diff --git a/src/empirical/varioplane.jl b/src/empirical/varioplane.jl
index 1f25ce1..7e00a84 100644
--- a/src/empirical/varioplane.jl
+++ b/src/empirical/varioplane.jl
@@ -43,22 +43,22 @@ function EmpiricalVarioplane(
     planes = [data]
     u, v = Vec(1.0, 0.0), Vec(0.0, 1.0)
   elseif Dim == 3
-    planes = partition(rng, data, PlanePartition(normal, tol=ptol))
+    subset = partition(rng, data, PlanePartition(normal, tol=ptol))
+    planes = collect(subset)
     u, v = householderbasis(normal)
   else
     @error "varioplane only supported in 2D or 3D"
   end
 
   # loop over half of the plane
-  θs = range(0, stop=π, length=nangs)
+  θs = collect(range(0, stop=π, length=nangs))
   γs = map(θs) do θ
     dir = DirectionPartition(cos(θ) * u + sin(θ) * v, tol=dtol)
-
     γ(plane) = EmpiricalVariogram(partition(rng, plane, dir), var₁, var₂; kwargs...)
-    tmapreduce(γ, merge, collect(planes))
+    tmapreduce(γ, merge, planes)
   end
 
-  EmpiricalVarioplane(collect(θs), γs)
+  EmpiricalVarioplane(θs, γs)
 end
 
 # -----------