di tama-ines, daɣen tecna d yiwen unaẓuṛ ameqqṛan yettwasnen di Kanada ɣef isefra-ines ambigus.
Aseggas n 1998, Avril tewwi yiwet n temzizzelt i tt-yeǧǧan ad tali ɣer usayes d umsemmud-ines, tacennayt takanadiant Shania Twain. Turar s yidisan-is di Ottawa, tecna tizlit "What Made You Say That". Teḍfer abrid-is tcennu deg aṭas n temdinin, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad arzu d tanebgit ɣer tkalast "("Quinte Spirit" di 1999)" n ucennay n "folk" Steve Medd, tecna tazlit "Touch the Sky". Tecna daɣen deg tkalast ines "(My Window to You)" n useggas 2000 di tezlatin "Temple of Life" d "Two Rivers".
Yarzad ɣuṛ-s unfaras "Antonio « LA » Reid, de RCA/Arista", i tt-iwalan di yiwet n tfaska, testenya yid-s agatu. Avril Lavigne tella deg useggas-ines wis 16, dinna tḥebsed seg uɣarbaz iwakken adelhu kan d ccna.
Teǧǧa tawacult ines, imeddukal-is d taddart-is iwakken ad tidir di Manhaṭṭan anda ad taru takalast-ines tamenzut. maca, tesɛa kra n wuguren akked ixeddamen-is di lawan-nni, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tinig ɣer "Los Angeles", anda tga tamusni d unfaras "Clif Magness". Aseggas i d-yernan, tessufɣ-d Complicated i d-yeqqimen ar assa d tarennawet-ines tisnat seg i "singles" ines s umata, tḍefṛit-id tkalast-ines tamenzut Let Go deg ayyur n Yunyu 2002 i d-yemmugren tarennawt tameqqṛant, yussa-d d wissin di temzizzelt "Billboard 200" Kṛaḍ wagguren ar zdat. Ma si tama n IFPI, Let Go tusa-d d takalast tis snat i yenzan s waṭas aseggas n 2002 deffir Sleeping with Ghosts n "Placebo".
Di tagara, takalast-agi tenza s wazal n 16 ifeḍ ineɣlan deg umaḍal, yerna yewwi aṭas n warazen. S tkalast-agi, Avril Lavigne tekcem deg umezruy, imi tuɣal d tanaẓurt tis snat di ccna ala yesɛan Kraḍ n tezlatin di Top 40 i iḥerzen amḍiq amezwaru: "Complicated" (8 Imalas), Sk8er Boi (1 Imalas) akked I'm With You (4 Imalas). ala aggay Ace Of Base d tcennayt Lady Gaga i iṣawḍen ɣer waya.
Di mayu 2004, ɣuṛ-s 19 isegwasen, Avril Lavigne tessufɣ-d Takalast tis snat "Under My Skin", i d-yemmugren tarennawet imi aggur kan seg ass mi d-teffeɣ tewwi amḍiq amezwary di "Billboard 200". Avril tura d Chantal Kreviazuk tizlatin n tkalast agi.
Ǧerǧer Ǧerǧer
Ǧerǧer d azrar amedrar id yezgan deg umalu d tlemmast n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen, Azrar-a d win yeṭṭafaren tazrart n waṭlas anewrir igan d amur agafan n idurar n waṭlas, taqacuct tunnigt deg-s tls (tesɛa) 2308 m, isem-is Yemma Xliǧa yeṭṭafaren tɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ deg ugezdu n Tubiret
Idurar n Ǧerǧer d ideg iy semmṭen s waṭas aladɣa deg tegrest anda yekkat wedfel d wegris s tuget, taẓɣelt deg waṭas n wakuden d tin yeṭṭafaren ar -20 C°
Imezdaɣ n idurar n Ǧerǧer yakk d Iqbayliyen, zzint-as waṭas n tuddar
Roger Federer Roger Federer
Roger Federer d amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Taswist, ilul ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle.
Yebda yetturar d trebbut (terbaɛt) tameqqṛant aseggas n 1998 , yewwi ideg amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 237 imalas yemsedfaren (285 alammi d 6 Yunyu 2010). Ass n 8 Yulyu 2012, yewwi tadwilt n Wimbledon i tikkelt tis sat (7), yeqḍa-d amyurar Pete Sampras deg umḍan n tedwilin n Wimbledon i yewwi akked imalas i yella di tqacucut n ubellez n ATP (Imalas wis 286).
Yewwi ar assa 77 izwilen, gar-asen 23 imeqqṛanen (17 n Grand Chelems d 6 teqbucin n Masters) d 20 n Masters 1000. Yewwi kuẓ (4) n telɣuɣa n Grand Chelem i yellan deg umaḍal, win n Melburn di Ustralya, win n RG di lpari tamurt n Fṛansa, win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz, win Flushing meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan.
Deg ubellez n "Sports Illustrated" n useggas 2010, Roger Federer yella-d d anadal wis sin yettxelliṣen aṭas n yedrimen deffir Tiger Woods imi yeṣṣaweḍ ar assa azal n 72 Ifeḍ n dullar deg izwilen yark i yurar.
Ilul Roger Federer ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle, yemma-s, Lynete n tefriqt n wenẓul, ma d baba-s d aswisit, Robert. Isin yid-sen xedmen di taɣult n tnesfarit. Roger d weltma-s tameqqṛant Diana idiren di temẓi-nsen di Münchenstein Taswist Talmanit.
Tura Roger yettidir di Wollerau, tama n Schwytz, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Mirka d yessi-s takniwin Myla Rose d Charlene Riva. Yesɛa tanaslit Taswisit d tin n tefriqt n Unẓul.
Di temẓis Roger Federer yetturar daɣen ddabax uḍar, yella yezweṛ s waṭas, maca d addal n Tennis i yefren mi yella di Tam (8) iseggasen di lɛemṛis, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u iḥemmel aṭas tarbaɛt n ddabax uḍar n FC Bâle.
Roger Federer yeḥrez-d ar assa 75 azwilen deg ufrari d 8 (Tam) deg uslig irgazen. Yewwi azwel-ines amenzu aseggas n 2001, di dduṛt n Milan (indoor). Seg imir-nni yewwi 17 n tdurtin n Grand Chelem di 5 (sam) n tesniwin yemgaraden (si Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2003 ḥalarmi Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2012. Ala netta i iḥerzen azal n 6 sed n teqbucin n "Masters Cup" (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 d 2011) d wazal n 20 azwilen n "Masters 1000". Aseggas n 2008 yewwi tazalɣi n uleɣ di talɣuɣa uslig n yargazen deg uraren ulampik n wezɣal 2008 di Pekin, akked umyurar Stanislas Wawrinka, asegwas n 2012 yewwi amḍiq wissin deg uraren ulampic n Londres mi yexṣer di tagara tedwilt aked Andy Murray.
Martina Hingis Martina Hingis
Maṛtina Hingis d tanaddalt n Tennis Taswisit ilulen ass n 30 Ctamber 1980 di Košice (tamurt n Sluvaki, zikenni čekusluvaki). D nettat i d tanaddalt meẓẓilen i yebḍen ad teḥrez talɣuɣa n Grand Chelem si zman n Lottie Dod aseggas 1887, d nettat daɣen i d tanaddalt tameẓlant i yebḍen ɣer tqacuct n wedras umaḍan deg umezruy n Tennis.
Tettmeslay rebɛa n tutlayin, Tačikit, Talmanit (taswist talmanit), tagyizit d tefṛansist.
Tella d tamdakult n unaddal n Golf Serǧiu Garsia, sin akkin tessen amyurar n Tennis Radek Stepanek asegwas n 2006. Tezweǧ akked umennay afṛansi Tibault Hutin aseggas n 2010.
Tlul-d s yisem Martina Hingisová di tmurt n Sluvaki zik-nni čekusluvaki, seg mi tmenya isegwasen Maṛtina tettidir di tmurt Taswist acku yemma-s tɛiwed zzwaǧ. Deg useggas n 1999 tuɣ axxam deg temdint n Floride Marikan maca teqqim tettidir di teswist. D yemma-s i s-yefkan isem n Martina, imi tella tḥemmel tanadalt tameqqṛant n Tennis Martina Navratilova, nettat daɣen n tmurt n čekusluvaki. Yemma-s tella tetturar addal n Tennis, dɣa d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tili d tasleɣmayt n Martina deg umecwaṛ ines meṛṛa.
Maṛtina telmed ad turar addal n Tennis si temẓ-is, ɣur-s 5 iseggasen di lɛemr-is mi tebda tetturar di tedwilin, tessaweḍ ad tuɣal d talɣuɣt n umaḍal n tullas aseggas n 1994. aseggas n 1996 turar akked Helena Suková deg uslig n Wimledon, dɣa tuɣal d tanadalt tameẓlant yessawḍen ad teḥrez talɣuɣa agi.
Aseggas n 1997 d win i iwalan urar n maṛtina ad yuɣal qessaḥ nezzah, terbeḥ 37 uraren wa deffir wayeḍ, iz d yewwin 6 telɣuɣa, tewwi Open n lustṛali mgal Mary pierce 6-2 6-2, tewweḍ ɣer tagara n Rolland Garros anda texṣer d Iva Majoli acku tuḍen cwiṭ di tagara, tewwi daɣen Wimbledon mgal Novotna akked US Open d Venus Williams 6-4 6-0; d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi Clem amecṭuḥ.
Tewwi kṛad n telɣiwin n Grand Chelem yemgaraden, ala Rolland Garros it xṣen sin iberdan di tagara, aseggas n 1999 anda turar akked tanadalt tameqqṛant Steffi Graf i yellan di tagara n umecwaṛ-ines deg addal n Tennis, teqqim-d deg umezruy, acku Martina tɛac ass-nni yiwen wass ur tezmir ad tettu, tella terbeḥ urar deg weḥric amezwaru, sinna yella-d umgarad garas d unefray, ayen yeǧǧan ula d imfarǧen (imeshanayen) ad ddun d Steffi Graf, di tagara, Maṛtina texṣer talɣuɣa, teffeɣ seg urar s yimeṭṭawen, ayen werǧin n wala deg addal agi.
Seg ass-nni Martina ur tewwi talɣuɣa n Grand chelem, teqqim deg umḍiq amezwaru deg ubellez umaḍal, acku terbeḥ aṭas n telɣuɣa it tturar, maca ur tewwi ara talɣuɣa tameqqṛant.
Aseggas n 2002 texṣer daɣen di tagara n Open n lustṛali mgal Jennifer Kapriati, deg urar daɣen id yeqqimen deg umezruy aladɣa Maṛtina tella teḥrez aḥric amezwaru 6-4, yarna deg wis-sin tella tezwar 4-0, sinna 5-1, ar-mi dezzi fellas Jennifer, tifesniwin di temdint n Melbourne bḍen-t ɣer 50°c, ayen yeǧǧan Maṛtina att xṣer zdat Jennifer.
Lxṣara y agi d tin yeǧǧan Maṛtina kra wagguren ar zdat ad tḥbes urar n Tennis di Frurar 2003, mbaɛd mi tesɛa kra iɣeblan deg uḍar-is.
Xas akken, Maṛtina teqimed d yiwet seg tnaddalin n Tennis tameqṛant, dɣa imi ur tesɛa y ara lǧahd amakken tella Monika Seles neɣ Serena d Venus Williams, maca tewweḍ ad deg amḍiq-is gar asen-t, u ad tiweḍ ɣer tqacuct n ubellez n Tennis azal n 275 imalas.
asegwas n 1999 d 2000 tellad sɣur "magazine FHM" d yiwet ger 100 tilawin i icebḥen deg umaḍal, ma d aseggas 2005 ineɣmasen imarikaniyen n "Tennis Magazine" rran-tt d tis 22 gar 40 inadalen n Tennis imeqqranen di 40 iseggasen ineggura deffir Roy Emerson zdat Evonne Goolagong
Tella azal n 209 imalas d tamezwarut deg ubellez n WTA n Tennis deg umaḍal, ur turar deg tuber 2002 acku tella tesɛa uguren n ṣeḥḥa deg uḍar-is, asegwas n 2006, Maṛtina tuɣaled s-urar, di yennayer tebda urar di Anvers, tadwilt n "Proximus Diamond Games", aggur sinna texṣer di Open n Ṭayland.
Di Gold Coast, i lemhegga n Open n lustṛali, tin yewwin 5 n Grand Clem tarbaḥ timlilit ines tamezwarut zdat Maria Vento-Kabchi 6-2 6-1, tarna tarbaḥ snat n temlilin igarzen armi tebweḍ zdat n Flavia Pennetta, tanadalt tis 23 deg umaḍal dɣa texṣer timlilit acku tesɛa uguren deg wammas-is.
Ddurt i dyernan texṣer zdat Justine Henin 6-3 6-3.
Di Open n lustṛali 2006, Grand Clem ines amezwaru segm-id uɣal s uran, Martina Hingis tesbegned d akken mazal-itt d tanaddalt tameqqṛant, imi dɣa tessaweḍ armi d dduṛt n wis 1/4 si tagara, uqbel ad texṣer zdat n Kim Clijsters di 3 yeḥricen: 6-3 2-6 6-4, maca Maṛtina Hingis ur duɣal ara seg Melburn ifassen d-imawen, aladɣa tewwi Tabuqalt n uslig (irgazn/tilawin) akked amyuran n tmurt Lhend Mahesh Bhupathi, tabuqalt tis 8 deg Open n lustṛali, 3 (kraḍ) deg Afras, 4 (kuz) deg uslig tilawin, 1 (yiwet) deg uslig irgazen/tilawin.
Di tedwilt n Ṭukyu, Maṛtina tessuffeɣ ta deffir tayeḍ, Naṭali Decy, Maria Kirilenku d Maria Caṛapuva di 1/2 si tagara, tewweḍ ɣer tagara n tedwilt i tikkelt tamenzut segm-id uɣal, maca di tagara texṣer zdat tarusit Elena Dementieva sin yeḥricen s ulac (6-2 6-0). Ayagi yeǧǧa Maṛtina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA seg umḍiq n 117 ɣer wis 48, sin wagguren kan segm-id uɣal s-urar.
Tewweḍ ɣer dduṛt tis 1/4 si tagara di Dubai, anda texṣer timlilit ines zdat Maria Caṛapuva, i d-yerran ttaṛ, ayagi maca yeǧǧa martina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA ɣer s-amḍiq wis 32. Tkemmel deg Indian Wells, anda terna Lindsay Davenport, maca texṣer di 1/2 si tagara zdat Maria Caṛapuva i iḥersen tadwilt agi di tagara, di tagara n tedwlit tuli-d s amḍiq wis 26 deg umaḍan.
Tewḍel ɣer tedwilin n wakal, anda Maṛtina tennad d akken ala Rolland Garros i tt-ixuṣṣen deg tedwilin n Grand Clem, u d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i tt-yeǧǧab tuɣal-d ɣer wurar, deg Vaṛṣuvi texṣer di dduṛt tis snat zdat Venus Williams s ugemmuḍ: 4-6 7-5 6-4. Di Berlin tebweḍ ɣer 1/4 si tagara anda texṣer zdat Amili Muresmu:4-6 6-4 6-4.
Ass n Acur 21 Mayu 2006 Maṛtina tesbegned d akken tuɣal-d s wazal-is imi terbeḥ tadwilt n Ṛṛum di temlilit n tagara zdat tarusit Dinara Safina s ugemmuḍ 6-2 7-5, tagi d tarennawt ines tamenzut seg 2002, u d tis 41 deg umacwar ines; deg ubellez Maṛtina tulid ɣer s amḍiq wis 14.
Di barra n wannar, Maṛtina tellad d « come-back n useggas » deg Laureus Award n Barcelone, i tuɣalin ines ifazen ɣer wurar.
Sinna mi terbeḥ tamarikanit Lisa Raymond, tačikit Zuzana Ondrášková, takṛuatit Ivana Lisjak, tizraelit Shahar Peer, texṣer deg 1/4 n Roland Garros zdat tabeligit, tis nat deg umaḍan, Kim Clijsters.
Tuɣal ɣer Wimbledon 5 iseggasen si tikkelt taneggarut, tarbaḥ Olga Savchuk, Tathiana Garbin maca teɣli di ddurt tis kṛaḍ zdat tajapunit Ai Sugiyama.
Di tedwilin n Marikan texṣer deg 1/4 di San Diego zdat daɣen n Kim Clijsters. Tewweḍ ɣer tagara di Montreal, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad kcem ɣer 10 timezwura deg ubellez umaḍan.
Deg US Open texṣer di ddurt tisnat zdat tafṛansit Razzano.
Di tedwilin n Asia, tewwi tadwilt n Kalkuta zdat Pučkuva, tṛuḥ ssin ɣer seoul anda texṣer di dduṛt tisnat zdat Sania Mirza.
Martina tessaweḍ ad tekki deg Msters n Madrid, acku tuɣalin ines d tin i igarzen s waṭas, maca tuzgad deg aggay awṛaɣ, anda tella Ameli Muresmo, Nadia Petṛuva d Justine Henin texṣer zdat Henin d Muresmo, maca tarbaḥ Nadia Petṛuva di temlilit tis kṛaḍ.
Ass wis Kuz Yennayer 2008, tettwaḥbes seg urar azal n sin iseggasen sɣur amqun agraɣlan n Tennis, ɣas akken Martina teḥbes urar m'akken kan tesla ɣef wenɣad ines umdig, ITF tekssa-s arazen d tedrimt itebwi seg Wimbledon 2007. M-ad Maṛtina teḥbes urar n Tennis i tikelt taneggarut.
Yusef Ɛabdi Yusef Ɛabdi
Yusef Ɛabdi d yiwen sen inadallen n tmurt n Usṭralya.
Ilul deg was n 7 dujamber 1977 deg Iɛeẓẓugen di Tmurt n Leqbayel.
Tamezzugt-is d 3000 lmitrat.
Deg useggas n 2012, ad ittekki deg Uraren ulempiyen di London di tmurt n Legliz.
Usṭralya Usṭralya
Ustṛalya neɣ Ostṛalya d yiwet si Tmura n umaḍal.
Tamanaɣt ines d Canberra. Zeddɣen-tt kra n 22 imelyunen n yimdanen
Tamanaɣt Tamanaɣt
Tamanaɣt neɣ tamaẓunt d tamdint anda yetteg udabu tadbelt n tmurt.
S tlatinit, tamanaɣt qaren-as "caput", anamek-is: aqerru.Rekku n uɣesmar Rekku n uɣesmar
Rekku n uɣesmar d aṭṭan ig ttaɣen iɣes umi neqqar Aɣesmar si tama n ufella d tin bwadda. Tifidiwin d rekku n yiɣes ttasend seg seqsef (lexṣas) n idammen di tama uɣesmar. Lehlak agi at narnu ɣer tagayt n rekku n yeɣsan id ittasen seg lexṣas idammen.
Llant aṭas n talɣiwin n rekku n yiɣes uɣesmar ig ttugelmen di 160 isegwasen iɛeddan.
Talɣa yettwasnen si zik, d tin id ismentes ttawil n "phosphore acebḥan", tettwassen ɣur Legyiz s yisem n "Phossy jaw" tettwabgen-ed di timidi tis "XIX" d tazwara n tis "XX" sɣur ixeddamen n zalamiṭ s ufus. Assagi s umennuɣ anmali ad naf d akken aseqdec n "phosphore acebḥan" yettwasenfel (yettwabeddel) s "uzegwaɣ" iwakken ad sseḥbibren ɣef ixeddamen marra.
Ttawil n Radium daɣen yella d sebba n waṭṭan n Rekku uɣesmar yufat-id i tikelt tamezwarut Dr H.S. Martland asegwas 1924 Radium jaw (Aɣusmar n radium), imi tixeddamin n tarmisin yesseqdacen taklut n radium cetkant ɣef uqraḥ n tuɣmas d uɣesmar, ak-d lǧarḥ deg uksum n tuɣmas, kra isegwasen akkin at id eḍfer Tigẓelt ẓẓayen n yiɣes (Ostéosarcome).
Isegwasen agi ineggura, aṭṭan agi yarna ɣur imdanen isseqdacen s waṭas ttawil n "bisphosphonates" iwakken ad dawin aṭṭan n uxenzir.
Imdanen yuḍnen Rekku n uɣesmar zemren ad sɛun rekku deg adif n yeɣsan nsen ig llan ttwaxenqen imi xuṣṣenAzawax Azawax
Azawaɣ neɣ Azawax neɣ Uska d aydi yettidiren di tama n Tefriqt ugafa, yekka-d yisem-is seg wawal amaziɣ "Azewwaɣ" (ayen yennumken: win yettzuxun acku talmest-a n yiṭan d win irán (iḥemmlen) ad isken iman-is). yettidir deg uneẓruf ameqran n tefriqt ugafa, ɣur itargiyen deg tmura n Mali, Nnijer, Burkina fasu yakk d unẓul n Lezzayer
Yella di temnaṭ n Saḥel "anẓul tefriqt ugafa" si zik, iban-d di Tuṛuft deg iseggasen n 1970. Aseggas 1981, amqun agraɣlan n teɣri n iqejjan (FCI) tga azal i y Iri Azawax.
Di tdra, Aqjun-agi yella yettwaxdem i wegmer, arured ines iwulem iw ḍfer n waniren d yefrax. Ccbaḥa ines teǧǧat daɣen ad yili d aywal n tamunt.
Isem "Azawax" yekk-ad seg tmaziɣt "azuwax" yellan di teqbaylit.
Fsus yerna d amegraw, d aywal izemren ad yaɛzel iman-is, abeɛda ɣef ibaṛṛaniyen. ur yettqellib ara ɣef usilef. D addfut yarna d apelfaf, ilaq-as usaɣad aṣebri
Amafag n Lien Khuong Amafag n Lien Khuong
Tikubaniyin i tsawin-tserran ar unafag n Lien Khuong:
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Titanik Titanik
RMS Tiṭanik d yiwen n lbabuṛ Abriṭani (agyizi)n White Star Line, yebna s tmenna n Joseph Bruce Ismay asegwas 1907 sɣur Thomas Andrews i ixedmen ɣer Harland & Wolff. Lebni n lbabuṛ tebda aseggas 1909 di temdint n Belfast, tekfa aseggas 1912.
D netta i d lbabuṛ ameqqṛan yettwabnan di ddunit merra, yettekka ɣer classe Olympik akked sin seg sister-ships, Olympik d Briṭanik.
Di tufɣa-yines tamezwarut, tiṭanik, yewwet yiwen weẓru n wegris ass n 14 Yebrir 1912 ɣef 23 h 40, yeɣreq azekkayen 15 Yebrir 2 h 20 di Terre-Neuve.Thanh Hoa Thanh Hoa
Thanh Hoa d tamanaɣt n tmurt n Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. Tettwassen s isem n temdint n tafat.
Polandball Polandball
Polandball anamek: ddabex apuluni, yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n countryball, d agbur i d-yessukkus umseqdac internet meme i d-yekkan seg /int/ board n German imageboard Krautchan.net agraw n tugniwin di tmurt talmanit, taggara n useggas 2009. meme agi yettban-d deg aṭas n taffiwin n isefka. Aɣanib n tesfift tunuɣt yezmer asensemmi Polandball (ɣas akken ulac tapulunit deg unuɣen imrayen)
Polandball yewwi-d aẓar-is di ɣuct 2009 "cyberwar": ṭrad iẓeḍwan ger imseqdacen n internet ipuluniyen d wid umaḍan merra deg asmel drawball.com, asmelweb i yefkan ahlis abeckil yeǧǧan imseqdacen ad unuɣen ayen isen yehwan, tikti tusa-d anda ad sleqdeḍ asenǧaq n tmurt Tapulunit ɣer ddabex, ayen yeǧǧan agimen n yipuluniyen ad arzun ɣer internet iwakken ad ṭfen unuɣ s yini acebḥan, s ufella-s azegwaɣ, yura deg-s POLSKA di tlemmast.
Krautchan.net d "imageboard" tafelwit tugniwin s tmeslayt talmanit anida /INT/ board (tafelwit) rezzun-d ɣur-s wid yettmeslayen s tegyizit. Tazwara n Polandball meme d ayla n Falco, yiwen wegyizi n /INT/, i d-yesnulfan di Ctamber 2009 meme isseqdacen MS Paint s tɣara n tsartit i troll Wojak, yiwen upuluni di tfelwit (board) nni yettekka s yiwet n tegyizit ixewḍen, sin akkin irusiyen sunɣen Polandball s wunuɣen imrayen.
Iswi n Pollandball, d asegnes n tmurt tapulunit d umezruy-ines, assaɣen ines d tmura nniḍen. Meme agi yewwi-d taɣerfant seg-mi id ɣli Ṛṛupyan tmurt tapulunit anda yemmut uselway n tigduda Lech Kaczyński, tamurt tapulunit tettwaru s uzegwaɣ yef ucebḥan, d asenǧaq tmurt s-uzyag, di tagara n unuɣ amray tamurt tettru.
Kra n wunuɣen Polland ball iswi nsen d akken tamurt n arruss tezmer ad tali s igenni ma d Tapulunt ur tezmir ara, yiwen s unuɣen imrayen Pollandball yettwasnen yemmaled d akken amaḍal ad tyewwet yiwen weẓru ameqqṛan. Timura yark izemren iyiman-nsent ad rewlent s igenni ad ttezzin ɣef umaḍal (akal), di tagara n unuɣ amray Tapulunt teqqimed deg akal tettru.
Pollandball yezmer daɣen ad yili n tmura nniḍen umaḍan, ɣas akken isem-nsent yeqqim d Pollandball, neɣ country ball s unamek n ddabex tmura, aṭas n tmura i wum-id snulfan Pollandball nsent Marikan, Serbya,Kaṭlunya,Singapur ... d wiyaḍ, am akken tzemrem ad twalim di tugna yagi, ula d Tamazɣa tesɛa Pollandball ines.
Meryl Streep Meryl Streep
Mary Louise Streep, tlul ass n 22 yunyu 1949 di Summit awanak n New Jesey, d tasnegbart tamarikanit. ɣer waṭas n medden, d Meryl i d tasnebgart tameqqṛant di tallit tafrart, yella-d yisem-is azal n 17 n tikal deg arazen "Oscars" zdat Katharine Hepburn, tebwi araz agi 3 kṛaḍ n tikal, isegwasen n 1980,1983 d 2012.
Deg asarug, deg umezgun d tiliẓri turar aṭas n temliltin, am di "Kramer and Kramer" aseggas n 1979 anda turar d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Dustin Hoffman, asaru i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi "Oscar" n temlilt wis sin iten-t yifen. Timliltin ines nniḍen igarzen d tid n Out of Africa, anda tella d tamyarut Karen Blixen ɣer tama n Robert Redford d "Sophie's Choice" (sɣuṛ ungal n William Styron) anda turar tameṭṭut ijaṛben imḍiqen n lmut di ṭṛad n umaḍal tisnat, ayen itt yeǧǧan tikelt-a ad tawi Oscar n tesnegbart usegwas 1983.
Deg usaru "A Cry in the Dark" n Fred Cepisi tewwi araz di cannes/fṛansa asegwas n 1989. Turar d tameṭṭut n wexxam i yeɣlin di tayri ɣef yiwen umseknaw deg usaru "The Bridges of Madison County" ɣer tama n Clint Eastwood aseggas 1995, daɣen deg usaru "The Hours" ɣer tama n Nicole Kidman d Julianne Moore, iseggasen agi ineggura turar deg "The Devil Wears Prada" aked "Mamma Mia" !. Asegwas n 2012 tebwi araz n "Oscar" tesnebgart useggas i tikkelt tis kṛaḍ ɣef usaru "La Dame de fer" anda turar taneɣlaft tamezwarut n Lengliz Margaret Taččer
Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe, s yisem-is unṣib Norma Jeane Mortenson neɣ Norma Jeane Baker amaken yella di Nekwa-s, d tasnebgart d tacennayt tamarikanit, ilulen ass n umenzu n yunyu 1926 deg Los Angels awanak n Kalifornia, yemmuten ass n 5 ɣuct aseggas n 1962 di temdint-a.
Tella di tazwara tqeddec am teknart, seg-mi i tt-iwala Howard Hughes is-yefkan tagnitt ad tezmel agatu akked 20th Centrury Fox aseggas 1947. Di tezwara n isegwasen 50 tuɣal d itri n Hollywood/Hulywuud, isura it urar yesɛan tarennawet tameqqṛant d wid n "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", "The Seven Year Itch" d "Some Like It Hot" i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi arazn Golden Globe n tesnabgart usegwas n 1960.
Ɣas akken tettwasen nezzah, maca tudert-is tuqel d abrir, ma ad amecwaṛ-ines yeǧǧa-tt yal ass ur tesgiwen. Ar assa amentel n lmut ines mazal fella-s awal: tenɣa iman-is s yisufar neɣ d amenɣi aserti.
Aseggas n 1999 "American Film Institute" rran-tt d tasnebgart tameqqṛant tis setta tamarikanit n yal tallit deg ubellez "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 stars" AFI's 100 isegwasen ... 100 yitran.
Richard Dean Anderson Richard Dean Anderson
Richard Dean Anderson Ricaṛ Din Anderṣun d asnebgar amarikani, ilul ass n 23 Yennayer aseggas 1950 di Minneapolis, awanak n Minnesota. Yettwassen aladɣa ɣef wurar-ines deg imazraren n tiliẓri MacGyver (1985-1994) d win n Stargate SG-1 (Tabwurt s itran) ger (1997-2007).
Phan Thiet Phan Thiet
Phan Thiet d tamanaɣt n tmurt n Phan Thiet, Vietnam. Tettwassen s isem n temdint n tafat.
Buôn Ma Thuột Buôn Ma Thuột
Tamanaɣt n tmurt n Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam. Tettwassen s yisem n temdint n lqehwa.
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein
"Albert Einstein" d ussnan asengam amezray yellan di tazwara d almani, sinna mebla tamurt (1896), d aswisit (1901), sinna di tagara yarna-d taɣlent tamarikanit (1940). Ilul ass n 14 Meɣres 1879 di temdint n Ulm, Wutemberg, yemmut ass n 18 Yebrir 1955 di Prinston, New Jersey.
Yessufeɣ-d tiẓrit-is ɣef timasseɣt takreft di 1905 akk tiẓritis af timasseɣt tumat di 1915.
Hande Yener Hande Yener
Hande Yener isem-is unṣib d Makbule Hande Özyener (tlul ass 12 yennayer 1973 di Istambul) tacennayt n pop.
Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauss neɣ (Yettwabdar: "Kaɣl Fxedxic Gawss", Imesli: , ilul ass n 30 Yebrir aseggas n 1777 di Brunswick, yemmut ass n 23 di Fuṛaṛ useggas n 1855 di Guttingen. Yella d amusnak ameqqran, d amesnallum u d amussnagamaw. Ila (Yesɛa) tasmedna tameqqrant, yewwi-d tummutin yesɛan azal s waṭas di tusniwin agi i d-nebder (nuder) qqaren-as "Ageldun n tusnakt", D yiwen seg imusnaken imeqqranen n yal akud.
Taɣara n leqdic ines d tin yesɛan azal meqqren ger aziten-ines, seg useggas 1856, agellid n Hanovre yexdem iderimen s tugna n Gauss ɣef udem nsent, yura fellas "Mathematicorum Principi : Ageldun n tusnakt" s tlatinit. Gauss yessufɣed ala ammur amecṭuḥ n leqdic ines, alarmi d aseggas n 1898 nada i yufan yark ayen yura s umata, ayagi yeǧǧa-t ad yernu n wazal-is di tussna.
C. G. Fleckeisen, Helmstadii (Helmstedt), 1799 ;
F. Perthes und I. H. Besser, Hamburgi (Hamburg) 1809 ; , p. 1–261.
tasuqilt. par Edmond Dubois, éd. Arthus Bertrand, 1864 ; reprint, Jacques Gabay, 2008, ;
Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n "Bento de Espinosa" neɣ "Benedictus de Spinoza", ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di Den Haag. Yella d amesnagay n Tmurt n Wadda uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen.
Tazalɣi Copley Tazalɣi Copley
Tazalɣi Copley d yiwen waraz deg taɣult n tussna. D tazzlɣi yesɛan azal ameqṛan sɣuṛ Royal Society (Londres), d nettat id taqbuṛt ark, tellas i tikkelt tamenzut aseggas n 1731.
Tazalɣi-yagi tennulfa-d seg-mi i yefka Mass Godfrey Copley i Royal Society 100 £ aseggas n 1709, Mass Copley d yiwen umaṛkanti yesɛan tamurt di Doncaster deg unẓul n Yorkshire, yuɣal y ufren d amaslad n tmetti-yagi aseggas n 1691.
D yiwet ger mraw n tzalɣiwin it ttak Royal Society, kra yuɣal semmet. Tazalɣi Copley ttaken-tt di tsengama, d Tussna n tudert.Ben Tre Ben Tre
Tamanaɣt n tmurt n Ben Tre, Vietnam. Tettwassen s isem n temdint n tafat.
Mulay Muḥend (Muḥend n Ɛabdel Krim Lxeṭṭabi) Mulay Muḥend (Muḥend n Ɛabdel Krim Lxeṭṭabi)
Mulay Muḥend d anzbay amaziɣ d amerruki si temnaṭ n Arif. D aselway n tgduda n arif gar useggwas 1921 d 1926. imnaɣ akked Spenyul d Fransa. g-inas assaɣ n izem n Arrif g-int d agledun imjahden yugi ad yili d agellid n arif. Mamek yugi ad yilli d lxalif n inselmen.
Ilul deg tamdint n Ajdir deg useggwas n 1882. Yelmed af ufus n baba-s ikemmel tiɣri-s g uɣerbaz n ṣfarin d craṭin di Fas. Yuɣal-d ɣer Fas d akabar seg baba-s ssulṭan Ɛebdelaḥfiḍ iwsisfiw n umenɣi akked Bu Teɣyult ( bu ḥmara)
Isbedd Mulay Muḥend deg wass n 18 Ctember 1921. Tagduda taɛṣrit s Dustur D lbrlaman. Asmi ggin Imezdaɣ n Arrif tagrawla mgal Spenyul.Tamaneɣt-is Ajdir Tadrimt nns Rifan Tafugla Tanamurt ass n 18 Ctamber . Di tira s Taɛṛabt semman-as « Jumhuria Errifiya », ma Irifiyen ddmen awal nni n Spenyul, rran-t d assaɣ ( isem) Amaziɣ: « Ribublik n Arif ».
Ur illa imir nni wawal n « ribublik » di Tmaziɣt Tarifit, awalnni nessen ass-a : tgduda n arif .
Awal-nni s timmad-si ifra tamsalt tameqrant. Ur tella d tagelda i –id-ilulen seg idurar n Arrif. Abrid ibṛez, yenjeṛ yesuffeɣ: tegduda n Arrif i-d-ilulen seg iẓuran n tmurt, si teqbilin akken llant. Adabu i-d ilulen yusa-d si teqbilin n tmurt, seg iɣerman akked tzeɣwa n tmurt n Arrif.
Deg useggwas 1926 ar 1947 yenfa Muḥend Abdelkrim ɣer tegzirt n La Réunion, azal n 9000 km akkin deg ilel n Lhend.
Isuter acḥal n tikkal ḥuma. ad yeffeɣ si tmurt-nni.
Yemmut Mulay Muḥend di Taqahirt (Maṣer) deg wass n 6 Yebrir 1963. Yemḍel di temeqrebt n Ccuhada dinna.
Genzat Genzat
Genzat tella d yiwet taɣiwant i tezga-d deg ugafa n ugezdu n Sṭif. Imezdaɣ-ines d Iqbayliyen, nemgal tiɣiwanin am Bugɛa, mazal-iten ittmeslayen gar-asen s teqbyalit kan ar ass-ayi.
Tazazat Tazazat
Tazazat d isem ay ssexdamen i snat n tutlayin yettemcabin mliḥ, ttmeslayen-tent wazal n 3 n yimelyunen n yemdanen di tama-nni n Asya umi qqaren Tturk.
Hindi Zahṛa Hindi Zahṛa
Hindi Zahṛa d yiwet n tcennayt Tamaziɣt tameqqṛant, tlul aseggas n 1979 di Xuribga Tamurt n Meṛṛuk, tettidir di Fṛansa seg useggas 1993, tcennu s tutlayt Taglizit d Tmaziɣt/Tacelḥit.
Aseggas n 2010 tessufeɣ-d Hindi Zahṛa aḍebsi-yines amenzu "Handmade" i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi araz Constantin 12 Nunber 2010, .
Ass n tza di Fuṛaṛ useggas 2011 tewwi ayen umi qqaren "Victoires de la musique" Aḍebsi i d-yufraren di Cna Umaḍal "Handmade".
Amawal Amawal
Amawal d adlis anida llan awalen n tutlayt neɣ taɣult n urmud, awalen ttmizwaren-d akken i-d-mmizwaren isekkilen ugemmay, yal yiwen yid-s tabadut, asegzi d unamek ines.
llan aṭas imawalen di yal amḍiq n tussna, dɣa ad naf ula s teqbaylit neɣ s tmaziɣt s-umata, aṭas n imawalen i-d-yufraren, gar-asen: