diff --git a/.buildkite/distributed/pipeline.yml b/.buildkite/distributed/pipeline.yml
index c8a2a15a63..0c06cbb02f 100644
--- a/.buildkite/distributed/pipeline.yml
+++ b/.buildkite/distributed/pipeline.yml
@@ -3,34 +3,26 @@ agents:
   slurm_mem: 8G
   modules: climacommon/2024_05_27
 
-
 env:
   JULIA_LOAD_PATH: "${JULIA_LOAD_PATH}:${BUILDKITE_BUILD_CHECKOUT_PATH}/.buildkite/distributed"
   OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS: 1
+  JULIA_PKG_SERVER_REGISTRY_PREFERENCE: eager
+  JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS: 8
+  JULIA_NUM_THREADS: 8
   OMPI_MCA_opal_warn_on_missing_libcuda: 0
 
 steps:
   - label: "initialize"
     key: "init_central"
+    env:
+      TEST_GROUP: "init"
     command:
       - echo "--- Instantiate project"
-      - "julia --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.instantiate(;verbose=true); Pkg.precompile(;strict=true)'"
-      # force the initialization of the CUDA runtime as it is lazily loaded by default
-      - "julia --project -e 'using CUDA; CUDA.precompile_runtime(); CUDA.versioninfo()'"
-      - "julia --project -e 'using MPI; MPI.versioninfo()'"
-      # Download artifacts by running an empty testgroup and thereby executing /test/runtests.jl
       - "julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test()'"
-
-      - echo "--- Instantiate status"
-      - "julia --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.status()'"
-
     agents:
       slurm_mem: 120G
       slurm_gpus: 1
       slurm_cpus_per_task: 8
-    env:
-      JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS: 8
-      TEST_GROUP: "init"
 
   - wait
 
@@ -54,6 +46,11 @@ steps:
       slurm_mem: 120G
       slurm_ntasks: 4
       slurm_gpus_per_task: 1
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
+
 
   - label: "🦾 cpu distributed solvers tests"
     key: "distributed_solvers_cpu"
@@ -75,6 +72,10 @@ steps:
       slurm_mem: 120G
       slurm_ntasks: 4
       slurm_gpus_per_task: 1
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
 
   - label: "🤺 cpu distributed hydrostatic model tests"
     key: "distributed_hydrostatic_model_cpu"
@@ -96,6 +97,10 @@ steps:
       slurm_mem: 120G
       slurm_ntasks: 4
       slurm_gpus_per_task: 1
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
 
   - label: "🦍 cpu distributed nonhydrostatic regression"
     key: "distributed_nonhydrostatic_regression_cpu"
@@ -117,6 +122,10 @@ steps:
       slurm_mem: 120G
       slurm_ntasks: 4
       slurm_gpus_per_task: 1
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
 
   - wait
 
@@ -125,3 +134,4 @@ steps:
       - "build_history staging"
     artifact_paths:
       - "build_history.html"
+
diff --git a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
index 39b8aef54e..b9a4fdf725 100644
--- a/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
+++ b/.buildkite/pipeline.yml
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ env:
   SVERDRUP_HOME: "/data5/glwagner"
   TARTARUS_HOME: "/storage5/buildkite-agent"
   JULIA_PKG_SERVER_REGISTRY_PREFERENCE: eager
+  JULIA_NUM_PRECOMPILE_TASKS: 8
+  JULIA_NUM_THREADS: 8
 
 steps:
   - label: "🎪 initialize gpu environment"
@@ -15,17 +17,6 @@ steps:
       # Download julia binaries
       - "wget -N -P $SVERDRUP_HOME https://julialang-s3.julialang.org/bin/linux/x64/$JULIA_MINOR_VERSION/julia-$JULIA_VERSION-linux-x86_64.tar.gz"
       - "tar xf $SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C $SVERDRUP_HOME"
-
-      # Instantiate and precompile
-      - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.instantiate(; verbose=true)'"
-      - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.build()'"
-      - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.precompile()'"
-      - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.status()'"
-
-      # Force the initialization of the CUDA runtime as it is lazily loaded by default
-      - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using CUDA; try CUDA.versioninfo(); catch; end'"
-
-      # Download artifacts by running an empty testgroup and thereby executing /test/runtests.jl
       - "$SVERDRUP_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test()'"
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
@@ -36,22 +27,14 @@ steps:
     env:
       JULIA_DEPOT_PATH: "$TARTARUS_HOME/.julia-$BUILDKITE_BUILD_NUMBER"
       TEST_GROUP: "init"
-      CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: "-1"
+      CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES: "0"
       JULIA_BINDIR: "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin"
       TMPDIR: "$TARTARUS_HOME/tmp"
     commands:
       # Download julia binaries
       - "wget -N -P $TARTARUS_HOME https://julialang-s3.julialang.org/bin/linux/x64/$JULIA_MINOR_VERSION/julia-$JULIA_VERSION-linux-x86_64.tar.gz"
       - "tar xf $TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C $TARTARUS_HOME"
-
-      # Instantiate, precompile, and download artifacts by running an empty testgroup and thereby executing /test/runtests.jl
-      - "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.instantiate(; verbose=true)'"
-      - "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.precompile()'"
-      - "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.status()'"
       - "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test()'"
-
-      # Set up the mpiexecjl command
-      - "$TARTARUS_HOME/julia-$JULIA_VERSION/bin/julia -O0 --color=yes --project -e 'using MPI; MPI.install_mpiexecjl()'"
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
@@ -69,6 +52,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🐇 cpu unit tests"
@@ -81,6 +68,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -96,6 +87,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🕊️ cpu poisson solver tests 1"
@@ -108,6 +103,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
   - label: "🦖 gpu poisson solver tests 2"
@@ -119,6 +118,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦕 cpu poisson solver tests 2"
@@ -131,6 +134,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
   - label: "🌷 gpu matrix poisson solver tests"
@@ -142,6 +149,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🌹 cpu matrix poisson solver tests"
@@ -154,6 +165,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
   - label: "🦤 gpu general solver tests"
@@ -165,6 +180,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦃 cpu general solver tests"
@@ -177,6 +196,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -192,6 +215,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦞 cpu time stepping tests 1"
@@ -204,6 +231,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -219,6 +250,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🐬 cpu time stepping tests 2"
@@ -231,6 +266,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -246,6 +285,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦗 cpu time stepping tests 3"
@@ -258,6 +301,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -273,6 +320,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🎏 cpu turbulence closures"
@@ -285,6 +336,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -300,6 +355,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦑 cpu hydrostatic free surface model tests"
@@ -312,6 +371,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -327,6 +390,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦆 cpu shallow water model tests"
@@ -339,6 +406,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -354,6 +425,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🐋 cpu simulation tests"
@@ -366,6 +441,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -381,6 +460,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🍃 cpu lagrangian particles tests"
@@ -393,6 +476,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -408,6 +495,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🤖 cpu abstract operations tests"
@@ -420,6 +511,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -435,6 +530,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🧄 cpu multi region tests"
@@ -447,6 +546,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -462,6 +565,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🐪 cpu nonhydrostatic regression tests"
@@ -474,6 +581,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
   - label: "🙈 gpu hydrostatic regression tests"
@@ -485,6 +596,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🙉 cpu hydrostatic regression tests"
@@ -497,6 +612,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -512,6 +631,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "🦍 cpu scripts"
@@ -524,6 +647,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
@@ -539,6 +666,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: GPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_gpu"
 
   - label: "👹 cpu Enzyme extension tests"
@@ -551,6 +682,10 @@ steps:
     agents:
       queue: Oceananigans
       architecture: CPU
+    retry:
+      automatic:
+        - exit_status: 1      
+          limit: 1
     depends_on: "init_cpu"
 
 #####
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 5da9079618..8a9d661c88 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 *.jl.mem
 *.mem
 deps/deps.jl
+/Manifest.toml
 
 # Swap files.
 *.swp
diff --git a/Manifest.toml b/Manifest.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cc021d99c..0000000000
--- a/Manifest.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,920 +0,0 @@
-# This file is machine-generated - editing it directly is not advised
-
-julia_version = "1.10.5"
-manifest_format = "2.0"
-project_hash = "029baf2a08759d3f1940dcb219270c1432addb60"
-
-[[deps.AbstractFFTs]]
-deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d92ad398961a3ed262d8bf04a1a2b8340f915fef"
-uuid = "621f4979-c628-5d54-868e-fcf4e3e8185c"
-version = "1.5.0"
-
-    [deps.AbstractFFTs.extensions]
-    AbstractFFTsChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
-    AbstractFFTsTestExt = "Test"
-
-    [deps.AbstractFFTs.weakdeps]
-    ChainRulesCore = "d360d2e6-b24c-11e9-a2a3-2a2ae2dbcce4"
-    Test = "8dfed614-e22c-5e08-85e1-65c5234f0b40"
-
-[[deps.Adapt]]
-deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Requires"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "6a55b747d1812e699320963ffde36f1ebdda4099"
-uuid = "79e6a3ab-5dfb-504d-930d-738a2a938a0e"
-version = "4.0.4"
-weakdeps = ["StaticArrays"]
-
-    [deps.Adapt.extensions]
-    AdaptStaticArraysExt = "StaticArrays"
-
-[[deps.ArgTools]]
-uuid = "0dad84c5-d112-42e6-8d28-ef12dabb789f"
-version = "1.1.1"
-
-[[deps.Artifacts]]
-uuid = "56f22d72-fd6d-98f1-02f0-08ddc0907c33"
-
-[[deps.Atomix]]
-deps = ["UnsafeAtomics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "c06a868224ecba914baa6942988e2f2aade419be"
-uuid = "a9b6321e-bd34-4604-b9c9-b65b8de01458"
-version = "0.1.0"
-
-[[deps.BFloat16s]]
-deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Printf", "Random", "Test"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "2c7cc21e8678eff479978a0a2ef5ce2f51b63dff"
-uuid = "ab4f0b2a-ad5b-11e8-123f-65d77653426b"
-version = "0.5.0"
-
-[[deps.Base64]]
-uuid = "2a0f44e3-6c83-55bd-87e4-b1978d98bd5f"
-
-[[deps.Blosc_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Lz4_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "19b98ee7e3db3b4eff74c5c9c72bf32144e24f10"
-uuid = "0b7ba130-8d10-5ba8-a3d6-c5182647fed9"
-version = "1.21.5+0"
-
-[[deps.Bzip2_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "9e2a6b69137e6969bab0152632dcb3bc108c8bdd"
-uuid = "6e34b625-4abd-537c-b88f-471c36dfa7a0"
-version = "1.0.8+1"
-
-[[deps.CEnum]]
-git-tree-sha1 = "389ad5c84de1ae7cf0e28e381131c98ea87d54fc"
-uuid = "fa961155-64e5-5f13-b03f-caf6b980ea82"
-version = "0.5.0"
-
-[[deps.CFTime]]
-deps = ["Dates", "Printf"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "5afb5c5ba2688ca43a9ad2e5a91cbb93921ccfa1"
-uuid = "179af706-886a-5703-950a-314cd64e0468"
-version = "0.1.3"
-
-[[deps.CUDA]]
-deps = ["AbstractFFTs", "Adapt", "BFloat16s", "CEnum", "CUDA_Driver_jll", "CUDA_Runtime_Discovery", "CUDA_Runtime_jll", "Crayons", "DataFrames", "ExprTools", "GPUArrays", "GPUCompiler", "KernelAbstractions", "LLVM", "LLVMLoopInfo", "LazyArtifacts", "Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Logging", "NVTX", "Preferences", "PrettyTables", "Printf", "Random", "Random123", "RandomNumbers", "Reexport", "Requires", "SparseArrays", "StaticArrays", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "fdd9dfb67dfefd548f51000cc400bb51003de247"
-uuid = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
-version = "5.4.3"
-
-    [deps.CUDA.extensions]
-    ChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
-    EnzymeCoreExt = "EnzymeCore"
-    SpecialFunctionsExt = "SpecialFunctions"
-
-    [deps.CUDA.weakdeps]
-    ChainRulesCore = "d360d2e6-b24c-11e9-a2a3-2a2ae2dbcce4"
-    EnzymeCore = "f151be2c-9106-41f4-ab19-57ee4f262869"
-    SpecialFunctions = "276daf66-3868-5448-9aa4-cd146d93841b"
-
-[[deps.CUDA_Driver_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "325058b426c2b421e3d2df3d5fa646d72d2e3e7e"
-uuid = "4ee394cb-3365-5eb0-8335-949819d2adfc"
-version = "0.9.2+0"
-
-[[deps.CUDA_Runtime_Discovery]]
-deps = ["Libdl"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "33576c7c1b2500f8e7e6baa082e04563203b3a45"
-uuid = "1af6417a-86b4-443c-805f-a4643ffb695f"
-version = "0.3.5"
-
-[[deps.CUDA_Runtime_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "CUDA_Driver_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LazyArtifacts", "Libdl", "TOML"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "afea94249b821dc754a8ca6695d3daed851e1f5a"
-uuid = "76a88914-d11a-5bdc-97e0-2f5a05c973a2"
-version = "0.14.1+0"
-
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-[[deps.SeawaterPolynomials]]
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-[[deps.SparseArrays]]
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-[[deps.StaticArrays]]
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-
-    [deps.StaticArrays.extensions]
-    StaticArraysChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
-    StaticArraysStatisticsExt = "Statistics"
-
-    [deps.StaticArrays.weakdeps]
-    ChainRulesCore = "d360d2e6-b24c-11e9-a2a3-2a2ae2dbcce4"
-    Statistics = "10745b16-79ce-11e8-11f9-7d13ad32a3b2"
-
-[[deps.StaticArraysCore]]
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-[[deps.Statistics]]
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-
-[[deps.StatsAPI]]
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-
-    [deps.StructArrays.extensions]
-    StructArraysAdaptExt = "Adapt"
-    StructArraysGPUArraysCoreExt = "GPUArraysCore"
-    StructArraysSparseArraysExt = "SparseArrays"
-    StructArraysStaticArraysExt = "StaticArrays"
-
-[[deps.SuiteSparse_jll]]
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-
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-[[deps.TableTraits]]
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-
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-
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diff --git a/Project.toml b/Project.toml
index ed748560e7..853f479b11 100644
--- a/Project.toml
+++ b/Project.toml
@@ -77,19 +77,12 @@ StructArrays = "0.4, 0.5, 0.6"
 julia = "1.9"
 
 [extras]
-BenchmarkTools = "6e4b80f9-dd63-53aa-95a3-0cdb28fa8baf"
-CUDA_Runtime_jll = "76a88914-d11a-5bdc-97e0-2f5a05c973a2"
-Coverage = "a2441757-f6aa-5fb2-8edb-039e3f45d037"
 DataDeps = "124859b0-ceae-595e-8997-d05f6a7a8dfe"
 Enzyme = "7da242da-08ed-463a-9acd-ee780be4f1d9"
-InteractiveUtils = "b77e0a4c-d291-57a0-90e8-8db25a27a240"
-MPIPreferences = "3da0fdf6-3ccc-4f1b-acd9-58baa6c99267"
 OrthogonalSphericalShellGrids = "c2be9673-fb75-4747-82dc-aa2bb9f4aed0"
-OpenMPI_jll = "fe0851c0-eecd-5654-98d4-656369965a5c"
 SafeTestsets = "1bc83da4-3b8d-516f-aca4-4fe02f6d838f"
 Test = "8dfed614-e22c-5e08-85e1-65c5234f0b40"
-TimerOutputs = "a759f4b9-e2f1-59dc-863e-4aeb61b1ea8f"
 TimesDates = "bdfc003b-8df8-5c39-adcd-3a9087f5df4a"
 
 [targets]
-test = ["BenchmarkTools", "Coverage", "CUDA_Runtime_jll", "DataDeps", "Enzyme", "InteractiveUtils", "MPIPreferences", "OrthogonalSphericalShellGrids", "OpenMPI_jll", "SafeTestsets", "Test", "TimerOutputs", "TimesDates"]
+test = ["DataDeps", "Enzyme", "OrthogonalSphericalShellGrids", "SafeTestsets", "Test", "TimesDates"]
diff --git a/src/Oceananigans.jl b/src/Oceananigans.jl
index b91c83b7fd..32bc2ce537 100644
--- a/src/Oceananigans.jl
+++ b/src/Oceananigans.jl
@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ import Base:
     iterate, similar, show,
     getindex, lastindex, setindex!,
     push!
-
     
 #####
 ##### Abstract types
diff --git a/test/dependencies_for_runtests.jl b/test/dependencies_for_runtests.jl
index 60147f1809..3e15e0a3d8 100644
--- a/test/dependencies_for_runtests.jl
+++ b/test/dependencies_for_runtests.jl
@@ -1,22 +1,28 @@
+using Oceananigans
 using Test
 using Printf
 using Random
 using Statistics
 using LinearAlgebra
 using Logging
-
+using Enzyme
+using SparseArrays
+using JLD2
+using FFTW
+using OffsetArrays
+using SeawaterPolynomials
 using CUDA
 using MPI
 
+using Dates: DateTime, Nanosecond
+using Statistics: mean, mean!, norm
+using LinearAlgebra: norm
+using NCDatasets: Dataset
+using KernelAbstractions: @kernel, @index
+
 MPI.versioninfo()
 MPI.Initialized() || MPI.Init()
 
-using JLD2
-using FFTW
-using OffsetArrays
-using SeawaterPolynomials
-
-using Oceananigans
 using Oceananigans.Architectures
 using Oceananigans.Grids
 using Oceananigans.Operators
@@ -29,6 +35,7 @@ using Oceananigans.BuoyancyModels
 using Oceananigans.Forcings
 using Oceananigans.Solvers
 using Oceananigans.Models
+using Oceananigans.MultiRegion
 using Oceananigans.Simulations
 using Oceananigans.Diagnostics
 using Oceananigans.OutputWriters
@@ -37,20 +44,23 @@ using Oceananigans.DistributedComputations
 using Oceananigans.Logger
 using Oceananigans.Units
 using Oceananigans.Utils
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion
-using Oceananigans.Architectures: device, array_type # to resolve conflict with CUDA.device
-using Oceananigans.Architectures: on_architecture
 
 using Oceananigans: Clock
-using Dates: DateTime, Nanosecond
-using Statistics: mean
-using LinearAlgebra: norm
-using NCDatasets: Dataset
-using KernelAbstractions: @kernel, @index
+using Oceananigans.Architectures: device, array_type # to resolve conflict with CUDA.device
+using Oceananigans.Architectures: on_architecture
+using Oceananigans.AbstractOperations: UnaryOperation, Derivative, BinaryOperation, MultiaryOperation
+using Oceananigans.AbstractOperations: KernelFunctionOperation
+using Oceananigans.BuoyancyModels: BuoyancyField
+using Oceananigans.Grids: architecture
+using Oceananigans.Fields: ZeroField, ConstantField, FunctionField, compute_at!, indices
+using Oceananigans.Models.HydrostaticFreeSurfaceModels: tracernames
+using Oceananigans.ImmersedBoundaries: conditional_length
+using Oceananigans.Operators: ℑxyᶜᶠᵃ, ℑxyᶠᶜᵃ, hack_cosd
+using Oceananigans.Solvers: constructors, unpack_constructors
+using Oceananigans.TurbulenceClosures: with_tracers
+using Oceananigans.MultiRegion: reconstruct_global_grid, reconstruct_global_field, getnamewrapper
 
-import Oceananigans.Fields: interior
 import Oceananigans.Utils: launch!, datatuple
-
 Logging.global_logger(OceananigansLogger())
 
 #####
@@ -66,7 +76,16 @@ closures = (
     :ConvectiveAdjustmentVerticalDiffusivity,
 )
 
-include("utils_for_runtests.jl")
+if !(@isdefined already_included)
+    already_included = Ref(false)
+    macro include_once(expr)
+        return !(already_included[]) ? :($(esc(expr))) : :(nothing)
+    end
+end
+
+@include_once include("utils_for_runtests.jl")
+already_included[] = true
 
 float_types = (Float32, Float64)
 archs = test_architectures()
+
diff --git a/test/runtests.jl b/test/runtests.jl
index 751c614aba..f2551a6802 100644
--- a/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using Pkg
+
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
 group     = get(ENV, "TEST_GROUP", :all) |> Symbol
@@ -24,6 +26,23 @@ CUDA.allowscalar() do
         end
     end
 
+    # Initialization steps
+    if group == :init || group == :all
+        Pkg.instantiate(; verbose=true)
+        Pkg.precompile(; strict=true)
+        Pkg.status()
+
+        try
+            MPI.install_mpiexecjl()
+            MPI.versioninfo()
+        catch; end
+
+        try
+            CUDA.precompile_runtime()
+            CUDA.versioninfo()
+        catch; end
+    end
+
     # Core Oceananigans
     if group == :unit || group == :all
         @testset "Unit tests" begin
diff --git a/test/test_abstract_operations.jl b/test/test_abstract_operations.jl
index 5a0aa9ea31..c9942895c8 100644
--- a/test/test_abstract_operations.jl
+++ b/test/test_abstract_operations.jl
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans.Operators: ℑxyᶜᶠᵃ, ℑxyᶠᶜᵃ
-using Oceananigans.Fields: ZeroField, ConstantField, compute_at!, indices
-using Oceananigans.BuoyancyModels: BuoyancyField
-
 function simple_binary_operation(op, a, b, num1, num2)
     a_b = op(a, b)
     interior(a) .= num1
@@ -371,3 +367,4 @@ for arch in archs
         end
     end
 end
+
diff --git a/test/test_computed_field.jl b/test/test_computed_field.jl
index 155e8ff7a5..c19ae97918 100644
--- a/test/test_computed_field.jl
+++ b/test/test_computed_field.jl
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans.AbstractOperations: UnaryOperation, Derivative, BinaryOperation, MultiaryOperation
-using Oceananigans.AbstractOperations: KernelFunctionOperation
-using Oceananigans.Operators: ℑxyᶜᶠᵃ, ℑxyᶠᶜᵃ
-using Oceananigans.Fields: compute_at!
-using Oceananigans.BuoyancyModels: BuoyancyField
-
 function compute_derivative(model, ∂)
     T, S = model.tracers
     parent(S) .= π
diff --git a/test/test_conditional_reductions.jl b/test/test_conditional_reductions.jl
index 85bbffa26b..d083da0ee5 100644
--- a/test/test_conditional_reductions.jl
+++ b/test/test_conditional_reductions.jl
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans.ImmersedBoundaries: ImmersedBoundaryGrid, GridFittedBoundary
-using Oceananigans.ImmersedBoundaries: conditional_length
-using Statistics: mean, mean!, norm
-
 @testset "Conditional Reductions" begin
     for arch in archs
         @info "    Testing Reductions on Immersed fields"
diff --git a/test/test_enzyme.jl b/test/test_enzyme.jl
index ac457cae6e..8bd266f62a 100644
--- a/test/test_enzyme.jl
+++ b/test/test_enzyme.jl
@@ -1,25 +1,16 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Enzyme
 # Required presently
 Enzyme.API.runtimeActivity!(true)
 Enzyme.API.looseTypeAnalysis!(true)
 Enzyme.API.maxtypeoffset!(2032)
 
-using Oceananigans
-using Oceananigans.TurbulenceClosures: with_tracers
-using Oceananigans.BoundaryConditions: fill_halo_regions!
-using Oceananigans.Fields: ConstantField
-using Oceananigans.Models.HydrostaticFreeSurfaceModels: tracernames
-using Oceananigans.Fields: FunctionField
-using Oceananigans: architecture
-using KernelAbstractions
-
-
 EnzymeRules.inactive_type(::Type{<:Oceananigans.Clock}) = true
 
-f(grid) = CenterField(grid)
+# OceananigansLogger doesn't work here -- not sure why
+Logging.global_logger(TestLogger())
 
+f(grid) = CenterField(grid)
 const maximum_diffusivity = 100
 
 """
@@ -80,19 +71,16 @@ function stable_diffusion!(model, amplitude, diffusivity)
 end
 
 @testset "Enzyme Unit Tests" begin
-    arch=CPU()
-    FT=Float64
+    arch = CPU()
+    FT = Float64
 
     N = 100
     topo = (Periodic, Flat, Flat)
     grid = RectilinearGrid(arch, FT, topology=topo, size=N, halo=2, x=(-1, 1), y=(-1, 1), z=(-1, 1))
     fwd, rev = Enzyme.autodiff_thunk(ReverseSplitWithPrimal, Const{typeof(f)}, Duplicated, typeof(Const(grid)))
+    tape, primal, shadowp = fwd(Const(f), Const(grid))
 
-    tape, primal, shadowp = fwd(Const(f), Const(grid) )
-
-    @show tape
-    @show primal
-    @show shadowp
+    @show tape primal shadowp
 
     shadow = if shadowp isa Base.RefValue
         shadowp[]
@@ -106,9 +94,8 @@ end
 function set_initial_condition_via_launch!(model_tracer, amplitude)
     # Set initial condition
     amplitude = Ref(amplitude)
-
-    # This has a "width" of 0.1
     cᵢ(x, y, z) = amplitude[]
+
     temp = Base.broadcasted(Base.identity, FunctionField((Center, Center, Center), cᵢ, model_tracer.grid))
 
     temp = convert(Base.Broadcast.Broadcasted{Nothing}, temp)
@@ -121,16 +108,6 @@ function set_initial_condition_via_launch!(model_tracer, amplitude)
     return nothing
 end
 
-function set_initial_condition!(model, amplitude)
-    amplitude = Ref(amplitude)
-
-    # This has a "width" of 0.1
-    cᵢ(x, y, z) = amplitude[] * exp(-z^2 / 0.02 - (x^2 + y^2) / 0.05)
-    set!(model, c=cᵢ)
-
-    return nothing
-end
-
 @testset "Enzyme + Oceananigans Initialization Broadcast Kernel" begin
 
     Nx = Ny = 64
@@ -141,17 +118,11 @@ end
     topology = (Periodic, Periodic, Bounded)
 
     grid = RectilinearGrid(size=(Nx, Ny, Nz); x, y, z, topology)
-
-    model = HydrostaticFreeSurfaceModel(; grid,
-                                        tracers = :c,
-                                       buoyancy = nothing)
-
+    model = HydrostaticFreeSurfaceModel(; grid, tracers=:c)
     model_tracer = model.tracers.c
 
     amplitude = 1.0
     amplitude = Ref(amplitude)
-
-    # This has a "width" of 0.1
     cᵢ(x, y, z) = amplitude[]
     temp = Base.broadcasted(Base.identity, FunctionField((Center, Center, Center), cᵢ, model_tracer.grid))
 
@@ -160,33 +131,32 @@ end
     arch = architecture(model_tracer)
 
     if arch == CPU()
-
-        param = Oceananigans.Utils.KernelParameters(size(model_tracer), map(Oceananigans.Fields.offset_index, model_tracer.indices))
-
+        param = Oceananigans.Utils.KernelParameters(size(model_tracer),
+                                                    map(Oceananigans.Fields.offset_index, model_tracer.indices))
         dmodel_tracer = Enzyme.make_zero(model_tracer)
 
-    # Test the individual kernel launch
+        # Test the individual kernel launch
         autodiff(Enzyme.Reverse,
-                    Oceananigans.Utils.launch!,
-                    Const(arch),
-                    Const(grid),
-                    Const(param),
-                    Const(Oceananigans.Fields._broadcast_kernel!),
-                    Duplicated(model_tracer, dmodel_tracer),
-                    Const(temp))
+                 Oceananigans.Utils.launch!,
+                 Const(arch),
+                 Const(grid),
+                 Const(param),
+                 Const(Oceananigans.Fields._broadcast_kernel!),
+                 Duplicated(model_tracer, dmodel_tracer),
+                 Const(temp))
 
         # Test out differentiation of the broadcast infrastructure
         autodiff(Enzyme.Reverse,
-                    set_initial_condition_via_launch!,
-                    Duplicated(model_tracer, dmodel_tracer),
-                    Active(1.0))
+                 set_initial_condition_via_launch!,
+                 Duplicated(model_tracer, dmodel_tracer),
+                 Active(1.0))
 
         # Test differentiation of the high-level set interface
         dmodel = Enzyme.make_zero(model)
         autodiff(Enzyme.Reverse,
-                    set_initial_condition!,
-                    Duplicated(model, dmodel),
-                    Active(1.0))
+                 set_initial_condition!,
+                 Duplicated(model, dmodel),
+                 Active(1.0))
     end
 end
 
@@ -236,7 +206,6 @@ end
     model = HydrostaticFreeSurfaceModel(; grid,
                                         tracer_advection = WENO(),
                                         tracers = :c,
-                                        buoyancy = nothing,
                                         velocities = PrescribedVelocityFields(; u, v),
                                         closure = diffusion)
 
@@ -259,11 +228,12 @@ end
                       Active(κ))
 
     @info """ \n
-    Enzyme computed $dc²_dκ
-    Finite differences computed $dc²_dκ_fd
+        Enzyme computed $dc²_dκ
+        Finite differences computed $dc²_dκ_fd
     """
 
     tol = 0.01
     rel_error = abs(dc²_dκ[1][3] - dc²_dκ_fd) / abs(dc²_dκ_fd)
-    @test  rel_error < tol
+    @test rel_error < tol
 end
+
diff --git a/test/test_matrix_poisson_solver.jl b/test/test_matrix_poisson_solver.jl
index ad878cf24b..c63ac16398 100644
--- a/test/test_matrix_poisson_solver.jl
+++ b/test/test_matrix_poisson_solver.jl
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
+include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
+
 using Oceananigans.Solvers: solve!, HeptadiagonalIterativeSolver, sparse_approximate_inverse
 using Oceananigans.Operators: volume, Δyᶠᶜᵃ, Δyᶜᶠᵃ, Δyᶜᶜᵃ, Δxᶠᶜᵃ, Δxᶜᶠᵃ, Δxᶜᶜᵃ, Δyᵃᶜᵃ, Δxᶜᵃᵃ, Δzᵃᵃᶠ, Δzᵃᵃᶜ, ∇²ᶜᶜᶜ
-using Oceananigans.Architectures: on_architecture
-using Oceananigans.Grids: architecture
-using KernelAbstractions: @kernel, @index
-using Statistics, LinearAlgebra, SparseArrays
 
 function identity_operator!(b, x)
     parent(b) .= parent(x)
diff --git a/test/test_multi_region_advection_diffusion.jl b/test/test_multi_region_advection_diffusion.jl
index 2f11e8449f..2eb496a953 100644
--- a/test/test_multi_region_advection_diffusion.jl
+++ b/test/test_multi_region_advection_diffusion.jl
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion: reconstruct_global_field
-using Oceananigans.Operators: hack_cosd
-
 Gaussian(x, y, L) = exp(-(x^2 + y^2) / 2L^2)
-
 prescribed_velocities() = PrescribedVelocityFields(u=(λ, ϕ, z, t = 0) -> 0.1 * hack_cosd(ϕ))
 
 function Δ_min(grid)
diff --git a/test/test_multi_region_implicit_solver.jl b/test/test_multi_region_implicit_solver.jl
index e0024e43f6..64adeaa457 100644
--- a/test/test_multi_region_implicit_solver.jl
+++ b/test/test_multi_region_implicit_solver.jl
@@ -1,15 +1,5 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans
-using Oceananigans.Units
-using Statistics
-using Printf
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion
-using LinearAlgebra, SparseArrays
-using Oceananigans.Solvers: constructors, unpack_constructors
-using Oceananigans.Grids: architecture
-using Oceananigans.Utils
-
 function geostrophic_adjustment_test(free_surface, grid; regions = 1)
 
     if architecture(grid) isa GPU
diff --git a/test/test_multi_region_unit.jl b/test/test_multi_region_unit.jl
index c3eaeafc45..f5cc3496a3 100644
--- a/test/test_multi_region_unit.jl
+++ b/test/test_multi_region_unit.jl
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 include("dependencies_for_runtests.jl")
 
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion
-using Oceananigans.MultiRegion: reconstruct_global_grid, reconstruct_global_field, getnamewrapper
-using Oceananigans.ImmersedBoundaries: ImmersedBoundaryGrid, GridFittedBottom, GridFittedBoundary
-
 devices(::CPU, num) = nothing
 devices(::GPU, num) = Tuple(0 for i in 1:num)
 
diff --git a/test/utils_for_runtests.jl b/test/utils_for_runtests.jl
index 312f9f8730..7bc06e528e 100644
--- a/test/utils_for_runtests.jl
+++ b/test/utils_for_runtests.jl
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-using Test
-using Statistics
-using CUDA
-using Printf
-using MPI
-using KernelAbstractions: @kernel, @index
-
-using Oceananigans
 using Oceananigans.TimeSteppers: QuasiAdamsBashforth2TimeStepper, RungeKutta3TimeStepper, update_state!
 using Oceananigans.DistributedComputations: Distributed, Partition, child_architecture, Fractional, Equal