diff --git a/intro_to_command_line/README.md b/intro_to_command_line/README.md index 3d9a2c066f6..b991c45ae47 100644 --- a/intro_to_command_line/README.md +++ b/intro_to_command_line/README.md @@ -1,73 +1,246 @@ -# Introduction to Command Line +# Introduction to the command-line interface -## What is command line? +Huh, it's exciting, right?! You'll write your first line of code in just a few minutes :) -The following steps will show you how to use the black window all hackers use. It might look a bit scary at first, but really, it is just a prompt, waiting for commands from you. +__Let us introduce you to your first new friend: the command line!__ -The window, which is usually called the *command line*, is a text-based application for viewing, handling and manipulating files on your computer (much like e.g. Windows Explorer or Finder on Mac, but without the graphical interface). Other names for the command line are: *cmd*, *prompt*, *console* or *terminal*. +The following steps will show you how to use the black window all hackers use. It might look a bit scary at first but really it's just a prompt waiting for commands from you. -Each operating system has a slightly different set of commands for the command line. Here is a summary of some useful commands: +## What is the command line? -| Command (Windows) | Command (Mac OS / Linux) | Description | Example| -| ------------- |-----------|-------------| -----| -| exit | exit | close the window | **exit** | -| cd | cd | change directory | **cd test** | -| dir | ls |list directories/files | **dir** | -| copy | cp | copy file | **copy c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt** | -| move | mv | move file | **move c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt** | -| mkdir | mkdir | create a new directory | **mkdir testdirectory** | -|del | rm | delete a directory/file | **del c:\test\test.txt** +The window, which is usually called the __command line__ or __command-line interface__, is a text-based application for viewing, handling and manipulating files on your computer (much like e.g. Windows Explorer or Finder on Mac, but without the graphical interface). Other names for the command line are: *cmd*, *CLI*, *prompt*, *console* or *terminal*. -These are just a very few of the commands you can run in your command line. To learn more about them, check out the **Further Information** section below. +## Open the command-line interface -[ss64.com](http://ss64.com) contains a complete reference of commands for all operating systems. +To start some experiments we need to open our command-line interface first. -## Useful shortcuts +### Windows -* **Up arrow** - rerun previous commands. You can avoid typing the same commands again and again by using the up arrow key to cycle through recently used commands. +Go to Start menu → All Programs → Accessories → Command Prompt. -* **Tab key** - the tab key autocompletes directory and file names. For example, if you type `dir t` and then use `TAB`, the command line will try to match this to existing files in your current directory and autocomplete the name for you. Meaning, if your directory contains a file called `test.txt`, typing `dir t` and `TAB` will autocomplete to `dir test.txt`. +### Mac OS X -## Further information on some of the above commands +Applications → Utilities → Terminal. -* **exit** - closes your command prompt. This makes sense, right? No need to explain too much... +### Linux -* **cd** - allows you to go to another directory. To go to a directory contained within your current directory, type `cd subdirectory` (where you replace subdirectory with the name of the directory you want to go to) and press enter. +It's probably under Applications → Accessories → Terminal, but that may depend on your version system. If it's not there, just Google it :) -**For example:** let's say you are in a directory called `c:\test` with three sub-directories: `documents`, `photos` and `music`. +## Prompt - c - └───test - documents - photos - music +You know should see a white or black window that is waiting for your commands. -To go from `test` to the `documents` subdirectory, simply type `cd documents` and press enter. You are now in `c:\test\documents`. +If you're on Mac or Linux, you probably see `$`, just like this: -To move back to the `c:\test` directory (or generally, to move 'up' one level), type `cd ..` (`cd` followed by two full stops). + $ +On Windows, it's a `>` sign, like this: -* **dir** (Windows) / **ls** (others) - lists files and directories located in your current directory. If you type `dir` or `ls`, respectively, you will see the contents of the directory you're currently in. -Note that for some commands you can use the `*` (asterisk) symbol, which stands for *all* and is often called a *wildcard*. With this in mind, try typing `dir *.txt` for Windows or `ls *.txt` for other OS to only list files that end with `.txt`. + > +Each command will be prepended by this and one space, but you don't have to type it. Your computer will do it for you :) -* **copy** (Windows) / **cp** (others) - allows you to copy files from one location to another. To use this command, type `copy sourcefile targetfile` (where sourcefile is the name/path of the file you want to copy, and targetfile is the name you want to give to the copy you are creating). +> Just a small note: in your case there maybe something like `C:\Users\ola>` or `Olas-MacBook-Air:~ ola$` before the prompt sign and that's 100% correct. In this tutorial we will just simplify it to the bare minimum. -**For example**: if you have the file `c:\test\test.txt` and you would like to create a copy at `c:\windows\test.txt`, type: +## Your first command! \o/ - copy c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt +Let's start with something simple. Type this command: + $ whoami -* **move** (Windows) / **mv** (others) - allows you to move files from one location to another. The syntax you use is the same as for the `copy`/`cp` command. +or + > whoami -* **mkdir** - allows you to create a new directory. For example, `mkdir temp` creates a new directory called `temp` in the current directory. +And then hit Enter. This is our result: + $ whoami + olasitarska -* **del** (Windows) / **rm** (others) - allows you to delete the specified file. For example, `del test.txt` deletes the `test.txt` file from the current directory. **!!!ATTENTION!!!** Deleting files using `del` or `rm` is irrecoverable, meaning _deleted files will be gone forever_! So, be very careful with this command. +As you can see, the computer just presented you your username. Neat, huh?:) +> Try to type each command, do not copy paste. You'll remember more this way! +## Basics +Each operating system has a slightly different set of commands for the command line, so make sure to follow instructions for your operating system. Let's try this, shall we? +### Current directory +It'd be nice to know where are we now, right? Let's see. Type this command and hit enter: + $ pwd + /Users/olasitarska + +If you're on Windows: + + > cd + C:\Users\olasitarska + +You'll probably see something similiar on your machine. Once you open the command line you usually start at your user's home directory. + +--- + +### List files and directories + +What's in it? It'd be cool to find out. Let's see: + + $ ls + Applications + Desktop + Downloads + Music + ... + + Windows: + + > dir + Directory of C:\Users\olasitarska + 05/08/2014 07:28 PM Applications + 05/08/2014 07:28 PM Desktop + 05/08/2014 07:28 PM Downloads + 05/08/2014 07:28 PM Music + ... + +--- + +### Change current directory + +Maybe we can now go to our Desktop directory? + + $ cd Desktop + +Windows: + + > cd Desktop + +Check if it's really changed: + + $ pwd + /Users/olasitarska/Desktop + +Windows: + + > cd + C:\Users\olasitarska\Desktop + +Here it is! + +> PRO tip: if you type `cd D` and then hit `tab` on your keyboard, the command line will automatically autofill the rest of the name so you can navigate faster. If there is more than one folder starting with "D", hit the `tab` button twice to get a list of options. + +--- + +### Create directory + +How about creating a Django Girls directory on your desktop? You can do it this way: + + $ mkdir djangogirls + +Windows: + + > mkdir djangogirls + +This little command will create a folder with the name `djangogirls` on your desktop. You can check if it's there just by looking on your Desktop or by running a `ls`/`dir` command! Try it :) + +> PRO tip: If you don't want to type the same commands over and over, try pressing the `up arrow` and `down arrow` on your keyboard to cycle through recently used commands. + +--- + +### Exercise! + +Small challenge for you: in your newly created `djangogirls` directory create a directory called `test`. Use `cd` and `mkdir` commands. + +#### Solution: + + $ cd djangogirls + $ mkdir test + $ ls + test + +Windows: + + > cd djangogirls + > mkdir test + > dir + 05/08/2014 07:28 PM test + +Congrats! :) + +--- + +### Clean up + +We don't want to leave a mess, so let's remove everything we did until that point. + +First, we need to get back to Desktop: + + $ cd .. + +Windows: + + > cd .. + +Making `cd` to `..` will change your current directory to the parent directory (which means the directory that contain your current directory). + +Check where you are: + + $ pwd + /Users/olasitarska/Desktop + +Windows: + + > cd + C:\Users\olasitarska\Desktop + +Now time to delete the `djangogirls` directory: + + $ rm -r djangogirls + +Windows: + + > rmdir /S djangogirls + djangogirls, Are you sure ? Y + +Done! To be sure it's actually deleted, let's check it: + + $ ls + +Windows: + + > dir + +> __Attention__: Deleting files using `del`, `rmdir` or `rm` is irrecoverable, meaning _deleted files will be gone forever_! So, be very careful with this command. + +### Exit + +That's it for now! You can safely close the command line now. Let's do it the hacker way, all right?:) + + $ exit + +Windows: + + > exit + +Cool, huh?:) + +## Summary + + Here is a summary of some useful commands: + +| Command (Windows) | Command (Mac OS / Linux) | Description | Example | +| ----------------- | ------------------------ | ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | +| exit | exit | close the window | **exit** | +| cd | cd | change directory | **cd test** | +| dir | ls | list directories/files | **dir** | +| copy | cp | copy file | **copy c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt** | +| move | mv | move file | **move c:\test\test.txt c:\windows\test.txt** | +| mkdir | mkdir | create a new directory | **mkdir testdirectory** | +|del | rm | delete a directory/file | **del c:\test\test.txt** | + +These are just a very few of the commands you can run in your command line but you're not going to use anything more than that today. + +If you're curious, [ss64.com](http://ss64.com) contains a complete reference of commands for all operating systems. + +## Ready? + +Let's dive into Python! diff --git a/python_installation/README.md b/python_installation/README.md index b27a34f2e55..4cfb9122833 100644 --- a/python_installation/README.md +++ b/python_installation/README.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Let’s start with Python -Huh, it's exciting, right?! You'll write your first line of code in just a few minutes! +We're finally here! But first, let us tell you what Python is. Python is a very popular programming language that can be used for creating websites, games, scientific software, graphics and much, much more. diff --git a/python_introduction/README.md b/python_introduction/README.md index 3da46a48fc8..dc63e61b9b9 100644 --- a/python_introduction/README.md +++ b/python_introduction/README.md @@ -6,24 +6,11 @@ Let's write some code! ## Python prompt -To start playing with Python, we need to open up a *prompt* on your computer. How you get there depends on the operating system but once it's open, everything is equal. +To start playing with Python, we need to open up a *command line* on your computer. You should have already knew how to do that -- you have learned it in the [Intro to Command Line](/intro_to_command_line/README.html) chapter. -### Windows +Once you're ready, follow the instructions below. -On Windows you need to go to Start menu → All Programs → Accessories → Command Prompt. - -A window should pop up on your screen. This window is a prompt, waiting for commands from you. We want to open up a Python console, so type in `python3` and hit Enter. - - C:\Users\Name> python3 - Python 3.4.1 (...) - Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. - >>> - -### Linux and OS X - -On Mac OS X you can do this by launching the `Terminal` application (it's in Applications → Utilities). On Linux, it's probably under Applications → Accessories → Terminal. - -A window should pop up on your screen. This window is a prompt, waiting for commands from you. We want to open up a Python console, so type in `python3` and hit Enter. +We want to open up a Python console, so type in `python3` and hit Enter. $ python3 Python 3.4.1 (...)